The SAGE handbook of small business and entrepreneurship

List of Tables 3.1 Examples of fixed conceptualizations in explaining entrepreneurs and 5.1 Networking articles published since 1985 with highest citation metrics; 5.3 Networks of entr

9781473925236_OFC.indd 2 25/07/2017 17:02

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4739-2523-6

Editor: Delia Martinez-Alfonso

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B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area

Chapter 2 © Claire M Leitch and Richard T Harrison 2018 Chapter 3 © Hamid Vahidnia,

H Shawna Chen, J Robert Mitchell and Ronald K Mitchell 2018 Chapter 04 © Kristina Nyström 2018

Chapter 05 © Maura McAdam and Danny Soetanto 2018 Chapter 06 © Stephen Drinkwater 2018

Chapter 07 © Judith van Helvert and Mattias Nordqvist 2018 Chapter 08 © Helen Haugh, Fergus Lyon and Bob Doherty 2018

Chapter 09 © Christian Lechner and Abeer Pervaiz 2018 Chapter 10 © Fokko J Eller and Michael M Gielnik 2018 Chapter 11 © Ivan Zupic and Alessandro Giudici 2018 Chapter 12 © Samuel Adomako and Kevin F Mole 2018 Chapter 13 © Michael H Morris, Susana C Santos, Christopher Pryor and Xaver Neumeyer 2018 Chapter 14 © Bjørn Willy Åmo and Lars Kolvereid 2018 Chapter 15 © Mark Freel 2018 Chapter 16 © Rosalind Jones, Sussie C Morrish, Jonathan Deacon and Morgan P Miles 2018

Chapter 17 © Colin Mason 2018 Chapter 18 © Marc Cowling and Catherine Matthews 2018 Chapter 19 © Anders Hoffmann David J Storey 2018

Chapter 20 © John Kitching 2018 Chapter 21 © Erik Stam and Ben Spigel 2018

Chapter 22 © Zhongming Wang and Yanhai Zhao 2018 Chapter 23 © Niina Nummela 2018

Chapter 24 © Wafa N

Almobaireek, Ahmed Alshumaimeri and Tatiana S Manolova 2018

Chapter 25 © Luke Pittaway, Louisa Huxtable-Thomas and Paul Hannon 2018

Chapter 26 © Thomas M Cooney 2018

Chapter 27 © Ulla Hytti and Sirpa Koskinen 2018

Chapter 28 © Aaron F McKenny, Miles A Zachary, Jeremy C Short and David J Ketchen Jnr 2018 Chapter 29 © Anne Kovalainen 2018

Chapter 30 © Cristina Díaz-García 2018 Chapter 31 © Bengt Johannisson 2018

Chapter 32 © Seppo Poutanen 2018

Robert Blackburn, Dirk De Clercq and Jarna Heinonen

2 Entrepreneurial Leadership: A Critical Review and Research Agenda 15

Claire M Leitch and Richard T Harrison

3 Entrepreneurial Action Research: Moving Beyond Fixed Conceptualizations 38

Hamid Vahidnia, H Shawna Chen, J Robert Mitchell and Ronald K Mitchell

4 Pre- and Post-entrepreneurship Labor Mobility of Entrepreneurs

Kristina Nyström

Maura McAdam and Danny Soetanto

Stephen Drinkwater

Judith van Helvert and Mattias Nordqvist

8 Social Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship and Social Value Creation 125

Helen Haugh, Fergus Lyon and Bob Doherty

PART II ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS

9 Entrepreneurial Strategy: A Contingency Review and Outlook for

Christian Lechner and Abeer Pervaiz

Fokko J Eller and Michael M Gielnik

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

vi

Ivan Zupic and Alessandro Giudici

Samuel Adomako and Kevin F Mole

Michael H Morris, Susana C Santos, Christopher Pryor and Xaver Neumeyer

Bjørn Willy Åmo and Lars Kolvereid

Mark Freel

Rosalind Jones, Sussie C Morrish, Jonathan Deacon and Morgan P Miles

Colin Mason

18 Internal Financial Management in Smaller, Entrepreneurial Businesses 350

Marc Cowling and Catherine Matthews

Anders Hoffmann and David J Storey

20 Exploring Firm-Level Effects of Regulation: Going Beyond Survey Approaches 391

John Kitching

Erik Stam and Ben Spigel

Zhongming Wang and Yanhai Zhao

23 Bringing ‘I’ into ‘E’ – What Could It Mean? Reflections on the Past,

Present and Future of International Entrepreneurship Research 443

Niina Nummela

Wafa N Almobaireek, Ahmed Alshumaimeri and Tatiana S Manolova

Luke Pittaway, Louisa Huxtable-Thomas and Paul Hannon

Contents vii

Thomas M Cooney

27 Enterprise Education Pedagogy and Redesigning Learning Outcomes:

Ulla Hytti and Sirpa Koskinen

PART IV RESEARCHING SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 519

28 In Search of Causality in Entrepreneurship Research: Quantitative Methods in

Aaron F McKenny, Miles A Zachary, Jeremy C Short and David J Ketchen Jnr.

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List of Figures

4.1 Labor mobility of entrepreneurs pre- and post-entrepreneurial activity 62 4.2 Labor mobility of employees pre- and post-employment

5.1 An example of network mapping produced by the respondents 83

7.1 Succession from an entrepreneurial process perspective (Nordqvist et al., 2013) 113

14.1 An input, process, context and output model of corporate entrepreneurship 260

16.1 The SME entrepreneurial marketing orientation (EMO) conceptualized model

16.2 Network-based internationalization model (Vasilchenko & Morrish, 2011) 307

16.4 Entrepreneurial marketing from an emerging market perspective 311

17.3 The venture capital investment process (based on Fried & Hisrich, 1994) 327

18.1 The importance of internal funds in developing country SMEs’ financing 35418.2 Use of internal funds to finance the business in European SMEs 35518.3 SMEs with audited financial statements in developing countries 36321.1 Relationships between attributes within entrepreneurial ecosystems (Spigel, 2017) 41521.2 Key elements, outputs and outcomes of the entrepreneurial ecosystem

22.2 Key components of ESR under change and cultural integration 434

27.1 Juxtaposing universalistic and idiosyncratic approaches to entrepreneurship

31.1 Originality as a complementary quality criterion in (social)

research triggering enactive research as an appropriate methodology 586

This page intentionally left blank

List of Tables

3.1 Examples of fixed conceptualizations in explaining entrepreneurs and

5.1 Networking articles published since 1985 with highest citation metrics;

5.3 Networks of entrepreneurs located at and outside incubators 88 6.1 Background statistics on self-employment in the UK by migrant group,

2014–15 98 6.2 Self-employment rates for key demographic categories in the

6.3 Self-employment rates by period of arrival in the UK by migrant group,

2014–15 102 6.4 Self-employment rates by area of residence within the UK by migrant group,

2014–15 103

11.1 Findings and suggestions for further research from previous reviews 205

12.2 Storey’s (1994) variables influencing small business growth 22916.1 Research questions pertaining to networks in entrepreneurial marketing 31016.2 Research questions pertaining to the adoption of entrepreneurial marketing

16.3 Research questions pertaining to social entrepreneurial marketing (SEM) and

19.2 Timetable of key events leading to the creation of Growth Houses 378

19.5 Sales change for Growth House clients and control group firms 38519.6 Comparing Growth House clients and control group firms, 2008–9 to 2013–14 38621.1 Comparison of industrial district, cluster and innovation system literature 41121.2 Differences and similarities between entrepreneurial ecosystems and

22.1 Comparison of entrepreneurship responsibility characteristics 427

24.2 OLS regression estimates on predictors of new venture growth (n = 1,126) 462

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25.2 Key philosophies and components of programs for entrepreneurs 48028.1 Empirical studies of the corporate entrepreneurship–performance relationship 52328.2 Summary of methodological decisions in corporate entrepreneurship research 52528.3 Best practices for identifying causal relationships in entrepreneurship research 53328.4 Empirical challenges and possible solutions in empirical

30.1 Epistemology, theoretical perspectives and positions within feminism 56330.2 Questions about women entrepreneurs and their ventures regarding

31.1 The contemporary community of research in entrepreneurship

31.2 The exodus of advanced entrepreneurship research to the promised land

Notes on the Editors

and Contributors

THE EDITORS

Robert Blackburn  is Associate Dean for Research, Kingston University Business School,

Director of the Small Business Research Centre and Editor-in-Chief of the International Small

Business Journal He has undertaken research for private and public sector organizations worldwide on entrepreneurship and small business, including the OECD, the European Commission and Parliament, the UK’s HM Treasury and HM Revenue and Customs, and banks and support agencies Robert has held the Presidency of the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, is a Trustee and Treasurer of the Society for the Advancement

of Management Studies, a member of the research committee of the Chartered Association of Business Schools, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a member of the Executive of the International Network of Business and Management Journals and is holder of the Queen’s Award for Enterprise Promotion

Dirk De Clercq is Professor of Management in the Goodman School of Business at Brock

University, Canada He is also Research Professor in the Small Business Research Centre at Kingston University, UK His research interests are in the areas of entrepreneurship, innovation

and organizational behaviour He is Consulting Editor of International Small Business Journal and has published articles in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business

Venturing , Journal of International Business, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of

Product Innovation Management and Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, among others.

Jarna Heinonen is Professor in Entrepreneurship and Director of the Entrepreneurship Unit

within Turku School of Economics, University of Turku In the field of entrepreneurship her research interests in particular include entrepreneurship education, corporate entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurship policies and family business She has con-ducted research for the European Commission, the OECD and various national ministries and other such bodies and is well connected to entrepreneurship stakeholders nationally and inter-

nationally She is the book review editor at International Small Business Journal and has recently published in Journal of Small Business Management, International Small Business

Journal , European Educational Journal and Journal of Small Business and Enterprise

Development She is also Visiting Professor at Kingston University in the UK and holds ous positions of trust in the scientific community as well as in business and society

numer-THE CONTRIBUTORS

Samuel Adomako  is Assistant Professor in Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the

Entrepreneurship Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Samuel has a multidisciplinary academic background and holds degrees in Sociology, Management and Entrepreneurship His research examines the nexus of entrepreneurship,

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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innovation and creativity within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and analyses the role of institutions in new venture creation or new business formation Samuel received his PhD from University of Warwick

Wafa N Almobaireek,  PhD in Business, Nottingham University, UK, is Associate Professor

of Marketing and Entrepreneurship at King Saud University (KSU), the Dean of the Business School at Princess Nourah University (PNU) in Saudi Arabia, and a former Director of the Prince Salman Institute for Entrepreneurship (IPSE) at KSU Research and teaching interests include marketing, small businesses and entrepreneurship Dr Almobaireek is the author of a number of books in the area of small businesses and entrepreneurship She is currently working

on a number of projects in the same areas for several organizations in Saudi Arabia

Ahmed Alshumaimeri, PhD in Marketing, Nottingham University, UK, is a practitioner and

mentor for entrepreneurial innovation He was one of the founders of Alsafat Capital, Almajd Satellite Channels and China Motors Company (CMC) Research and consulting interests include entrepreneurship, networking, business collaborations, business incubation and tech-nology Previously, Dr Alshumaimeri was the Assistant General-Director of the Saudi Credit Bank and served as the Dean of the Prince Salman Institute for Entrepreneurship and the Dean

of Development at King Saud University Dr Alshumaimeri is a bilingual author and has lished eight books and numerous articles in academic and practitioner journals

pub-Bjørn Willy Åmo,  PhD, is Associate Professor in Innovation at Nord University Business

School His research interests focus on corporate entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, neurship education, social entrepreneurship and other aspects of entrepreneurship He uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods He teaches entrepreneurship courses and research methods at both bachelor and master levels Dr Åmo is a member of the Norwegian Global Entrepreneurship Monitor team

entrepre-H Shawna Chen, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Goodman School of Business at Brock

University She teaches undergraduate and graduate entrepreneurship courses, such as business planning and creativity Her research interests focus on entrepreneurial cognition and action Before pursuing her PhD at Texas Tech University, Shawna was a serial entrepreneur involved

in multiple Internet start-ups in the Washington DC area and a consultant in corporate finance and strategy

Thomas M Cooney is Professor in Entrepreneurship at the Dublin Institute of Technology,

Academic Director of the DIT Institute for Minority Entrepreneurship and Adjunct Professor

at the University of Turku (Finland) He is a former President of the International Council for Small Business (2012–13) and of the European Council for Small Business (2009–11) and was Chair of the ICSB 2014 World Entrepreneurship Conference He was a Member of the Department of Enterprise, Jobs and Innovation ‘Entrepreneurship Forum’ (2013–14) and has been a policy advisor to the Irish government, the European Commission, OECD and other international organizations He was a founding Director of Startup Ireland and works in various capacities with a range of businesses and not-for-profit organizations He has researched and published widely on the topic of entrepreneurship and further details of his work can be found

at www.thomascooney.com

Marc Cowling has a PhD in Business Economics from Warwick Business School and an MSc

in Economics from London University Before his appointment at Brighton (as Professor of

notes on the editors and Contributors xv

Entrepreneurship) he was Professor and Head of the Department of Management Studies at Exeter Business School Prior to that, he held the posts of Chief Economist at the Institute for Employment Studies and The Work Foundation He has also held positions at Warwick Business School, Birmingham Business School and London Business School He is currently ranked in the top 11% of economists in the world by citations (H-index) according to Research Publications in Economics (REPEC, 6 November 2016) and in entrepreneurship he was ranked 23rd in the world during the period 1995–2006 according to ‘Rankings of the Top Entrepreneurship Researchers and Affiliations’ Marc has spent the last 24 years researching in four core areas: The Dynamics of Early Stage Survival and Growth; The Financing of SMEs and Entrepreneurial Businesses; Labour Market Dynamics and Evaluating Public Policy

Jonathan Deacon is Professor of Marketing at the South Wales Business School where he is

Academic Director of the ‘Exchange’ at USW – an entrepreneurial Business Growth Hub and the Centre for Research in Entrepreneurship and Marketing (CREaM) Jonathan’s career prior

to academia was within business – especially high growth, new venture starts Professor Deacon is an acknowledged ‘thought leader’ at the interface between Marketing, Entrepreneurship and Management He is Global Vice Chair of the board of trustees and fellow of the Chartered Institute of Marketing, board member of the European Marketing Confederation and past editor

of the international Journal for Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship (JRME).

Cristina Díaz-García, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Business Administration

at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Campus Albacete), Spain She is author of the book Influencia del género en los recursos y resultados de las pequeñas empresas (Resources and performance of SMEs: The influence of gender), her dissertation was awarded a better disserta-tion prize in 2006 by the Economic and Social Council (consultative body of the Spanish Government) She is author and co-author of articles and book chapters on this topic Her research focuses on gender, with a special interest on women’s entrepreneurship and the effect

of gender diversity in innovation, and ecoinnovation She is co-editor of the 5th book of the Diana International Series by Edward Elgar titled ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship in Global and Local Contexts’ She is reviewer for many journals and part of the editorial review board of

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research

Bob Doherty is Professor of Marketing at The York Management School, University of York

and principal investigator on a four-year interdisciplinary research programme (£4.3m) on food resilience titled ‘IKnowFood’, funded by the Global Food Security Fund In addition he holds

a number of institutional-wide research positions including the research theme leader for tainable food in the York Environmental Sustainability Research Institute (YESI) Bob special-ises in research on hybrid organizations, namely the marketing and management aspects of fair trade organizations and social enterprises Recently his research interests have developed to

sus-look at how hybrids can contribute to resilience in food systems Bob has published in Journal

of Business Ethics , International Journal of Management Reviews, Business History and

Journal of Social Policy For the past eight years he has been editor of the Emerald Group

Publishing’s Social Enterprise Journal.

Stephen Drinkwater is Professor of Economics at the Business School at the University of

Roehampton, London Stephen is also a research fellow at the IZA in Bonn, CoDE at the University of Manchester, CReAM at University College London and at the Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD) Stephen’s main research inter-ests lie in applied micro economics, particularly within the labour market His research has

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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primarily focused on self-employment, labour market discrimination, international and regional migration He has received research funding from several external organizations including the European Commission, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the OECD and the Economic and Social Research Council He has published papers in a range of international

inter-peer-reviewed journals including Economica, Economics Letters, International Small Business

Journal , Journal of Population Economics, Journal of Regional Science, Labour Economics,

Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , Regional Studies, Small Business Economics and

Urban Studies.

Fokko J Eller  is currently a PhD student and research assistant at the Institute of

Management & Organization at the Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany He received his Master of Arts in Management and Entrepreneurship from the Leuphana University of Lüneburg Prior to his master programme he studied International Business at the University

of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Germany and at the Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China His research focuses on sustainable entrepreneurship He is particu-larly interested in how opportunities in sustainable entrepreneurship come to life and in the process of mission drift in hybrid organizations

Mark Freel is the Royal Bank of Canada Professor for the commercialization of innovation at

the Telfer School of Management and Professor of innovation and entrepreneurship at Lancaster University Management School

Michael M Gielnik is currently Professor for HR Development at the Leuphana University of

Lüneburg, Germany He studied psychology at the University of Giessen, Germany, and received his PhD from the Leuphana University of Lüneburg He was a Visiting Senior Fellow

at the National University of Singapore Business School His research interest is ship from a psychological perspective Specifically, his research focuses on entrepreneurial learning and training, the entrepreneurial process and aging of entrepreneurs He has taken a special interest in entrepreneurship in developing countries He has conducted several research and practice projects on entrepreneurship in different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

entrepreneur-Alessandro Giudici  is Lecturer in Strategy at Cass Business School (City, University of

London, UK) His research focuses on organizations that support start-ups and SME growth, including venture associations, incubators, government agencies and the like, predominantly

from a capability and business model perspective His research has been published in Business

History , Long Range Planning and Strategic Organization and is currently under review in a

number of peer-reviewed journals Before entering academia, Alessandro worked as a ing executive for a large multinational enterprise in the fast-moving consumer goods sector

market-Paul Hannon is a graduate entrepreneur and has helped shape enterprise and entrepreneurship

education, support and development in the UK and overseas during the past 35 years He is a successful creator and innovator of local support initiatives for enterprise and entrepreneurship stimulation in the private and public sectors; he has won accolades for his innovative approaches to enterprise and entrepreneurship curricula design and delivery in higher educa-tion; and he is also an experienced entrepreneur with 10 years as the co-owner/director of a small growing firm in the food industry In 2015 Paul was invited to be a member of Maserati

100, the top 100 individuals in the UK who actively support the next generation of future entrepreneurs In 2016 he was appointed European Entrepreneurship Education Laureate by

notes on the editors and Contributors xvii

the Sten K Johnson Centre for Entrepreneurship at Lund University, Sweden At Swansea University in Wales Paul is Head of Section in Research, Engagement and Innovation Services

He is Director of the Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership and is Director of Leading Business Growth, a body that supports leadership development and growth in hundreds of Welsh SMEs The Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership offers research, learning and devel-opment opportunities to stimulate cultures and practices of entrepreneurial leadership for individuals and organizations in highly uncertain, unpredictable and complex environments

Up to the end of March 2013 Paul was Chief Executive at the UK’s National Centre for Entrepreneurship in Education (formerly NCGE) that supports long-term cultural change in

UK universities and colleges

Richard T Harrison is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Co-Director of the

Centre for Strategic Leadership at the University of Edinburgh Business School He was ously Dean of Queen’s University Management School and Director of the Leadership Institute He was Dixons Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the University of Edinburgh and has also held Chair-level appointments at the University of Aberdeen and University of Ulster He has taught in China, Argentina, Australia, the US and Canada His current research interests are linked by a unifying interest in the nature of the entrepreneurial process – in social and corporate as well as new venture contexts – as it is reflected in business development (particularly in the financing of innovation and growth) and in the implications of research and theorizing for practice and public policy This includes the analysis of entrepre-neurial finance, entrepreneurial learning and leadership processes, studies of the role of entre-preneurship and innovation in emerging economies (notably China, Malaysia) and examination

previ-of the nature previ-of peace entrepreneurship in conflict societies (Northern Ireland, Rwanda, Kosova) In recognition of the importance of his research on entrepreneurial finance he was the

2015 recipient of the UK ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Award for Outstanding Research Impact on Business

Helen Haugh is Senior Lecturer at Cambridge Judge Business School, Director of the Masters

in Innovation, Strategy and Organizations, The Management of Technology and Innovation programme and Research Director for the Centre for Social Innovation Helen’s research inter-ests focus on social and community entrepreneurship, family business and corporate responsi-bility Her research in the social economy has examined community-led regeneration in rural communities, cross-sector collaboration and innovations in governance Her work has been

published in the Academy of Management Education and Learning, Organization Studies,

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , Journal of Business Ethics, Cambridge Journal of

Economics and Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.

Anders Hoffmann is now Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Energy, Utilities

and Climate in the government of Denmark The work co-authored here is written in a sonal capacity and relates to a previous role as Deputy Director General at the Danish Business Authority There he was responsible for developing and implementing most of the business development policies in Denmark at the national, regional and local level These policies covered entrepreneurship, EU structural funds, design, creative industry, second chance, clusters, market development, circular economy, sharing economy, social enterprises, CSR, offset, EU Leader approach and standardization He was also responsible for the Authorities International division and the Danish approach to the reduction of economic bur-dens for firms Dr Hoffmann holds a PhD in Economics and was a Senior Economist with the

per-THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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OECD, supervising a team of economists and statisticians and coordinating activities related

to micro-policy benchmarking His academic output has been published in Journal of

International Economics and Economic Modelling.

Louisa Huxtable-Thomas is the Research Lead for the Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership

at Swansea University, Wales She has extensive experience in case study research and based learning, in facilitation of innovation and invention in supported companies, and in train-ing and supervision of PhD students In this role she undertakes research for a successful management and leadership programme aimed at improving leadership skills for owner- managers of small businesses The role requires research into learning and teaching methods most suitable for this group of mature students, also into post-full-time education as well as analysis of the wider economic impacts that such learning has In addition, Louisa has an aca-demic role as advisor for two doctoral students and provides qualitative methodologies advice

work-to a further five students at the recommendation of their Direcwork-tors of Studies As well as ing a doctorate in business and economics, Louisa holds a Postgraduate Certificate in Developing Higher Education and is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA) In previous roles she qualified as a Chartered Environmentalist (CEnv) and Member of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (MIEEM) and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (AIEMA) Louisa has been considered a trusted advisor to the Welsh Assembly Government and local authorities in Wales

hold-Ulla Hytti  is Research Director in the Entrepreneurship Unit at the University of Turku,

Finland She has taught entrepreneurship at undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels

at the university, and has been conducting research into entrepreneurship education Ulla was

a founding member of the Finnish Scientific Association for Entrepreneurship Education and

a President of the Association in 2014–15 She has organized and chaired several ship and entrepreneurship education conferences nationally and internationally Ulla is an

entrepreneur-Associate Editor at the Journal of Small Business Management and a Board Member in the

European Council for Small Business (ECSB)

Bengt Johannisson is Professor Emeritus of Entrepreneurship at Linnaeus University From

1998–2007, he was the Editor-in-Chief of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development and he himself has published widely on entrepreneurship, personal networking, family business as well as on local and regional development His current research interests are process and prac-tice theories and enactive methodology as applied to different arenas for entrepreneurship In Sweden Bengt Johannisson has initiated several inter-university networks on research and post-graduate studies in entrepreneurship and for 15 years he was a co-director of the European Doctoral Programme in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management Bengt Johannisson

is the first Scandinavian Winner of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research (2008) and

in 2015 he received the European Entrepreneurship Education Award

Rosalind Jones  is Lecturer in Marketing and Program Director at Birmingham Business

School, University of Birmingham Her career until 2005 was in the public sector, prior to completion of a PhD in entrepreneurial marketing in small software technology firms at Bangor University, Wales She is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and a ‘Chartered Marketer’ and Member of the Levitt Group of Senior Marketers for the Chartered Institute of Marketing She is Co-Chair of the Academy of Marketing, Entrepreneurial & Small Business Marketing Special Interest Group and on the Steering Committee of the American Marketing Association (AMA) Special Interest Group in Research at the Marketing and Entrepreneurship Interface

notes on the editors and Contributors xix

David J Ketchen, PhD, The Pennsylvania State University, serves as Lowder Eminent Scholar

and Professor of Management in the Harbert College of Business at Auburn University His research interests include entrepreneurship and franchising, methodological issues in organiza-tional research, strategic supply chain management, and the determinants of superior organiza-

tional performance He has served as an Associate Editor for Academy of Management Journal,

Journal of Operations Management , Organizational Research Methods, Journal of Supply

Chain Management , Journal of International Business Studies and Journal of Management.

John Kitching is Professor in the Small Business Research Centre, Kingston University, UK

His research interests include the influence of regulation on small business activity and mance, and exploring the implications of critical realist philosophy of science for small busi-ness and entrepreneurship studies

perfor-Lars Kolvereid,  PhD, is Professor of Entrepreneurship His research interests are

entrepre-neurship in general, especially new business creation processes and new business performance

Dr Kolvereid has published a large number of articles and books and has supervised more than

25 doctoral students and is the leader of the Norwegian Global Entrepreneurship Monitor team

Sirpa Koskinen has a PhD in Education and works as a special education teacher She has

exten-sive experience from various forms of demanding special education Currently she works in a hospital school in Hämeenlinna where her pupils are patients at a youth psychiatric ward Previously Sirpa worked in a state reform school She has also worked as a special education teacher in an upper secondary school with more than 500 pupils and in a Finnish school in Tallinn, Estonia

Anne Kovalainen  is Professor of Entrepreneurship at the School of Economics at the

University of Turku, Finland She has been visiting faculty fellow and visiting professor among others at Stanford University, London School of Economics, Technology University Sydney, and at Kingston University Anne’s intellectual background is in economic sociology, gender studies and business studies Stemming from her disciplinary background, her publication track record is multidisciplinary She established an international multidisciplinary conference on WORK in 2013, which runs biannually (latest on Work and Labour in the Digital Future WORK2017) She is editorial board member in International Small Business Journal (ECSB) and in Research in the Sociology of Work (ASA), among others Her current research interests deal with science and technology studies, research methodology, transformation of economies, knowledge formation and changing relationships between entrepreneurship, work and gender She leads a large research consortium on work and platform economy, currently analyzing the complexities of gig economy, sharing economy and platforms, including their transformational effects on work and entrepreneurship, academic work, self-employment and entrepreneurship (SWiPE) Professor Kovalainen holds several positions of trust and serves regularly national and international science institutions

Christian Lechner  is currently Full Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the Free

University of Bolzano, Italy He is the Director of the PhD programme in Economics and Management on Organizational and Institutional Outliers He was former Professor in Entrepreneurship and Strategy for 12 years at Toulouse Business School where he was involved

in entrepreneurship activities, the launch of an incubator and the coaching of small firms He holds a PhD in business administration from the University of Regensburg, Germany, an MBA from the University of Georgia and degrees in business administration from the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich and international business studies from the Università degli

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy His research interests are inter-firm and inter-personal networks, habitual entrepreneurship, organizational configurations of new firms and growth, the resource-based view and entrepreneurial strategy

Claire M Leitch, DPhil, holds the Chair in Entrepreneurial Leadership at Lancaster University

Management School, where she is also Head of Department, Leadership and Management Her research interests concentrate on the development, enhancement and growth of individuals and organizations in an entrepreneurial context with a particular focus on leadership, leadership development and learning She is an internationally recognized scholar whose work has shaped theoretical debate and had significant industrial and policy impact She has published in

Journal of Small Business Management , Organization Research Methods, Academy of

Management Learning and Education , British Journal of Management, Regional Studies and

Entre preneurship Theory and Practice Currently she is the Editor of International Small

Business Journal

Fergus Lyon  is Professor of Enterprise and Organization and Director of the Centre for

Enterprise and Economic Development Research at Middlesex University His research focuses on social enterprise, hybrid organizations, enterprise support, innovation, trust and sustainability He is Deputy Director of the ESRC Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP) and is leading a research theme on enterprise, the social economy and investment He has a background in international development and enterprise support and is actively involved in conservation and farming enterprises in the UK He has conducted research on enterprise issues in the UK, Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan He has published on social enterprise and alternative organizational forms in a range of journals

including International Small Business Journal, International Journal of Management

Reviews , Organization Studies, World Development and Entrepreneurship and Regional

Development He published the Edward Elgar Handbook of Research Methods on Trust, now

in its second edition

Tatiana S Manolova,  DBA, Boston University,  is Professor of Management at Bentley

University, USA Research interests include strategic management (competitive strategies of new and small companies), international entrepreneurship and management in emerging economies She is affiliated with Diana International, an international research project explor-ing the growth strategies of women entrepreneurs worldwide During 2010–11, she was a Visiting Professor at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and conducted research on entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia in affiliation with the Prince Salman Institute for Entrepreneurship Tatiana is the author of over 40 scholarly articles and book chapters She

serves on the editorial boards of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business

Venturing , International Small Business Journal and the Babson College Entrepreneurship

Research Conference Board of Reviewers (2015–17)

Colin Mason is Professor of Entrepreneurship in the Adam Smith Business School, University

of Glasgow He has held visiting positions at universities in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Argentina His research and teaching are in the areas of entrepreneurship and regional development His specific research interests are in entrepreneurial finance and entrepreneurial ecosystems He has written extensively on business angel investing and has been closely involved with government and private sector initiatives to promote business angel investment,

both in the UK and elsewhere He is the founder and co-editor of the journal Venture Capital:

An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance (published by Taylor and Francis Ltd)

notes on the editors and Contributors xxi

Catherine Matthews is currently Senior Lecturer in finance at the University of Brighton and

has worked there since 1998 when she joined the staff as a graduate teaching assistant She has since taught at post graduate and undergraduate levels across a number of subject areas, includ-ing economics, accounting and finance Catherine has held external examiner and associate editor roles and enjoys being an active member of the research community at Brighton Her research interests are in the area of small business finance and in particular trade credit man-agement, which formed the focus of her doctoral research Since being awarded her doctorate, Catherine has been working on publishing-related papers

Maura McAdam is Professor in Management and Director of Entrepreneurship at Dublin City

University, Dublin She is a nationally and internationally recognized scholar within the area

of entrepreneurship having particular expertise in gender, entrepreneurial leadership, ogy entrepreneurship and family business Accordingly, her research has been published in top rated North American and UK journals across a range of theoretical disciplines such as

technol-Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , Journal of Small Business Management, Regional

Studies, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development and International Small Business

Journal In addition, Maura has authored the book Female Entrepreneurship with Routledge

publishing Maura is an editorial board member of leading UK and US journals such as

International Small Business Journal (ISBJ) and Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice

(ETP) In addition, Maura is an invited Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) and has held Visiting Scholar positions at Massey University and Babson College; she is currently a Visiting Scholar at the University of Nottingham and Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia

Aaron F McKenny,  PhD, University of Oklahoma, is Assistant Professor of Management at the

University of Central Florida His research is primarily focused on the intersection of neurship and strategic management with an emphasis on the role of social and other non-economic

entrepre-phenomena in organizational settings He is on the review boards for the Journal of Management,

Journal of Business Venturing and Family Business Review His research has been published in several journals, including Journal of Management, Organizational Research Methods, Journal of

Business Venturing , Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,

The Leadership Quarterly , Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Family Business

Review , Business Communication Quarterly and Business Horizons.

Morgan P Miles is Professor at Charles Sturt University Previously he had been Professor of

Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the University of Canterbury, the Tom Hendrix Chair of Excellence at the University of Tennessee at Martin, Professor of Enterprise Development at the University of Tasmania and Professor of Marketing at Georgia Southern University He has been a visiting scholar at Georgia Tech, Cambridge University, University of Stockholm, the University of Otago, University of Auckland and an Erskine Fellow at the University of Canterbury He holds a DBA in Marketing from Mississippi State University His research interests include entrepreneurial marketing and corporate social responsibility

J Robert Mitchell,  PhD,  is Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategy in the

Department of Management at Colorado State University He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses Prior to joining Colorado State University, Rob was a Professor at the University of Oklahoma and at the Ivey School of Business, where he continues to hold an appointment as an adjunct research professor He completed his doctoral studies in

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

has been published in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business Venturing,

Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal and Strategic Management Journal.

Ronald K Mitchell  is Professor of Entrepreneurship and JA Bagley Regents Chair in the

Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University, a Wheatley Institution Fellow and Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Victoria, in BC Canada Previously, he was Winspear Chair in Public Policy and Business at the University of Victoria and Jointly-appointed Professor of Public Policy and Strategy at the Guanghua School of Management at Peking University He is a CPA, former CEO, consultant and entrepreneur He received his PhD from the University of Utah, winning the 1995 Heizer Dissertation Award Ron publishes and serves in editorial review capacities in the top entrepreneurship and management journals, and was 2008–9 Chair of the Academy of Management Entrepreneurship Division His academic mission focuses on problems and possibilities in opportunity emergence: understanding the core systems and institutions of society that enable greater human capacity He researches, consults and lectures worldwide

Kevin F Mole  is Associate Professor (Reader) in Entrepreneurship at Warwick Business

School where he is associated with the Enterprise Research Centre (enterpriseresearch.ac.uk) His research interests include external support to small firms including policy choices in busi-ness support, the role of regulation and firm growth He is published in journals such as the

Journal of International Business Studies , Journal of Business Venturing, International Small

Business Journal , British Journal of Management and Environment and Planning He has

worked for the Advanced Institute of Management and his client list includes OECD, Grant Thornton and the UK government department for business; past clients include the Small Business Service and Business Link University

Michael H Morris holds the James W Walter Clinical Eminent Scholar Chair at the University

of Florida A pioneer in curricular innovation, he launched the first department and first school

of entrepreneurship at major research universities Dr Morris has published 11 books and over

200 articles, book chapters and other scholarly publications His current research is focused on venture categories and their implications

Sussie C Morrish is Associate Professor of Marketing in the Department of Management,

Marketing and Entrepreneurship at the University of Canterbury Sussie teaches strategic keting from basic to advanced levels Sussie gained her PhD from the University of Canterbury while simultaneously teaching at the University of Auckland Business School Her main research interests revolve around the marketing and entrepreneurship disciplines including various strategic approaches to portfolio entrepreneurship, airline alliances, internationalization, sustainability and country of origin effects Her more recent research looks at the effects of the Canterbury Earthquakes on social enterprise, hospitality and related industries

mar-Xaver Neumeyer is currently Assistant Professor and Burwell Chair of Entrepreneurship at the

School of Entrepreneurship, University of North Dakota, USA His current research focuses on

notes on the editors and Contributors xxiii

entrepreneurial ecosystems, specifically how these ecosystems are shaped by or shape preneurs He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Northwestern University in

entre-2014 and his MSc in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 2006 He also completed the Postdoctoral Bridge Program at the University of Florida in 2015, specializing in Entrepreneurship and International Business

Mattias Nordqvist is Professor in Business Administration, the Hamrin International Professor

of Family Business and Director of the Centre for Family Enterprise and Ownership (CeFEO)

at Jönköping University Mattias is also Visiting Professor at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp Mattias is a former Co-Director of the Global STEP Project and Visiting Scholar at Babson College, USA, University of Alberta (Canada) and Bocconi University (Italy) He has served on the board of the International Family Enterprise Research Academy (IFERA) and is currently on the scientific committee of the Center for Young and Family Enterprise (Cyfe) at the University of Bergamo (Italy), on the scientific committee of the Family Business Centre at Lancaster University School of Management (UK) and on the scientific committee of the Dutch Centre of Expertise in Family Businesses at the Windesheim University of Applied Sciences (the Netherlands)

Niina Nummela  is Professor of International Business at the Turku School of Economics,

University of Turku, Finland, and Visiting Professor at the University of Tartu, Estonia Her areas of expertise include international entrepreneurship, cross-border acquisitions and research methods She has published widely in academic journals, has edited several academic

books and serves on the editorial boards of Journal of International Business Studies and

International Small Business Journal

Kristina Nyström is Associate Professor in Economics with specialisation in

entrepreneur-ship and industrial dynamics at the Division of Economics at the Department of Industrial Economics and Management at KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology and The Ratio Institute in Stockholm, Sweden Kristina Nyström’s research interests include firm dynamics

in terms of entry, expansion, contraction of business and exit, industrial and regional ics, labour mobility associated with establishment and closure of businesses, regional resil-ience to displacements and institutional aspects of entrepreneurship and firm dynamics

dynam-Recent publications include articles in journals such as Regional Studies, Small Business

Economics and Labour.

Abeer Pervaiz is a doctoral student in the PhD programme in management and economics on

organizational and institutional outliers at the Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Italy Her educational background consists of an undergraduate degree in finance from the Lahore School

of Economics (LSE), Pakistan and an MSc in Entrepreneurship and Innovation from the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands on an Erasmus Scholarship She has worked as a research assistant at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan Her research interests include entrepreneurship, industry emergence, start-ups, strategy and social movements

Luke Pittaway  is the Copeland Professor of Entrepreneurship and Chair, Department of

Management at Ohio University (Athens, OH) where he leads the academic programmes in the College of Business and the College’s enhancements of university-wide programmes He was formally the William A Freeman Distinguished Chair in Free Enterprise and the Director of

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

xxiv

the Center for Entrepreneurial Learning and Leadership at Georgia Southern University where

he managed programmes in entrepreneurship until May 2013 Dr Pittaway has previously worked at the University of Sheffield (UK), Lancaster University (UK) and the University of Surrey (UK) He has been a Research and Education Fellow with the National Council of Graduate Entrepreneurship and an Advanced Institute of Management Research Scholar He is

on a number of editorial boards including those for the International Small Business Journal, the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research and the Service

Industries Journal Dr Pittaway’s research focuses on entrepreneurship education and learning and he has a range of other interests, including entrepreneurial behaviour, networking, entre-preneurial failure, business growth and corporate venturing

Seppo Poutanen is Senior Research Fellow and Docent of sociology at the Department of

Management and Entrepreneurship, University of Turku, Finland His areas of expertise include social epistemology, social theory, sociology of science, innovation studies, method-ology of social sciences and economic sociology Seppo Poutanen has acted as Visiting Professor and Visiting Fellow at several universities (e.g Stanford University, LSE, University of Essex, Goldsmiths College, UTS Business School) One of his current research projects focuses on the rise of the entrepreneurial university He has published his research

in Social Epistemology, Critical Public Health, Journal of Critical Realism, Sociological

Research Online , International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship and in several

edited volumes Seppo Poutanen’s latest publication is a monograph with Anne Kovalainen:

Gender and Innovation in the New Economy – Women, Identity, and Creative Work, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017

Christopher Pryor is Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at the University of Florida He obtained

his PhD from the School of Entrepreneurship at Oklahoma State University His current research focuses on entrepreneurs’ behaviours and the intersection of institutional contexts and

entrepreneurship His research has been published in Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,

among others

Susana C Santos  is a Postdoctoral research fellow at the Center for Entrepreneurship &

Innovation at Warrington College of Business at the University of Florida She holds a PhD in Human Resources Management and Organizational Behaviour from Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal Her main research interests are in the cognitive, affective and psychosocial processes of entrepreneurship, at individual and team levels

Jeremy C Short (PhD, Louisiana State University) is the Rath Chair in Strategic Management

at the University of Oklahoma His research focuses on multilevel determinants of firm mance, strategic decision processes, entrepreneurship, research methods, franchising and

perfor-family business He has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Management and Family

Business Review He currently serves on the review boards for Journal of Management, Journal

of Business Venturing , Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Organizational Research Methods and Family Business Review His research has appeared in a number of journals including the

Academy of Management Journal , Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Strategic Management

Journal , Organization Science, Organizational Research Methods, Organizational Behavior

and Human Decision Processes , the Journal of Management, Personnel Psychology,

Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice , The Leadership Quarterly, Academy of Management

Learning and Education , the Journal of Management Education, the Journal of Vocational

notes on the editors and Contributors xxv

Behavior , Business Ethics Quarterly and Family Business Review He has published a strategic management textbook titled Mastering Strategic Management.

Danny Soetanto  is Lecturer in Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Lancaster University

Management School, the United Kingdom His research interest covers the areas dealing with entrepreneurship, knowledge commercialization, incubator and incubation process and social networks Danny has presented his works at national and international conferences and semi-nars and has published in several international journals Danny is also a reviewer for several leading UK and US journals in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation

Ben Spigel  is Assistant Professor and Chancellor’s Fellow at the University of Edinburgh

Business School He completed his PhD in the economic geography of entrepreneurship at the University of Toronto He is interested in the relationships between regional cultural outlooks, institutional structures and high-growth, innovative entrepreneurship and how this contributes

to the formation of resilient, sustainable economies

Erik Stam is Full Professor at the Utrecht University School of Economics, where he holds

the chair of Strategy, Organization and Entrepreneurship Next to this he is co-founder and Academic Director of the Utrecht Centre for Entrepreneurship He held positions at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the University of Cambridge, the Max Planck Institute of Economics (Jena, Germany), and the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR) He is

editor of Small Business Economics He is interested in how socio-economic contexts (at the

societal and organizational level) affect new value creation by individuals, and the quences of this entrepreneurship for the performance of firms and society He has co-authored more than a hundred books, book chapters and articles on these and related topics In addition

conse-to his scientific work he is often consulted by governments, start-ups and corporates on tion and entrepreneurship

innova-David J Storey  is Professor in the School of Business, Management and Economics at the

University of Sussex, UK His interest is in the factors influencing the performance of small, but especially new, firms The theoretical underpinning for his work is a Gamblers Ruin model in which sales change is a random walk and survival depends upon both access to, and management

of, financial resources Empirical testing of these theories is undertaken using econometric analysis of large-scale panels of firms and individuals drawing upon data from the UK Census and from Barclays Bank It confirms the very modest role in new firm performance played by factors such as traditional human capital, learning and strategy Recently this work has appeared

in Journal of Business Venturing (2014 with George Saridakis), Small Business Economics (2016 with Alex Coad and Julian Frankish), Environment and Planning A (2017 with Georgios Fotopulos) and International Small Business Journal (2016 with Alex Coad and Julian Frankish).

Hamid Vahidnia is a PhD candidate in the Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University

He is interested in the dynamics of how and why actors – be they individuals, teams or organizations – take action to create (or even destroy) value for their various stakeholders His research often deals with complexity, conflicting goals, multilevel factors and the simultaneous effects of the mind, body and social and situational factors on human action in entrepreneurial and business settings Hamid’s work has started to generate recognition, such as a 2015 Best Paper Award from the Emerald Publishing Group and the Critical Management Studies Division of the Academy of Management His research is often influenced greatly by his

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

xxvi

multicultural experiences as well as his experiences as a new venture founder, industrial neer and management consultant

engi-Judith van Helvert is a researcher at the Dutch Centre of Expertise in Family Businesses at

the Windesheim University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands and an external PhD student affiliated to the Centre for Family Enterprise and Ownership (CeFEO) at Jönköping University Her dissertation focuses on advisory boards as a practice in strategising in family businesses

Zhongming Wang is Professor of Industrial Psychology, Human Resource Management and

Entrepreneurship at the School of Management, Zhejiang University, China He received his

MA degree in applied psychology from Gothenburg University and his PhD degree in trial psychology at Hangzhou University He is Director of the Global Entrepreneurship Research Centre and Centre for Human Resources and Strategic Development at Zhejiang University His research interests are entrepreneurship competence, human resources, leader-

indus-ship, decision-making and organizational change His publications include Entrepreneurship

Competence Development (2015) and Principles of Entrepreneurship and Research Methods in

Psychology (2017)

Miles A Zachary,  PhD, Texas Tech University, is Assistant Professor of Management at

Auburn University His research interests center on the sociocognitive elements of tions that influence different organizational outcomes and stakeholder relationships over time, including organization identity/image, impression management and social evaluations His

organiza-research has been featured in professional journals including Journal of Management, Strategic

Entrepreneurship Journal , Family Business Review, Journal of the Academy of Marketing

Science , Business Horizons, Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics and the

Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies

Yanhai Zhao is Associate Professor of Management at the School of Management, Lanzhou

University He received his PhD in economics at the University of Paris III-Sorbonne nouvelle His research interests are strategic management, business ethics, corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship He has conducted a number of important corporate consultation pro-grammes in France and China (Chamber of Commerce Paris, Sinopec, National Grid, Gansu Bank, etc.)

Ivan Zupic is Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at Kingston Business School, London He received

his PhD degree in Management and Organization from the Faculty of Economics, University

of Ljubljana, Slovenia His research interests include high-growth firms, entrepreneurship policy, digital economy and research methods His research has been published in peer-

reviewed journals such as Organizational Research Methods, Management Decision and

European Management Journal Before entering academia he worked as a consultant in the IT industry and as a journalist/photographer in the media

We would like to thank a number of individuals for their help in the production of this

Handbook First of all we would like to thank the team at SAGE Publishing, including Delia Martinez-Alfonso for her encouragement and advice, and Colette Wilson, Serena Ugolini and Rudrani Mukherjee for their excellent help in the editorial and production process Second,

we would like to thank Professor Zhongming Wang for his valuable time in giving us advice and input into the planning of the book A big thank you goes to Valerie Thorne, who provided support throughout the process, particularly with the organization and editorial process of the chapters Finally, a huge thank you goes to the authors of the main chapters without which this

Handbook would not exist These authors responded very positively to our critical reviews of their draft chapters and have produced excellent contributions to this exciting field of study

Robert BlackburnSmall Business Research Centre, Kingston University, UK

Dirk De ClercqGoodman School of Business, Brock University, Canada

Jarna HeinonenUniversity of Turku, School of Economics, Finland

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R o b e r t B l a c k b u r n ,

D i r k D e C l e r c q a n d J a r n a H e i n o n e n

For some decades now, the field of

entrepre-neurship and small business studies has been

one of the most vibrant and expansive in

busi-ness and management, as well as the social

sciences more broadly (see for example

Carlsson, Braunerhjelm, McKelvey, Olofsson,

Persson, & Ylinenpää, 2013; Fayolle, 2014;

Landström, Parhankangas, Fayolle, & Riot,

2016; Shane & Venkataraman, 2000) Indeed,

one estimate is that the number of Social

Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals

cover-ing the field has expanded from four in 2003

to around 16 in 2016 Other estimates are

much greater depending on the definitions

used.1 Entrepreneurship and small business

special interest groups (SIGs) are now part and

parcel of most mainstream business and

man-agement conferences, including the Academy

of Management, and there has been a

burgeon-ing of specialist entrepreneurship-related

con-ferences and workshops, such as the Research

in Entrepreneurship and Small Business

(RENT) and a variety of doctoral and

post-doctoral activities ensuring sustainability.2

Whether we know more about the nomena under study than we did decades ago remains debatable but we believe this

phe-is the case Certainly we have witnessed the increasing number of publications in the form

of books series and specialist and mainstream international journals, as well as growing lev-els of engagement of academics with prac-titioners and policy makers at national and supra-national levels (Blackburn & Schaper, 2012; OECD/European Union, 2015; Storey, 2014) With this expansion and legitimization has come a growing fragmentation of the field,

or specialization in sub-fields, in deepening our knowledge and levels of theorizing Hence, the field spans topics ranging from entrepre-neurial characteristics to the entrepreneurial process and behavioral issues, social entre-preneurship, family business, the manage-ment and organization of small businesses, the significance of context and many more (see: Fayolle, Landström, Gartner, & Berglund, 2016a; Ferreira, Reis, & Miranda, 2015; Hsu, Wiklund, Anderson, & Coffey, 2016; Meyer,

1

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

2

Libaers, Thijs, Grant, Glänzel, & Debackere,

2014; Volery & Mazzarol, 2015; Hsu, Wiklund,

Anderson, & Coffey, 2016; Welter & Gartner,

2016) In some instances, particularly when

studying a new area, researchers continue to

borrow and develop concepts and approaches

from other disciplines whilst, in others,

spe-cific theories have emerged (e.g Aldrich,

2012) Davidsson, for example, in his analysis

of the field, reports its ‘considerable growth

in volume, quality, and theory- drivenness’

(Davidsson, 2016: p 17) Certainly, the field

cannot be accused of being narrow, insular

or experiencing ossification! We thus concur

with Landström and colleagues (2016) that

the field is highly heterogeneous and

multi-disciplinary and addresses the phenomena at

different levels

The goal of this Handbook is to take stock

of past research in the broad field of

entre-preneurship and small business as well as

push the agendas forward This should be of

particular interest to postgraduate students,

researchers, and public and private analysts

The timing of a handbook such as this is

rel-evant, as entrepreneurship programs have

grown significantly in the past decades and

virtually every higher education institution in

the world has entrepreneurship within their

curriculum, in some shape or form,

irrespec-tive of socio-political-economic context (see

Davey, Hannon, & Penaluna, 2016; Valerio,

Parton, & Robb, 2014),3 as well as discussion

over the complexities of ‘entrepreneurship

education’, both conceptually and in practice

(Fayolle, Verzat, & Wapshott, 2016b; Neck &

Greene, 2011), or its impact on

entrepre-neurship levels (e.g Walter & Block, 2016)

Early career researchers are often required

to publish numerous journal articles in order

to develop, establish, and maintain their

aca-demic standing Researchers of

entrepreneur-ship also increasingly come from different

disciplines – including psychology, finance,

marketing, sociology, engineering, medicine,

anthropology, and other fields – and hence

there is need to be knowledgeable of the

his-tory of the field, as well as have insight into

fruitful areas for further research Combining past and existing research with future orien-tation particularly helps younger scholars to identify researchers with similar interests and supports them to find new interesting ques-tions to be asked in order to secure the future

of entrepreneurship studies Moreover, public policy-focused organizations and trade asso-ciations have for some time now drawn upon entrepreneurship and small business research-ers to independently and critically assess the impact of policy interventions, such as growth policies and taxation incentives, as well as analyze entrepreneurial activity levels and a growing list of other topics (see for example Acs, Åstebro, Audretsch, & Robinson, 2016; Audretsch, Grilo, & Thurik, 2007; Bennett, 2014; Curran, 2000; Storey, 2014) Thus, a handbook such as this is also an essential tool

to assist a varied set of stakeholders

This brings us to the title of this Handbook

Of course, one of the earliest divisions in the field was the conceptual separation of ‘entre-preneurs’ from ‘small business’, essentially based on the observation of the different moti-vations of the people establishing an enter-prise (Carland, Hoy, Boulton, & Carland, 1984) ‘Small business owners’ were clas-sified as those that start the enterprise as an extension of the personality of the founder and the activities of the enterprise are inextri-cably bound with family needs On the other hand, the ‘entrepreneur’ was regarded as one who starts an enterprise for the purpose

of profit, or a risk taker, and the owners and managers utilize strategic management tech-niques Such a separation is furthered by the argument that the domain should set out its boundaries in order to develop its own con-cepts as well as achieve external recognition

In examining the field as a whole, however, many empirical studies of ‘entrepreneurship’ involve analyses of human endeavor within new, small, or independent enterprises (e.g Scase & Goffee, 1981) Furthermore, even when ‘entrepreneurship’ is in the foreground

of articles and books, when the empirics

of their studies are examined in detail, the

introduCtion 3

arguments relating to ‘risk-taking’ often

appear to disappear into thin air.4 Indeed, this

unraveling of entrepreneurs from the small

business remains one of the Gordian knots of

the field of study Thus, although we

recog-nize the significance of entrepreneurship as a

focus of research, in the sense of new venture

formation and risk-taking, we also

recog-nize the importance of established and small

firms, as well as the new areas of intellectual

curiosity in the wider field

In developing this Handbook, it has

become even more obvious that the

land-scape of research has widened and deepened

to include new and distinctive areas, such

as entrepreneurial learning (e.g Leitch &

Vollery, 2017) and critical perspectives (e.g

Essers, Dey, Tedmanson, & Verduyn, 2017;

Fletcher & Seldon, 2016), as well as to drill

down into existing ones, such as family

busi-ness (e.g Hsu et al., 2017; López-Fernández,

Serrano-Bedia, & Pérez-Pérez, 2016; Short,

Sharma, Lumpkin, & Pearson, 2016),

finance (e.g Roberts, 2015; Short, Ketchen,

McKenny, Allison, & Ireland, 2017),

psy-chology (Brännback & Carsrud, 2017) and

entrepreneurial ‘exit’ (e.g DeTienne &

Wennberg, 2016) The literature has also seen

the production of more nuanced accounts

and the utilization of a range of

method-ologies as sub-fields of study have emerged

(see for example Shepherd & Patzelt, 2017),

building upon earlier approaches to research

(Curran  & Blackburn, 2000; Davidsson,

2004) Furthermore, critical perspectives to

entrepreneurship and small business research

are becoming increasingly visible in

con-ferences and publications, suggesting that

‘mainstream’ research (whatever is meant

by that) has not been able to capture the

phe-nomenon of entrepreneurship sufficiently

Hence, we choose to use the title Small

Business and Entrepreneurship to signal that

this Handbook seeks to contribute to the field

broadly defined This provides the

advan-tage of allowing new perspectives in the field

whilst also facilitating further in-depth

analy-ses of more mature sub-fields

Set against this fertile research context, working with leading authors in their sub-ject areas, we have aimed to produce a series

of chapters that contribute empirically, conceptually, and methodologically to the discussion in the field Of course, no pub-lication can be exhaustive and cover all the challenges of this widening field However, the book is truly multi- disciplinary, not restricted to one perspective or level, and approaches entrepreneurship and small busi-ness from various angles, using a variety of methodological stances, levels of analyses, and contexts Classifying the field and its sub-fields is something of a challenge but

we have sought to group the chapters into what we regard as having common areas

of interest Even so, we would not regard these sections as hermetically sealed from each other Collectively, however, the chapters seek to provide a state-of-the-art

on specific topics, established and new, and provide suggestions and platforms for future research

CHAPTER OVERVIEWS

The book is divided into four parts

Part I discusses issues related to people

and entrepreneurial processes, focusing

on how people, either as individuals or in groups, and their activities shape the nature

of entrepreneurship activities in a variety of different ways

Part II covers issues related to

entre-preneurship strategy, development, and organization, providing contributions on the genesis of business development and the var-ious ways in which small firms develop and the different ways in which entrepreneurship manifests itself in terms of organizational forms

Part III focuses on the broader

entrepre-neurial milieu in which firms are embedded, entailing issues with respect to government, internationalization, and education

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

4

Part IV focuses on issues related to

research methodologies and trends in

entre-preneurship research

Part I: People and Entrepreneurial

Processes

In Chapter 2, Leitch and Harrison provide a

comprehensive review of research on

entre-preneurial leadership They identify five

areas of concern, which in turn imply paths

for further improvement: the incomplete

ways in which entrepreneurial leadership has

been informed by theories from either

entre-preneurship or leadership; the lack of an

overarching theory of the entrepreneurial

leadership concept; the multitude of

defini-tions; shortcomings in the measurement tools

that have been used to assess the

entrepre-neurial leadership concept; and the limited

understanding of how entrepreneurial

leader-ship capability can be developed and

enhanced They suggest that

entrepreneur-ship scholars with an interest in leaderentrepreneur-ship

could draw from recent developments in the

field of leadership in order to generate

expanded insights into the concept, for

exam-ple by applying critical post-heroic

perspec-tives and conceptualizing entrepreneurial

leadership as a socially constructed and

con-tested construct

In Chapter 3, Vahidnia, Chen, Mitchell,

and Mitchell focus on the potential dynamism

of entrepreneurial action as far as it relates

to and can be informed by insights offered

by entrepreneurial cognition research They

argue that fixed conceptualizations hinder

theory development and research on

entrepre-neurial action They suggest how a socially

situated cognition perspective can be used

to help research on entrepreneurial action

move beyond fixed conceptualizations-based

explanations and better capture the

dyna-mism associated with entrepreneurial action

They conclude with a discussion of

methodo-logical approaches that can be used in future

research

In Chapter 4, Nyström provides an sive literature review on the pre- and post-entrepreneurship labor mobility of both entrepreneurs and employees in entrepre-neurial firms In terms of the labor mobil-ity of entrepreneurs, she discusses research

exten-on individual characteristics and how these characteristics influence the performance

of the entrepreneur and firm She also lights that relatively little is known about the post-entrepreneurship employment activ-ity of entrepreneurs and how their previous experiences might have an impact on their future labor market careers In terms of the labor mobility of employees in entrepreneur-ial firms, the author discusses recent litera-ture on the individual characteristics of these employees, and points to the need for further examinations on how employment with an entrepreneurial firm is valued in the labor market, as well as what the future labor mar-ket performance might be of individuals who have been displaced from an entrepreneurial firm

high-In Chapter 5, McAdam and Soetanto vide an in-depth discussion of the role of net-works in the entrepreneurial process They discuss the theoretical roots of the concept

pro-of entrepreneurial networks and the many benefits that accrue from network access, yet they also discuss the disadvantages or dark sides of networking They offer several future research directions that challenge criti-cal assumptions in extant network research For example, they call for more research on the dynamic nature of networks, and the con-textual influences on network development across different categories of entrepreneurs They conclude with several case studies that illustrate how entrepreneurs can modify their network relationships during the entrepre-neurial process

In Chapter 6, Drinkwater examines the highly topical subject of the relationship between entrepreneurship and migration by first discussing the different ways in which these terms have typically been measured

in the literature He then provides evidence

introduCtion 5

on the role of migration in entrepreneurship,

using recent data for the UK, and provides

a comprehensive discussion of how

entre-preneurship in different groups of migrants

might be affected by different factors He

concludes with various policy implications

and recommendations for future research

In Chapter 7, van Helvert and Nordqvist

discuss entrepreneurship from a family

busi-ness perspective and explain how the

fam-ily business context impacts entrepreneurial

activity They discuss various relevant

fea-tures of family business and how they connect

to entrepreneurship They provide particular

attention to factors such as socio-emotional

wealth, governance, values, organizational

identity, trust, and conflict, which are each

relevant to entrepreneurial activity in

fam-ily businesses They also distinguish the

dynamics of family business from those of

their non-family counterparts They conclude

the chapter by proposing various avenues of

future inquiry on family business in relation

to entrepreneurship

In Chapter 8, Haugh, Lyon, and Doherty

provide a discussion of the phenomenon

of social entrepreneurship, with a

particu-lar focus on the relationship between social

value creation and opportunity identification

and exploitation They seek to accomplish

three objectives with their chapter First, they

review the rise to prominence of social

entre-preneurship and the associated definitional

and contextual debates Second, they

sum-marize the principal research findings with

respect to social value creation and

oppor-tunity identification and exploitation Third,

they identify several critical topics that can

advance knowledge and theory development

in the area of social entrepreneurship

Part II: Entrepreneurship and

Small Business Management

and Organization

In Chapter 9, Lechner and Pervaiz provide an

in-depth discussion of the literature at the

nexus between entrepreneurship and strategy They draw from the notions of liability of newness and smallness to define entrepre-neurial strategy and discuss the transferabil-ity of this concept to different contexts They also discuss the relationship between entre-preneurial strategy and strategic entrepre-neurship, and propose that cross-fertilization between the two concepts provides a fruitful avenue for future research They further relate this discussion to concepts such as corporate entrepreneurship, corporate ven-turing, entrepreneurial orientation, and new venture strategy

In Chapter 10, Eller and Gielnik provide an overview of different perspectives that have been used to explain new venture creation, namely, the psychological, team, resource, and institutional perspectives They sug-gest that a more complete understanding of new venture creation requires an integrative model that combines these different perspec-tives into one single theoretical framework, and they underscore the central role of entre-preneurial action in this framework They argue that the predictive value of empirical studies on new business creation can be sig-nificantly enhanced by combining theories that operate at different levels of analysis

In Chapter 11, Zupic and Giudici provide

a state-of-the-art literature review on new venture growth, and categorize this research into three topics: high-growth firms, anteced-ents of firm growth, and the growth process They provide suggestions for how research

on growth can move forward, including a reorientation from a focus on ‘changes in amounts’ to the processes underpinning firm growth, a combination of quantitative and qualitative studies, the leveraging of

‘big data’, and a clearer explanation of how various stakeholders can benefit from growth research

In Chapter 12, Adomako and Mole vide complementary insights on the study

pro-of business growth They discuss Penrose’s view of firm growth, and highlight the differ-ent ways in which business growth has been

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

6

measured, distinguishing between absolute

and relative changes, and viewing growth as

a process They discuss different theories of

business growth, including integrated models

that explain the factors that drive business

growth, as well as stage models that view

business growth as a series of phases that

a firm passes through during its life-cycle

They then elaborate on the different modes

of business growth, as well as its drivers and

constraints They conclude by pointing out

different areas of harmony and contention in

the literature, from which they suggest

sev-eral opportunities for future research

In Chapter 13, Morris, Santos, Pryor, and

Neumeyer review and critique the extant

lit-erature on entrepreneurial exit They discuss

the various definitions and

conceptualiza-tions of exit and associated constructs, and

the major theories that are helpful in framing

research on entrepreneurial exit They

iden-tify key findings regarding the antecedents,

processes, and outcomes surrounding an exit,

and pinpoint several challenges in advancing

our understanding of the exit phenomenon

The chapter concludes with a discussion of

the priorities for ongoing research in the area

of entrepreneurial exit

In Chapter 14, Åmo and Kolvereid provide

an extensive review of literature on corporate

entrepreneurship, defined as

entrepreneur-ship within established organizations They

develop a comprehensive model of corporate

entrepreneurship, outlining different processes

(strategic entrepreneurship, corporate

entre-preneurship), antecedents (entrepreneurial

ori-entation and entrepreneurial insight), context

factors (managerial, organizational, and

envi-ronmental) and outcomes (innovation,

per-formance) They propose that future research

in the realm of corporate entrepreneurship

should be specific about the phenomena that

are studied, provide precise definitions of core

concepts, state its assumptions explicitly, and

be clear about research context in order to

compare research findings across studies

In Chapter 15, Freel provides a

criti-cal review of literature on innovation in

the context of SMEs He argues that much

of the research on the innovation in and by small firms has suffered from using a some-what narrow perspective of innovation, by focusing on technology changes and apply-ing rather static approaches He argues, for example, that insufficient attention has been devoted to the importance of the individual entrepreneur and manager in the processes

of small-firm innovation He proposes that future research should acknowledge the ubiquity of innovation in small firms, put more emphasis on resource construction and deployment instead of resource stocks, and recognize the importance of organizational and social contexts in the process and out-comes of small-firm innovation

In Chapter 16, Jones, Morrish, Deacon, and Miles provide a comprehensive overview

of extant literature on the interface between marketing and entrepreneurship, with a focus

on marketing in new or small firms They discuss several relevant topics such as small firm marketing, entrepreneurial marketing orientation, entrepreneurial networks, and internationalization They also highlight sev-eral areas of future research in the realm of entrepreneurial marketing: the role of entre-preneurial networks in internationalization, the application of entrepreneurial marketing concepts to emerging markets, and the rele-vance of entrepreneurial marketing for social entrepreneurship They conclude by pin-pointing different research opportunities with respect to entrepreneurial research methods and designs

In Chapter 17, Mason uses the funding escalator as the binding framework to pro-vide a comprehensive review of research on the financing of entrepreneurial ventures He first discusses the main sources of finance used by entrepreneurial firms as they progress through different stages of development, and explains the role of government interven-tion in filling critical gaps in the funding escalator He then elaborates on some of the fundamental changes in the practice of entre-preneurial finance that were caused by the

introduCtion 7

dot.com crash and the 2008 global financial

crisis He argues that scholars must address

current developments in the market for

entre-preneurial finance, such as crowd-funding

and business angel groups, in order to be

rel-evant and impactful

In Chapter 18, Cowling and Matthews

pro-vide an in-depth overview of research on the

internal financing context for SMEs They

discuss how and why internal financial

man-agement is critical to the success and survival

of smaller businesses, and emphasize the role

and nature of SME financial management

practice They discuss why entrepreneurs

often have a preference for internal over

external funds They point hereby to

pecuni-ary factors such as lack of collateral and the

relative price differential between internal and

external funds, as well as to non- pecuniary

factors such as the desire to maintain

con-trol and independence They emphasize the

need to investigate in more detail how and

why smaller firms are capable, or incapable,

of financing their daily operations, in order

to fully understand their situation when they

present themselves to external financiers

Part III: Entrepreneurial Milieu

In Chapter 19, Hoffmann and Storey

exam-ine the key features of entrepreneurship

policy and the specific role of business

advice They argue that the provision of

pub-licly funded business advice to new and

small firms is best theorized in a principal–

agent framework in which the contract

between the principal (central government)

and the agent (the advice deliverer) is

criti-cal The authors use the case of Denmark,

and specifically Growth Houses, to illustrate

this theoretical backdrop and to illustrate the

important role played by an evolving policy

context, whereby new information and

changed circumstances lead to revisions of

the principal–agent contract They conclude

with various implications for providers of

other comparable policies

In Chapter 20, Kitching discusses the effects of government regulation on entrepre-neurship He argues that government regula-tion should not merely be treated as a burden that imposes compliance cost or constraints

on entrepreneurial action and performance

He demonstrates some of the conceptual and analytical limitations arising from using

survey data to investigate how regulation

impacts entrepreneurial action at the level

of the firm He discusses the usefulness of applying institutionalist approaches to the study of regulation, and presents an analyti-cal framework on how regulation shapes, but does not determine, entrepreneurial action at the micro level He provides various method-ological considerations and concludes with different implications for researchers, theory development, and policy

In Chapter 21, Stam and Spigel provide

a critical review of the emerging literature

on entrepreneurial ecosystems, alized as a set of interdependent actors and factors that might be coordinated in such a way that they enable productive entrepre-neurship within a particular territory They discuss the relationships between ecosystems and relevant concepts such as industrial dis-tricts, clusters, and innovation systems They present an integrative model that connects the functional attributes of entrepreneurial ecosystems with entrepreneurial outputs and welfare outcomes, and conclude by offering several implications for research and policy

conceptu-In Chapter 22, Wang and Zhao address the challenges of investigating corporate social responsibility, entrepreneurship, and small firms They find that entrepreneurs’ ethical behavior, social entrepreneurship practice, and sustainability face new challenges and

as such require appropriate responses They argue that new conceptual frameworks are needed if CSR is to be understood and devel-oped in the field

In Chapter 23, Nummela highlights the cific features of international entrepreneur-ship research She identifies various areas that can serve as a bridge for scholars interested

spe-THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

8

in advancing entrepreneurship, international

business, and international entrepreneurship

research She emphasizes the need to account

for the constant flux of temporal and spatial

contexts when studying the phenomenon of

international entrepreneurship, as well as the

need to investigate the local roots and

net-works of entrepreneurs She argues that the

research fields of entrepreneurship and

inter-national business both offer opportunities for

developing a deeper theoretical

understand-ing of the mechanisms of how and why

inter-national ventures grow or fail, and she calls

for an important role of international

entre-preneurship scholars in this regard

In Chapter 24, Almobaireek, Alshumaimeri,

and Manolova explore the external and

inter-nal growth challenges of new and small

ven-tures in the context of emerging economies

They provide a review of the literature on

new and small business growth in emerging

economies, and complement this review with

illustrative evidence from field work and a

large-scale nationally representative study on

the state of small business in Saudi Arabia

The evidence of this study shows that the

association between external challenges and

growth in emerging economies is stronger in

early stages of small firm development, while

the association between internal challenges

and growth is stronger in later stages They

conclude their chapter by offering various

suggestions for future research and discussing

implications for public policy and managerial

practice in the emerging market context

In Chapter 25, Pittaway, Huxtable-Thomas,

and Hannon summarize recent studies on

entrepreneurial learning in order to highlight

their implications for the design of educational

programs They summarize key concepts and

empirical contributions, with a particular

focus on expanding the understanding of

‘sit-uated’ social and contextual learning They

highlight critical concepts such as dynamic

temporal phases, forms and characteristics of

learning, and they lay out the underlying

prin-ciples of each concept They then present

var-ious conceptual and empirical contributions

to the topic of entrepreneurial learning They conclude by highlighting the implications of current thinking on the design of development programs for entrepreneurs, and offer insights into future developments and lines of inquiry

in entrepreneurial learning

In Chapter 26, Cooney discusses the use

of case studies in entrepreneurship education, and the benefits of writing and teaching case studies He explains the background to the case study approach and highlights the bene-fits that such a teaching approach can offer to both students and educators He also explores how case studies can be used most effectively

in the classroom, and what the challenges are for instructors who design and write their own cases He concludes by discussing the current and future position of the case study approach as a form of pedagogy

In Chapter 27, Hytti and Koskinen discuss how enterprise education pedagogy can be implemented in compulsory education and how it can positively affect students’ school motivation and learning They expand the applicability of entrepreneurship education,

by emphasizing entrepreneurship pedagogy

as a way forward from viewing neurship education merely as content that is related to new venture creation Based on an account of one reform school that followed the principles of enterprise education peda-gogy, the authors provide concrete examples

entrepre-of how to implement such pedagogy in an extreme classroom context They suggest that the development of self-regulation skills

is an appropriate new metric (i.e learning outcome) for enterprise education pedagogy and related assessments They conclude by discussing the opportunities and challenges for teachers who experiment with entrepre-neurial teaching methods

Part IV: Researching Small Business and Entrepreneurship

In Chapter 28, McKenny, Zachary, Short, and Ketchen discuss the challenge  of  assessing

introduCtion 9

causality in entrepreneurship research They

argue that this challenge is informed by the

complexity of entrepreneurial phenomena, as

well as by research design issues with respect

to incomplete control over alternative

expla-nations They also posit that relatively little

is known of how well entrepreneurship

scholarship is performing in terms of

meth-odological decisions that impact the ability

to make causal claims To illustrate their

arguments, they focus on the causal

relation-ship between corporate entrepreneurrelation-ship and

firm performance, and they discuss this

rela-tionship based on three criteria: the

inde-pendent and deinde-pendent variables must

co-vary, the independent variable must

tem-porally precede the dependent variable, and

alternative explanations must be eliminated

Based on their discussion of numerous

arti-cles on corporate entrepreneurship, they

provide an interesting set of guidelines for

how future entrepreneurship studies can

make a stronger case for the presence of

causality

In Chapter 29 Kovalainen uses the term

‘qualitative research strategy’ as an umbrella

concept that connects different qualitative

methods She discusses the different

mean-ings given to qualitative research, the

dif-ferent methods used, and the overall content

with a focus on entrepreneurship studies She

points out the strengths and pitfalls in using

a qualitative research strategy, particularly

in relation to issues in entrepreneurship She

concludes the chapter by providing various

insights into future methods in

entrepreneur-ship research, with a particular focus on the

promise of qualitative research in

entrepre-neurship studies

In Chapter 30, Díaz-García provides a

crit-ical examination of the main methodologcrit-ical

approaches that have been used in studies of

female entrepreneurship She first discusses

the dominant epistemological and

ontologi-cal approaches that have been used in the

study of gender in entrepreneurship She then

explains the benefits that can be derived from

feminist and sociological approaches Based

on this analysis, she provides various tions for fruitful future research

sugges-In Chapter 31, Johannisson discusses the possibility of a paradigm shift in entrepre-neurship research He identifies three criti-cal issues that suggest the need for changing our understanding and modes of research-ing entrepreneurship: entrepreneuring is not about instigating change but temporarily arresting it; entrepreneuring is a processual phenomenon that crosses boundaries in time and space; and entrepreneuring is a multi-colored science The author then reports a bibliometric analysis that maps how entre-preneurship research presents itself in rela-tion to management studies, a field that is usually considered to embrace entrepreneur-ship He considers entrepreneurship research

as an entrepreneurial practice and argues that such enactive research is an appropri-ate methodology to capture the notion of entrepreneurship He further argues that the entrepreneurship research community can strengthen its identity by promoting ‘origi-nality’ as another dimension of quality in research, besides the established two dimen-sions of rigor and relevance

In Chapter 32, Poutanen introduces tain critical perspectives in entrepreneurship research in relation to what is called ‘main-stream’ entrepreneurship research, while also acknowledging the blurring and con-stantly moving boundaries of ‘mainstream’ and ‘non-mainstream’ research He discusses some methodological criticisms and flaws

cer-in entrepreneurship studies as well as the narrow ideology of entrepreneurialism The author presents the ‘avant-garde’ of critical entrepreneurship research, which builds on complex ontological theories of processual-ist reality and unties ‘entrepreneurship’ from its narrow economy- and business-centered meanings He also argues that the bold recon-ceptualization of ‘entrepreneurship’ in rela-tion to ‘creativity’, for example, could offer opportunities for fruitful dialogue between the avant-gardists and more conventionally oriented researchers of entrepreneurship

THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

10

Notes

1 Estimates can vary For example, Harzing has

13 journals listed with ‘Entrepreneurship’:

http://www.harzing.com/download/jql_ subject.

pdf, whilst Google Scholar lists 20: https://

scholar.google.co.uk/citations?view_op=to

p_venues&hl=en&vq= bus_entrepreneurshipin

novation, and in his analysis of core publications

and related fields, Katz lists up to 129 journals:

https://www.slu.edu/eweb/connect/for-faculty/

infrastructure/core-publications-in-entrepreneurs

hip-and-related-fields#RefereedScholarlyJournals.

2 Assessments of the quality of research in higher

educational institutions, such as the UK HEFCE’s

Research Excellence Framework, also report on

the growing quality and volume of work in the

field (HEFCE, 2015).

3 Estimates of the number of entrepreneurship

programs or courses in universities worldwide

prove difficult to find because of the scale of the

task this would involve and the spread of courses

beyond business schools into other disciplines

such as engineering and the arts (see for example

Honig & Martin, 2014) However, based on our

gleaning of many national higher education

situ-ations, we would stand by our contention that

most universities have embraced some form of

program.

4 One argument may be that ‘entrepreneurship’,

because of its overtones of risk-taking and

dyna-mism, may be a more attractive term to use than

‘small business’, with its potential image of ‘mom

and pop’ or less dynamic economic entities.

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