Phân tích ẩn dụ liên nhân trong các bài diễn văn tuyên bố bằng tiếng anh theo quan điểm chức năng hệ thống

In terms of metaphor of mood, all the three moods including declarative, interrogative and imperative are employed metaphorically.. The investigation is guided by the research questions:

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES

*********

LÊ VÂN ANH

A SYSTEMIC – FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF

INTERPERSONAL GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR

IN ENGLISH ANNOUNCEMENT SPEECHES

Phân tích Ẩn dụ liên nhân trong các bài diễn văn tuyên bố bằng tiếng Anh theo quan điểm chức năng hệ thống

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201

HANOI – 2017

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES

*********

LÊ VÂN ANH

A SYSTEMIC – FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR

IN ENGLISH ANNOUNCEMENT SPEECHES

Phân tích Ẩn dụ liên nhân trong các bài diễn văn tuyên bố bằng tiếng Anh theo quan điểm chức năng hệ thống

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201

Supervisor: Dr NGUYỄN THỊ MINH TÂM

HANOI – 2017

DECLARATION

I, Lê Vân Anh, hereby certify that the thesis “A systemic-functional analysis of

Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor in English Announcement Speeches” is the

result of my own research for the Degree of Master at University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, and that the substance of the thesis has not, partly or wholly, been submitted for a degree to any other universities or institutions

Hanoi, 2017 Signature

Lê Vân Anh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to the people who assisted and always made the best conditions and environment for me to complete this thesis

First of all, I would like to send my special thanks to Dr Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm, who spent much of her valuable time supervising and guiding my study This paper would not be finished without her support and guidance Her useful suggestions and valuable critical feedback encouraged me during the process of conducting this study

I am also indebted to my lecturers in both under-graduate and post-graduate faculties at University of Languages and International Studies for their precious lectures in linguistics which help me to have the basic and necessary knowledge to carry out this study

Last but not least, I also owe many thanks to my family members for their great encouragement, my friends and my colleagues for their support in completing this thesis

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the realization and effects of interpersonal grammatical metaphor in political announcement speeches made by five US presidents The analytical framework of the study is based on M A K Halliday‟s Systemic Functional Grammar theory of Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor The data of the research is taken from the analysis of five announcement speeches made by 5

US presidents: George H W Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1999, George W Bush

in 2003, Barack Obama in 2016, and Donald Trump in early 2017 The results reveal that metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality are realized in all the speeches but not much However, there is quite a balance in the times of metaphorical occurrences in all the speeches in general and in each separate speech

in particular In terms of metaphor of mood, all the three moods including declarative, interrogative and imperative are employed metaphorically In terms of metaphor of modality, specifically the orientation, explicitly subjective forms of modality overtake explicitly objective forms Besides, concerning the type, modalization is adopted metaphorically more than modulation Despite the fact that interpersonal metaphor is not frequently used in the announcement speeches, it has shown its effectiveness and importance in the process of delivering the speeches

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ivi

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1

1 Rationale 1

2 Purpose and significance of the study 2

2.1 Purpose of the study 2

2.2 Significance of the study 2

3 Scope of the study 3

4 Design of the study 3

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4

1.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics 4

1.2 Interpersonal Metafunction 5

1.3 Grammatical metaphor 11

1.4 Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor 12

1.5 Political discourse 16

1.6 Literature review 17

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 19

2.1 Data source 19

2.2 Research questions 19

2.3 Methods of the study 19

2.4 Analytical framework 20

2.5 Data analysis procedure 22

CHAPTER 3: MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 23

3.1 Data analysis and major findings 23

PART C: CONCLUSION 41

1 Summary and major findings 41

2 Implications 43

2.1 To the teachers 43

2.2 To the students 44

3 Suggestion for further studies 45

REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES I

APPENDIX 1 I APPENDIX 2 IV APPENDIX 3 IX APPENDIX 4 X APPENDIX 5 XI APPENDIX 6 XII APPENDIX 7 XIII APPENDIX 8 XXXII

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1: Speech functions and responses 5

Figure 2: Relation of modality to polarity and mood 6

Figure 3: System of types of modality 6

Figure 4: System of types of orientation in modality 7

Figure 5: Expressions of probability 7

Figure 6: Three values of modality 8

Figure 7: Explicitly subjective modality as grammatical metaphor 15

Figure 8: Explicitly objective modality as grammatical metaphor 15

Table 1: Modal operators 9

Table 2: Modal adjuncts 10

Table 3: Modality: examples of „type‟ and orientation combined 14

Table 4: The subtypes of interpersonal metaphor 20

Table 5: The subtypes of modality and their realization 20

Table 6: Realization of metaphor of mood 21

Table 7: Realization of metaphor of modality 22

Table 8: Metaphor of mood in five announcement speeches 24

Table 9: Metaphor of modality in five announcement speeches 25

Table 10: Metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality in five announcement speeches 27

Table 11: Metaphorical decorative mood in five announcement speeches 28

Table 12: Metaphorical interrogative mood in five announcement speeches 30

Table 13: Metaphorical imperative mood in five announcement speeches 31

Table 14: Explicitly subjective and explicitly objective forms of modality in five announcement speeches 33

Table 15: Modalization and Modulation in metaphor of modality in five announcement speeches 36

Table 16: Mood and Metaphor of mood in five announcement speeches 38

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) is an approach to language developed mainly by M.A.K Halliday in the U.K during the 1960s, and later in Australia The approach is now used world-wide, particularly in language education, and for purposes of discourse analysis

While many of the linguistic theories in the world today are concerned with language as a mental process, SFL is more closely related to Sociology: it explores how language is used in social contexts to achieve particular goals In terms of data,

it does not address how language is processed or represented within the human brain, but rather looks at the discourses we produce (whether spoken or written), and the contexts of the production of these texts

Because it is concerned with language use, SFL places higher importance on language function (what it is used for) than on language structure (how it is composed)

Halliday mentioned three kinds of metafunctions of language including ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual function Among these, interpersonal metafunction is the one that shows us communication purposes the most clearly – that is, to establish and maintain appropriate social links between people Therefore, the researcher has decided to choose five announcement speeches to analyze how effective interpersonal metaphor is

Announcement speeches at meetings or conferences, especially at political events are always presented by influential English speakers who tactfully use their wordy power to attract their audience Therefore, announcement speeches play a very important part in orienting, inspiring, and persuading the listeners Clearly, the success of an announcement speech is the successful communication between the speaker and the listeners To achieve this interaction, many language skills have been employed in the addresses

Realizing the importance of announcement speeches and the skillful communication skills of the speakers, the researcher decided to choose five announcement speeches as the object of the research Through studying these speeches, the researcher realizes that interpersonal grammatical metaphor is a linguistic feature of addresses or speeches It plays a significant role in the achievement of various communicative purposes such as making the speeches more convincing, attracting the audience‟s attention or calling for agreement from others

In the light of Halliday‟s view of interpersonal grammatical metaphor, the analysis is carried out from the realization means of metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality

2 Purpose and significance of the study

2.1 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the research is to study, identify and investigate metaphor in the expression of mood and modality in five announcement speeches Simultaneously, the researcher would like to see how effective the metaphor of mood and metaphor

of modality are used in these speeches The investigation is guided by the research questions:

 How is metaphor in the expression of mood and modality realized in the

announcement speeches?

 What are the effects of interpersonal grammatical metaphor in the speeches?

2.2 Significance of the study

This research, which aims to investigate the realization of mood and modality in some authentic announcement speeches, elaborates how language forms are combined with language functions to achieve various communicative purposes Therefore, a functional analysis of interpersonal grammatical metaphor can provide

a new perspective for various discourse analyses

Another point is that the research of interpersonal grammatical metaphor in discourse can also benefit English teachers and learners in better understanding and

more effectively Furthermore, the research shows how the good exploitation of these means can support the development of learners‟ language skills and boost their understanding and better ability to flexibly use mood and modality in speech

3 Scope of the study

In this minor thesis, in the light of systemic functional grammar, the focus of the investigation is on metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality in political announcement speeches The materials are five announcement speeches made by 5

US presidents: George H W Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1999, George W Bush

in 2003, Barack Obama in 2016, and Donald Trump in early 2017

4 Design of the study

The structure of the study is based on the basic design of a scientific research which includes three main parts Part A – INTRODUCTION presents the rationale, purpose and significance, scope, and design of the study Part B – DEVELOPMENT comprises three chapters Chapter 1 shows the theoretical background of the study Chapter 2 is about methodology of the study Chapter 3 presents the major findings of the study in terms of metaphor of mood and metaphor

of modality – the realization of interpersonal grammatical metaphor in all five announcement speeches with some possible explanations about the types of metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality used and the discussion about their effects on these announcement speeches Part C – CONCLUSION summarizes the findings and points out the implications of the study Some suggestions for further studies are also included in the last part

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory of language centered around the notion of language function It is a grammar model developed by Michael

Halliday in many of his works, especially in his Introduction to Functional

Grammar (1985 and 1994) SFL is an approach to language which focuses on how

people use language in social contexts That means it places the function of language as central in preference to more structural approaches, which place the elements of language and their combinations as central

Taking the functional approach in studying languages, SFL conceives of language as being organized in terms of three general functional components, which

are called metafunctions The ideational metafunction has to do with the way in

which we construe our human experience in and of reality through language This experience is seen as being encoded in language through processes, participants in these processes, and circumstances, or through entities and qualities (Halliday, 1994)

The interpersonal metafunction has to do with the way in which we enact

interpersonal relations and create intersubjective positionings through linguistic interaction The working of the interpersonal metafunction can most clearly be seen

in language in the expression of subjective meanings through evaluative language, but it is also present in the system of modality, by which different degrees of certainty are expressed Another area of language which is regarded as part of the interpersonal component in SFL is the grammar of mood including declarative, interrogative and imperative mood For instance, the speakers argue about propositions like asking or give information by means of a question or a statement, respectively and negotiate about actions to take place such as expressing a command by means of the imperative

The ideational and interpersonal metafunctions are complementary and constitute the major components of language They are further supported by a third

metafunction, the textual metafunction Textual metafunction has to do with the

textual organization of language and deals with, for example, the positioning of new and given information in a stretch of spoken or written language

1.2 Interpersonal Metafunction

1.2.1 Mood

Mood expresses the speech function; the underlying pattern of organization here

is the exchange system – giving or demanding information or goods-&-services, which determines the four basic speech functions of statement, question, offer, and command (Halliday, 1994)

Discretionary alternative

Figure 1: Speech functions and responses (Halliday, 1994)

Congruent relationship between mood and speech function:

1.2.2 Modality

Semantically there are intermediate stages – points between “yes” and “no” such

as “maybe” or “sometimes” or “supposedly” – which are expressed by modality (Thompson, 1996) A simple starting definition of modality is that it is the space between “yes” and “no”

Figure 2: Relation of modality to polarity and mood

(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004)

Figure 2 shows four kinds of modality: probability, usuality, obligation and inclination Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) refer to probability and usuality together as modalization, which they associate with propositions (statements and questions) Meanwhile, they refer to obligation and inclination as modulation, which is associated with proposals (offers and commands)

Figure 3: System of types of modality (Halliday, 1994)

Halliday‟s concept of modality, in short, can be seen through the three variables which modality is subject to The first is the above-mentioned distinction between the two main types of modality: modalization and modulation

The second is what Halliday (1994) refers to as “orientation” in modality He clearly indicated that ““orientation” is basically used to distinguish the subjective and objective modality, or the explicit and implicit variants” (Halliday, 1994)

Figure 4: System of types of orientation in modality (Halliday, 1994)

These are four which either subjective-explicit (I think Mary knows) or

subjective-implicit (Mary will know) on the one hand On the other hand, it could be

either objective-explicit (It‟s likely Mary knows) or objective-implicit (Mary

probably knows)

Figure 5: Expressions of probability (Halliday, 1994)

Finally, the third variable is what Halliday calls the values attributed to modal forms and these can be low, median, high (Halliday, 1994) In that sense, modalization would include various intermediary degrees of probability (possible/ probable/ certain) and usuality (sometimes/ usually/ always), while modulation would cover different degrees of obligation (allowed/ supposed/ required) and inclination (willing/ keen/ determined) (Halliday, 1994) These correspond respectively to the low, median, and high degrees (See figure 6)

Figure 6: Three values of modality (Halliday, 1994)

1.2.2.1 Modalization

(i) The notion of modalization

Modalization is seen to reflect the speaker‟s judgment to proposition (information commodity: statement and question)

Halliday (1994) further subdivides modalization into two sections depending on two kinds of intermediate possibilities: degree of probability (possibly/ probably/ certainly) and degree of usuality (sometimes/ usually/ always)

In other words, the modality relates to how valid the information is in terms of probability (how likely it is to be true) and usuality (how frequently it is true)

(ii) The realization of modalization

Modalization can be typically realized by finite modal operators in the verbal

group (such as might, will) and/ or modal adjuncts of probability and usuality (such

as certain, probably) and other subtypes (Halliday, 1994)

Modality is first realized by finite modal operators or modal auxiliary verbs and polarity In terms of degree, there are three levels including high, median, and low

In terms of polarity, he shows the two poles that are positive and negative (See Table 1)

Table 1: Modal operators (Halliday, 1994)

According to Halliday (1994), modal adjuncts “are those which express the speakers‟ judgment regarding the relevance of the message.” He subdivides modal adjuncts into two categories that are mood adjuncts and comment adjuncts All these two types of modal adjuncts as well as their wordy realization are summarized

in the table below

Mood

adjuncts

maybe

often, seldom, rarely

for the most part

compulsory?

definitely, absolutely, possibly, at all costs, by all means

Won‟t, wouldn‟t, shouldn‟t, (isn‟t, wasn‟t)

Mustn‟t, oughtn‟t to,

hasn‟t/hadn‟t to)

really, in fact, indeed

absolutely, totally, utterly, entirely

Comment

Adjuncts

regrettably, hopefully

back on it

whole, strictly speaking, in principle

(i) The notion of modulation

Modulation is a subjective consideration to proposal (goods and services commodity: offer and command) (Thompson, 1996)

If the commodity is goods-and-services, the modality relates to how confident the speaker can be in the eventual success of the exchange According to Halliday (1994), modulation can be subdivided into two types: the degree of obligation on the other person to carry out the command and the degree of inclination or willingness of the speaker to fulfill the offer

(ii) The realization of modulation

Halliday (1994) suggests that modulation is typically realized by: first, the modal operators; second, a passive verb predicator; and third, an adjective predicator

An example that modulation is expressed by a modal operator can be: “You should know that; I‟ll help them” (Halliday, 1994)

The table of modal operators is presented in Table 1

Modulation is expressed by the selection of passive verb predicators which can

be seen in the following examples:

 You are required to do the job (Obligation – Obligation/ High)

 You are supposed to find a good solution (Advice – Obligation/ Median)

 I am determined to do the job (Determination – Inclination/ High)

Some examples which illustrate the type of realization – an adjective predicator can be:

 I am willing to do the work (Willingness – Inclination/ Low)

 I am keen to do the job (Desire – Inclination/ Median)

 I am certain to do the research (Determination – Inclination/ High)

1.3 Grammatical metaphor

Halliday‟s approach relies on the fact that there are different choices of grammatical structures, congruent and incongruent ones Grammatical metaphor is conceived as an incongruent realization of a given semantic configuration in the lexicogrammar (Halliday, 1985)

The concept of grammatical metaphor depends on the idea that there is a direct line of form to meaning to experience As far as Halliday is concerned, the lexicogrammar is a natural symbolic system This means “ that both the general kinds of grammatical pattern that have evolved in language, and the specific manifestations of each kind, bear a natural relation to the meanings they have evolved to express” (Halliday, 1985)

1.4 Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor

1.4.1 Metaphor of Mood

One main type of interpersonal metaphor is that associated with Mood Normally, Mood expresses the speech function and the congruent relationship between mood and speech function (Halliday, 1994) Specifically, declarative mood

is realized by statements, interrogative by questions and imperative by commands Nevertheless, in terms of Metaphor of Mood, there is a mismatch between Mood and speech roles The fact that mood choices and speech roles do not always coincide can be seen as a kind of grammatical metaphor and it can be identified in the expression of mood meanings In Mood metaphor, things are different; a statement or a question can be used to make commands

As with other cases of metaphor, metaphor of mood involves the use of one linguistic form to express a meaning that is not its most natural function Furthermore, the meaning comes from the combination of both form and function For example, questions are most congruently associated with interrogative

mood, but questions can be asked with a declarative mood choice like “So you are a

student?”

Another example is “Would you mind closing the window?” This is a demand

for an action of closing the window but it is worded as a question Therefore, the effect is to soften the demand

A declarative mood can be inferred from a question like “Who knows?” Actually, the congruent form of the question is “I don’t know”

“There is no reason not to follow your heart” (Steve Job, 2005) is a case of

using metaphor of mood The metaphorical form is a statement but it functions as a

command “Let’s follow your heart” This makes the command gentler and

reasonable because the listeners will feel that the speaker does not require them to

do something, instead, he just gives his opinion But the opinion is stated firmly (high modality value), so it can strongly affect the listeners

From the examples above, it can be seen that there is a “mismatch between wording and function, and the possible reasons for it” (Thompson, 1996: 175)

1.4.2 Metaphor of Modality

The other main type of interpersonal metaphor is that associated with Modality

Although modality is mainly expressed by modal verbs (can, could, should ) or adverbs (possibly, hopefully, certainly ), they are not the only means for that Clauses (It is likely that, it is obvious that ), nouns (probability, certainty,

likelihood ), verbs (think, believe, hope ) and prepositional phrases (in my opinion, in all probability ) can be employed to express modality However, the

difference between these two means is that while the former is regarded as congruent form, the latter is considered incongruent form or it is called metaphor of modality

Metaphor of modality is based on the semantic relationship of projection In this type the speaker‟s opinion regarding the probability that his observation is valid is coded not as a modal element within the clause, which would be its congruent realization, but as a separate, projecting clause in a hypotactic clause complex

For instance, “I think it’s going to rain” (Halliday, 1994: 354) is regarded metaphorical while the congruent form is “It’s probably going to rain” The reason

is that the proposition is not “I think” but “it’s going to rain” The metaphorical variant can be seen clearly by the tag “I think it’s going to rain, isn’t it?”, not “I

think it’s going to rain, don’t I?” As in the example, the speaker‟s opinion about

the probability is not included in the main clause but separated in a projecting

clause “I think”

Halliday (1994) claims that the basic distinction that determines how each type

of modality will be realized is the “orientation”: the distinction between subjective and objective modality, and between the explicit and implicit variants These combine with all four types of modality; however, there are gaps here Specifically, there are no systematic forms for making the subjective orientation explicit in the case of usuality or inclination “This is a systematic gap; these particular

combinations would represent semantic domains where the speaker cannot readily pose as an authority” (Halliday, 1994: 358)

Projecting mental clause

modal verb as passive/ adjective verbal group in

probability]

[Mary is likely to]

It’s likely [[that

It’s usual [[for

Fred to sit quite quiet]]

Table 3: Modality: examples of ‘type’ and orientation combined

(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004)

As pointed out by Halliday (1994), “the explicitly subjective and explicitly objective forms of modality are all strictly speaking metaphorical, since all of them

expressed explicitly is the metaphorical realization of modality In other words, congruent realizations express modality implicitly while metaphorical realizations express modality explicitly Therefore, to study interpersonal grammatical metaphor, types and orientation in modality need to be realized

Explicit subjective modality is regarded as a kind of metaphor “The wording is metaphorical in that there is a tension between the grammatical dominance of the modal clause and the semantic dominance of the „reported‟ clause” (Thompson, 1996: 173)

Figure 7: Explicit subjective modality as grammatical metaphor (Thompson, 1996)

Explicit objective modality is essentially metaphorical

Figure 8: Explicit objective modality as grammatical metaphor (Thompson, 1996)

The examples reveal that the clauses in explicitly subjective type are all expressions of mental processes, and they emphasize the subjectivity of the speaker‟s judgment or suggestions While the projecting clause in explicitly objective type, as the realization of a part in relational process clause, is posed as a proposition with some attribute; thus, highlighting the objectivity of the speaker‟s opinion or assertion

Besides, nominalization of modality can also be employed to express the objective explicit orientation “Nominalizing is the single most powerful resource for creating grammatical metaphor By this device, processes (congruently worded

as verbs) and properties (congruently worded as adjectives) are reworded

metaphorically as nouns; instead of functioning in the clause, as Process or Attribute, they function as Thing in the nominal group” (Halliday, 1994)

A case of expressing modality through a nominalization can be “But the

possibility always existed of giving it a second runway” [= „people could always

have given it ‟] (Thompson, 1996: 173)

Some prepositional phrases can also be adopted to express modality In my

opinion and to my mind can be used as the expression of subjective explicit while in all probability and to some extent can be employed as the expression of objective

explicit

1.5 Political discourse

Politics is concerned with the power: the power to make decisions, to control resources, to control other‟s people behavior, and to control their values (Jones & Peccei, 2004)

According to Van Dijk (2008), political discourse concentrates on the issues of power, control, domination, and conflict Political discourse refers to the discourse practices engaged in by all actors – from politicians and organizations to citizens- in

a political process

According to Woods (2006), politics is a struggle for power in order to put certain political, ideological and social ideas into practice In this process, language plays a fundamental role, and every political action is prepared, accompanied, affected and played by language

In this minor thesis, the researcher has decided to investigate interpersonal grammatical metaphor in one kind of political discourse: political announcement speeches The materials are five announcement speeches by five presidents in five successive president terms of office The reason for this choice is that the researcher would like to find out how differently and effectively each president used their language to announce something and attract the audience‟s attention and agreement

1.6 Literature review

Recski (2006), in his research “Investigating the use of modality in academic spoken discourse: A functional account of US Dissertation Defenses”, analyzed eight US dissertation defenses with 131,752 words or 13,508 clauses to answer the research questions focusing on: (1) the probabilities attached to the system of

modality, (2) the functionality of the mental process I think, and (3) on the most

common interpersonal strategy employed by committee members to ask questions and to give recommendations and/ or suggestions The first question was answered that the role that a probabilistic modeling of language can play in this regard was to enable us to describe explicitly the co-variation of language and context

Concerning the functionality I think, the results showed that it was necessary to

jointly consider the nature of the argument, the context and the position of the expression to better understand which function it fulfills Coming to the last question, it was shown that the strategy was to expand metaphorically the speech functional system

Wang (2010) carried a study to analyze interpersonal meaning in American President Obama‟s Speeches Based on Halliday‟s (1994) theory of interpersonal function of language, the researcher studied 20 influential speeches delivered by Obama both before and after his presidency The analysis was mainly carried out from four realization means of interpersonal meaning, that is, mood system, modality system, person system and tense system His aim was to find out the realization means of interpersonal meaning and how the interpersonal meaning was realized in Obama‟s addresses The results of the research showed that the dominant mood in his speeches was declarative and finite modal operators were primary means to be used The finding of the research was that an exposition of the political purposes could be achieved through the interpersonal meaning in addresses Furthermore, according to Zhuli, the analysis in the light of Halliday‟s (1994) theory showed that SFL was scientific and practical in the appreciation of political speeches

HuangZuo (2010) had a functional analysis of interpersonal grammatical metaphor in American Presidents‟ inaugural addresses In this study, the author investigated the interpersonal grammatical metaphor including metaphor of modality and metaphor of mood in particular The results of the study were all about how modality was used in inaugural speeches and how effectively the interpersonal metaphor was used

Feng (2011), in the light of Halliday‟s point of view on metaphors of modality, analyzed the interpersonal functions of metaphor of modality in President Barack Obama‟s radio addresses He realized that metaphor of modality plays an important role and functions well in Obama‟s political purposes

In his study “A Study of Interpersonal Meta-Function in Steve Job's Stanford Commencement Address: A Systemic Functional Analysis” in 2013, ZhangZuoYang studied the use and effect of interpersonal metafunction in the speech given by Steve Jobs The study established an analytical framework from the grammatical and discourse levels and uses the method of qualitative description and quantitative statistics to explore the comprehensive understanding of the interpersonal meaning in Steve Jobs‟s commencement address

As a matter of fact, there are many studies about interpersonal metaphor or interpersonal meaning, especially interpersonal meaning in public speeches, inaugural speeches and commencement speeches However, few studies have dealt with the grammatical metaphors in the political speeches Therefore, in this research, the researcher has decided to carry out a research into interpersonal grammatical metaphor in five announcement speeches by using the systemic functional framework

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Data source

This minor M.A thesis first focuses on the theory of metaphor of mood and modality in the light of SFL, and then it shows the realization of metaphor of mood, metaphor of modality, specifically modalization and modulation, in five announcement speeches made by George H W Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1999, George W Bush in 2003, Barack Obama in 2016, and Donald Trump in 2017 The first reason for the choice of political announcement speeches is that they are all presidents‟ speeches; therefore, the level of formality is nearly the same despite the different purposes of each announcement Besides, another reason is that the selected speeches are all about announcement speeches which are directly related to strained military problems or similar contexts Furthermore, these speeches are easy to collect and have reliable scripts The last reason is that few studies have dealt with the grammatical metaphors in the political speeches Therefore, the researcher has decided to study political announcement speeches as the object of the minor thesis

2.2 Research questions

This study attempts to answer the following questions:

1 How is metaphor in the expression of mood and modality realized in the announcement speeches?

2 What are the effects of interpersonal grammatical metaphor in the speeches?

2.3 Methods of the study

Both qualitative and quantitative instruments are employed to conduct the study

In terms of qualitative method, the researcher will analyze all sentences in five announcement speeches to investigate the interpersonal grammatical metaphor (mood, modalization and modulation) used in these speeches

Regarding quantitative method, after analyzing the sentences in five speeches, the researcher will count the number of clauses which contain interpersonal grammatical metaphor out of clauses in their congruent form in terms of mood and

modality After that, the researcher will count the number of metaphor in the expression of mood and modality occurrences used in each speech to see the effect

of these aspects of modality Simultaneously, the researcher makes a comparison between the occurrences of mood and modality in five speeches to see how they affect the speech

Content analysis is based on the analytical framework of the systemic functional linguistics developed by Halliday (1994)

2.4 Analytical framework

The analytical framework employed in the research is based on the systemic functional theory of mood and modality of M.A.K Halliday (1994) Specifically, the aspects of modality are modalization and modulation

The analytical framework can be established and summarized as follows:

(i) Interpersonal Metafunction

Interpersonal metafunction

Interrogative Declarative Imperative Modalization Modulation

Table 4: The subtypes of interpersonal metafunction

Modal operator

An adjective predicator

A passive predicator Ex: The train

medium)

(ii) Metaphor of Mood

Declarative

Used to make a question

Example: So you are a student?

 Are you a student? (Congruent)

Used to make a command

Example: If I were you, I wouldn’t do it

 Don‟t do it! (Congruent)

Interrogative

Used to give a statement

Example: Who knows?

 I don‟t know.(Congruent)

Used to make a command

Example: Would you mind closing the door?

 Close the door.(Congruent)

Imperative

Used to give a statement

Example: Think of millions of people who use the Internet every

day

 Millions of people use the Internet every day (Congruent)

Used to make a question

Example: Give reasons for your opinion

 Why do you think so? (Congruent)

Table 6: Realization of Metaphor of Mood

(iii) Metaphor of Modality

my opinion, to my mind probability, to some extent

I want John to go It’s expected [[that John goes]]

Table 7: Realization of Metaphor of Modality

2.5 Data analysis procedure

To collect the data, first, all the sentences in each announcement speech will be separated and analyzed based on the analytical framework

In order to investigate the effects of interpersonal grammatical metaphor, all the mood and modality metaphor occurrences will be counted and arranged in tables Mood and modality occurrences are put in different tables so that the differences in five speeches will be revealed

CHAPTER 3: MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Data analysis and major findings

As 472 clauses were analyzed, the result shows that modalization far outweighs the number of modulation, 316 and 43 respectively In the total of 316 times of occurrences, modalization apportions its realization between modal operators and modal adjuncts by 179 and 137 times respectively Unlike modalization, modulation

is not counted up to hundreds of times, but its realization in this genre proves that it also contributes to the success of these speeches The total number of modulation occurrences is 43, in which modal operators count to 34 times and two other types

of modulation realization were recognized nine times

3.1.1 Metaphor of mood

After 472 clauses were analyzed, it reveals that metaphor of mood was not much employed in the five announcement speeches However, the realizations of this metaphor prove that they were used purposely and played important roles in the speakers‟ communicative purposes

The occurrences of the metaphor of modality are presented in the table below:

Used to give a statement

Used to make a command

Used to give a statement

Used to make a question George

Table 8: Metaphor of Mood in five announcement speeches

Table 8 reveals the number of metaphor of mood appearing in five announcement speeches Out of 27 times of realization, declarative mood is used the most to make commands in the speeches, which occupies 19 times Particularly, Barack Obama is the orator who used this mood to carry out the purpose of command the most frequently with 11 times The next position goes to George W Bush with four times of occurrences; meanwhile, Bill Clinton and Donald Trump used twice There is no declarative mood used to make a command in George Bush‟s speech

The second mood which is used most to give a statement is imperative mood with 5 times, realized three times in George Bush‟s speech, once in Bill Clinton‟s, and once in Obama‟s

Interrogative mood is also employed to carry out the metaphor of mood However, the appearance of this mood is not noticeable Specifically, only Barack Obama used imperative mood in his speech to give a statement once and to make a command twice

As revealed in Table 8, there is no sign of declarative mood used to make a question and simultaneously, imperative mood is not employed to make questions

in all the speeches

Table 9: Metaphor of Modality in five announcement speeches

As can be seen from Table 9, the total number of occurrences of modality metaphor is 25 times Noticeably, the times metaphor of modality realized through modalization-probability is in a great number, which is 24 times out of 25 times of metaphor of modality The other one belongs to modulation-obligation

In terms of explicit subjective forms, all the speakers used them in their speeches The table reveals that subjective explicit forms were used the most in

Barack Obama‟s speech Other speakers both adopted this orientation but not much George Bush used five times, Donald Trump and Bill Clinton employed three times while George W Bush used twice in his speech Despite this, subjective explicit forms prove to be a dominant orientation in all the speeches

Contrary to the dense of explicit subjective forms of modality, in terms of explicit objective forms of modality, there is only one found in Bill Clinton‟s speech

It is likely that because all the speakers are announcing something, they are about to give their own viewpoint or decision a prominent position That‟s the reason why the modal expressions are explicitly subjectivity-oriented

3.2 Discussion

In the discussion part, details about interpersonal grammatical metaphor are going to be taken into careful consideration including comments, explanations and examples To make things presented clearly, this section is divided into five main parts In the first part, a comparison and possible explanations for the distribution of the subtypes of interpersonal metaphor in five announcement speeches are going to

be mentioned Coming to the next part, the realization of metaphor of mood – the mismatch between mood and speech roles and their functions will be analyzed more After that, occurrences of metaphor of modality in terms of explicit subjective modality and explicit objective modality as well as the types of modality metaphor – modalization and modulation will be presented and commented to see how effectively they are used in different speeches by different speakers Next, a comparison of mood and metaphor of mood is investigated Finally, modality in congruent forms and metaphorical forms is going to be compared and discussed Although the focus of this minor thesis is to investigate Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor in five announcement speeches, the researcher would like to know the effect of interpersonal metafunction used in the speeches Simultaneously, the researcher wants to make a comparison between the use of congruent and non-

congruent forms of mood and modality applied by five speakers when they made announcements

3.2.1 Distribution of the subtypes of interpersonal metaphor

After the clauses in five announcement speeches were analyzed, the number of occurrences of metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality in each separate speech

is presented in the table below

Table 10: Metaphor of Mood and Metaphor of Modality

in five announcement speeches

Table 10 shows that all the speakers used metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality in their speeches The use of interpersonal metaphor is not dramatic but rather balanced

The occurrences of metaphor of mood are 27 times while the times of metaphor

of modality are 25 out of 52 times using metaphorical forms in total These figures reveal that there is a balance in the use of interpersonal metaphor in the speeches Even in each separate speech, the number of metaphorical occurrences is not much different There are three realizations of metaphor of mood and five of metaphor of modality in George Bush‟s speech while three is also the number of times metaphor

of mood used in Bill Clinton‟s speech and four times of using metaphor of modality George Bush employed metaphor of mood four times and metaphor of modality twice Besides, metaphor of mood is realized in Donald Trump‟s speech twice and metaphor of modality three times The times of metaphorical forms of modality used in Barack Obama‟s speech stand out in the table with 15 times of using metaphor of mood and 11 times of using metaphor of modality However, the

figures are much higher than in other speeches because maybe Barack Obama‟s speech is much longer than others with 218 clauses

3.2.2 Metaphor of Mood

3.2.2.1 Declarative Mood

Normally, statements are congruently associated with declarative mood Nevertheless, in mood metaphor, questions and command can be made using declarative mood

The following table presents metaphor in the expression of declarative mood

Used to make a question

Used to make a command George H W

Table 11: Metaphorical Declarative Mood in five announcement speeches

Table 11 shows the number of times declarative was used metaphorically in five announcement speeches It can be seen that declarative mood is used to make commands in all the speeches, except George Bush‟s speech with no realization of metaphorical declarative mood No questions are found in the form of declarative mood

In Barack Obama‟s speech, he used declarative mood to make commands 11 times In his announcement speech, he outlined some steps related to gun control measures Specifically, four steps were mentioned in the form of declarative mood but actually this mood was used to make commands One example is “Number one, anybody in the business of selling firearms must get a license and conduct

the actual speech role behind the declarative mood is to make a command “Get a get

a license and conduct background checks or else you‟ll be subject to criminal prosecutions.” Obama set out steps but what he truly would like to say here is to ask everyone to do and follow these steps

Declarative mood is also metaphorically used in George W Bush four times For example, “To all the men and women of the United States armed forces now in the Middle East, the peace of a troubled world and the hopes of an oppressed people now depend on you” is a statement with declarative mood; however, this statement

is not simply a statement but a command It can be inferred as “Do something because the peace of a troubled world and the hopes of an oppressed people now depend on you” George W Bush employed four times of declarative mood metaphorically in his speech to urge people to do something with the peace and their freedom He used declarative mood to soften the command

With other two speakers, Bill Clinton and Donald Trump, the use of declarative mood is also employed to convey a command It can be found metaphorically as in

“I ask every American to join me in saying to them, thank you, you‟ve made us very proud” (Bill Clinton, 1999) which served as a command “Let‟s say thank you

to men and women of our Armed Forces and those of our Allies” Another metaphorical form of declarative mood is in “We have to stop it” (Donald Trump, 2017); that is, “Stop it” or “Support me in my stopping it”

The main aim of all the speakers in using declarative mood to make commands

is to soften the commands and make the listeners feel more comfortable when listening and following political speeches

Declarative mood was not employed to make questions in all the speeches because the speakers‟ main purpose was to announce information or policies Therefore, they just wanted to inform the listeners about the facts and the information or to ask them to follow the rules or the steps but had no intention of asking them to answer questions Therefore, there were no questions found metaphorically in the form of declarative mood

3.2.2.2 Interrogative Mood

Interrogative mood is naturally realized by questions Nevertheless, in the case

of metaphor of mood, questions can be used to give a statement or make a command

The times of metaphorical forms of interrogative mood are shown in the following table:

Used to give a statement

Used to make a command George H W

Table 12: Metaphorical Interrogative Mood in five announcement speeches

Table 12 points out that interrogative mood realized in metaphorical forms is not used much by the speakers, except by Barack Obama three times

These rhetorical questions are quite often metaphorical questions that serve the congruent function of making a declarative statement As in “How did this become such a partisan issue? (Barack Obama, 2016)”, it‟s not simply a question but a statement that “This became a partisan issue” He felt dissatisfied with the refusal from 90 percent of Republicans in the Senate; therefore, instead of using declarative mood to say “This became a partisan issue”, he used the interrogative mood to show his dissatisfaction He would like to emphasize his attitude towards the refusal of Republicans

Furthermore, questions can be applied to convey a command Like in “How did

we get here?”, “How did we get to the place where people think requiring a

comprehensive background check means taking away people‟s guns?”, Obama demanded a recall from the listener

Interrogative mood is not used metaphorically much in the announcement speeches because probably the speakers did not want the listeners to take time to decode the questions but listen directly the information from the speakers By this way, the message or the announcement was expressed clearly

3.2.2.3 Imperative Mood

Commands go with imperative mood in congruent forms On the contrary, as in metaphor of mood, statements and questions can be expressed in the form of imperative mood

The occurrences of metaphorical forms of imperative mood are shown as belows:

Used to give a statement

Used to make a question George H W

Table 13: Metaphorical Imperative Mood in five announcement speeches

Table 13 shows the times imperative mood was employed metaphorically in five announcement speeches The times of realizations are not as many as declarative mood but this mood is still used metaphorically by three speakers including George Bush, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama No sign of imperative mood used to make questions is found in the speeches

In George Bush‟s speech, he continuously used imperative mood to give information All the sentences started with “Listen to ” such as “Listen to Hollywood Huddleston, Marine lance corporal ”, “Listen to one of our great officers out there, Marine Lieutenant General Walter Boomer He said ”, and

“Listen to Master Sergeant J.P Kendall of the 82nd Airborne ” Although these sentences look like commands to ask the listeners to do something, actually imperative mood in these sentences was used by the speakers to give statements of providing information

Bill Clinton said “Think of all the millions of innocent people who died in this bloody century because democracies reacted too late to evil and aggression” In the form of imperative mood, the sentence is used as a statement of giving information that “Millions of people died in this bloody century because democracies reacted too late to evil and aggression” The speaker wanted to remark the information by using imperative mood and to inform the fact that a lot of people died because of late reaction from democracies

Imperative mood can be found metaphorically in Barack Obama‟s speech like

“But think about this ” This sentence is expressed using imperative mood but functions as a discourse marker in a declarative sentence It is just a marker for the start of the statement giving information about deadly weapon

Like declarative mood, imperative mood is not employed metaphorically to convey questions As explained in the part about declarative mood, in announcement speeches, the aim of the speaker is to announce and inform something but not ask for answers from the listeners or the audience That is the reason why questions are not asked with declarative or imperative mood in all the five speeches