MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAI THU HIEN THE STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF ORIBATID MITE COMMUNITY ACARI: ORIBATIDA IN THE RED RIVER DELTA, NORTH O
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
LAI THU HIEN
THE STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF ORIBATID MITE COMMUNITY (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) IN THE RED RIVER DELTA, NORTH OF VIETNAM
Major : Zoology Code: 9420103
SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS IN BIOLOGY
Ha Noi – 2019
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Trang 3This thesis has been completed at Hanoi National University
of Education
Scientific Advisor: Prof D.Sc.Vu Quang Manh
Referee 1: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Nguyen Van Vinh
VNU University of Science
Referee 2: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien
Institute of Ecology and Biological resources
Referee 3: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Vu Van Lien
Vietnam national museum of nature
The thesis will be reported at the school assessment council
at Ha Noi National university of education
on hour .date month year
The thesis can be found at:
National Library of Vietnam
Library of Hanoi National University of Education
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Trang 41 Scientific basis and importance of research issues
In the group of land animals, oribatida is always dominant, about more than 90% of the total number ofAcari Oribatida plays many important roles, they participate in the process of soil formation, actively participate
in decomposing organic compounds Base on the ability of horizontal and vertical migration in the soil, oribatida
is also a vector that carries and spreads many bacteria, fungi and parasitic helminthes Because of such importantposition and role in the soil ecosystem, oribatida became an early research object of scientists Facing theincrease of environmental pollution and climate change, the research and application of the indicative role oforibatida in exploiting and developing the natural environment is more and more interested in research InVietnam, the various of climate, topography, soil type and vegetation cover of nature have impacted on theformation of oribatida mite fauna according to regional characteristics Therefore, researching about oribatida inthe local areas to supplement the data for the Vietnamese oribatida mite fauna is still necessary The Red RiverDelta is a large area, accounting for about 7.1% of the country There have been some studies on the community
of land animals in general and the oribatida mite community in particular, but the researches are incomplete.Base on the scientific meaning, practical requirements and the ability to perform, we propose researchtopics:
« The structure and roles of Oribatid mite community (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red River Delta,
North of Vietnam »
2 Objectives of the study
Study on species composition and variation of oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) community in the Redriver Delta, related to natural and human factors: type of soil, type of habitat and fertilizer; make scientific basisfor sustainable management of agricultural ecology in Vietnam
Study the structure of oribatida mite community and their variation related to the type of habitat
Study the oribatida mite community structure and their variation related to soil type and fertilizercharacteristics
Evaluate the role of oribatida mite community in the study area
4 New contributions of the thesis
1 The theis has produced a full list of known species of oribatida mite community in the Red River Delta,Northern Vietnam This list contains 283 species, belonging to 129 genera, 57 families (49 species have not beenidentified, in the form of "sp.") All of the recorded species are introduced to the distribution according to habitattypes and soil types
2 The list includes 106 species, belonging to 39 genera and 12 families recorded for the first time for thefauna of oribatida mite in the Red River Delta Among them, there are 64 species were first recorded forVietnam
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Trang 53 Built the taxonomic structure of oribatida mite community in the Red river Oppiidae is the largerstfamily, accounting for 13.95% of the total number of genera and 12.72% of the total number of species in the
study area Scheloribates and Protoribates are the two largest genera, corresponding to 10.60% and 7.42% of total species The Scheloribates laevigatus is the most common species in the study area.
4 The study has analyzed the variation of the oribatida community on species composition, individualdensity, uniformity and diversity according to habitat type and soil type The results showed the flexible andsensitive changes of oribatida mite community structure correspond to the change of living environmentconditions From there, it can be proposed to survey oribatida mite community as a bioindicator, contributing tomanaging the sustainable development of soil ecosystems
5 The layout of thesis
The thesis consists of 147 pages, 3 opening pages, 16 overview pages, 10 pages of time, location andresearch method, 91 pages of results and discussions, 2 pages of conclusions The thesis has 17 tables and 20pictures There are 23 reference pages with 57 Vietnamese documents, 144 English documents and 13 otherforeign language documents
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW 1.1 Overview of research on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the world
In the world, research on oribatida mite was started in the early nineteenth century Initial studies focused
on classification and fauna So far, studies on the fauna have been increasingly expanded and developed in manydifferent areas and ecological conditions The oribatida mite fauna of the world has been recorded 10,342 speciesand subspecies, belonging to 1,249 varieties and 163 families The studies on ecology and roles of oribatida mitehave achieved many significant achievements The transformation of oribatida mite community structure hasbeen studied on different habitats, different elevations, different climates with different temperature andhumidity conditions… From then, it has pointed out the acumen of oribatida mite to the changes ofenvironment, built a basis for the proposals that oribatida mitâtcn be used as a biological indicator for the livingenvironment, making an important contribution to biodiversity conservation research
1.2 Study on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the first study on oribatida mite was conducted in 1967 By 2013, the Vietnamese oribatidamite fauna has identified 320 species and subspecies, accounting for about 3.09% of the total number of knownspecies in the world The number of studies in Vietnam is constantly increasing with the help of domestic andforeign experts The number of species is constantly increasing Especially, in the period from 2007 to 2015, thenumber of species of oribatida increased most rapidly with 355 species in 8 years Most Studies are conducted inthe North In the Central and the South, there are very few studies According to Vu Quang Manh's statistics in
2013, there are 50 oribatida research points in Vietnam, divided into 9 regions There are only 6 research sitesare in the central and southern regions of Vietnam
The oribatida mite community has been studied in different ecological conditions In terms of soil type,oribatida mite community has been studied on 6 soil groups including: coastal saline soil, acidic alluvial soil,neutral alluvial soil, red brown pheralite soil, brown pheralite soil on rocky ground lime, reddish-brown soil on aghostly stone background In terms of seasonal factors, oribatida mite community has been studied through 4seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter In terms of human impact and forest degradation, the oribatida
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Trang 6mite community has been studied on 6 types of habitats: natural forest, human - disturbed forest, grassland andshrub land, grassland, cultivated land, agricultural land cultivated short-term crops.
1.3 Study on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red river Delta
The first study on the group of microarthropda in the Red River Delta was conducted in 1982 From then
to 2004, the number of studies was very little In the past 10 years, the number of studies has increased rapidly,but most of the studies have focused on conserve areas and national parks and have not focused on the region'sagricultural ecosystem There are 8 out of 11 provinces and cities in the Red River Delta region that haveresearched and 4 out of 5 national parks have studied on oribatida mite The studies were conducted on theimpact factors: soil type, soil layer, level of humanity The fauna of oribatida mite in the Red River Delta hasbeen recorded with 147 species, belonging to 86 genera, 40 families However, most of the studies only focused
on assessing the diversity of species composition in the community
1.4 Overview of natural and social conditions of the study area
1.4.1 Geographical location and topography
The Red River Delta is located around the lower Red River area in northern Vietnam, extending fromlatitude 21 ° 34 "N (Lap Thach district) to about 19 ° 5" N (Kim Son district), from 105 ° 17´E (Ba Vi district) to
107 ° 7´E (above Cat Ba island) The terrain is relatively flat with dense river systems The plain is graduallylower from the Northwest to the Southeast
1.4.2 Climate and hydrology
The climate is subtropical, the winter is cold and dry, the structure of crops is diverse The annual averagetemperature is about 23 - 24°C The average annual rainfall is 1600 - 1800 mm
1.4.3 Soil and land
According to the map of major groups and types of soil in Vietnam, alluvial soil is a major soil group thataccounts for most of the area and distribute in most provinces in the region Saline soils are distributed in coastalareas of Hai Phong, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh provinces The most acid sulphate soils are distributed in thecoastal areas of Hai Phong There is also infertile gray soil on ancient alluvial soil, other types of soil and rockymountain distributed in some areas in the region
1.4.4 Characteristics of agricultural cultivation and humanity society
The Red River Delta is the most densely populated area in the country The population distributioninvolves many factors such as highly intensive agriculture with paddy rice cultivation that mainly requires a lot
of labor Most of provinces in the Red River Delta have developed some cold-loving plants that bring higheconomic efficiency such as winter corn, potatoes, kohlrabi, cabbage, tomatoes and intercropping
CHAPTER 2 TIME, LOCATION AND RESEARCH METHOD 2.1 Time and place of study
This study was conducted in 11 provinces and cities including: Vinh Phuc, Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang,
Ha Nam, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh The time of collecting samples
is mainly in the years from 2014 – 2016 In addition, the research sample is additionally collected in 2017
2.2 Methods of researching and treatment specimens
2.2.1 Method of collecting research samples
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Trang 7The method of collecting soil samples and separating, analyzing and processing oribatida samples is usedaccording to the specialized standard method which has been applied synchronously in Vietnam (Krivolutsky
1975, Schinner et al 1996 và Vu Quang Manh 2003) Qualitative samples were collected from all provinces andcities in the study area Quantitative samples were collected from 4 provinces including: Nam Dinh (coastalsaline soil), Ha Nam (neutral alluvial soil), Ba Vi (Hanoi) (reddish yellow humus on the mountain), Bac Giang(infertile soil) At each quantitative sampling point, soil samples is collected according to the following 3 or 4habitats: human - disturbed forest, shrub grassland, cultivated land with perennial plants and agricultura landwith anual plants Samples collected for experimental fertilization were carried out in the agricultural land of theRed River Delta, including: soil without fertilization (ĐC), chemical fertilizer soil (CT1), soil with organicfertilization (CT2), soil with microbiological fertilizer (CT3), soil with fertilizer and organic fertilizer (CT4)
2.2.2 Methods of separation and treatment treatment specimens
Filtering, analyzing and processing in oribatida samples according to specialized methods, wich is widelyused in the world and Vietnam Filter oribatida sample according to the funnel Berlese –Tullgren method.Filtering time is 7 days and nights continuously at laboratory temperature conditions 27 - 30ºC The thick andhard shell of oribatida was bleached by soaking in lactic acid for a few days
2.2.3 Methods of analysis and classification
Identificating, measuring and taking a photo of oribatida was performed directly through the two-eyedmagnifying glass Labsc Euromex Arthema with 20 - 40 times magnification and the microscope Correct - TokyoSeiwa Optical with 40 - 100 times magnification
Identified and arranged oribatida according to Krivolutsky's classification system (1975), Balogh (1992,2002), Vu Quang Manh (2007, 2015), Norton and Behan – Pelletier (2009), Schatz et al (2011), Subias (2013)and Ermilov (2015) In addition, some other related documents are also used
The samples of oribatida were stored in glass tubes of size (Φ ~ 0.5) x (h = 5.0) cm with aqueous solution,that consisting of absolute alcohol supplemented and 3-5 drops of lactic acid and glycerin After that, all tubesare stored in large glass with pure alcohol for long-term preservation
2.2.4 Methods of data analysis and processing
Data on species composition and distribution characteristics of the oribatida mite community are collectedand synthesized according to mathematical statistical methods After that, they are analyzed and processedaccording to the following ecological indicators: dominant index (D), Shannon - Weiner index (H’), Peilou index(J ’) and analysize level similarity of oribatida mite communities by Bray – Curtis index
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Species composition of oribatida mite community (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red River Delta, North Vietnam
3.1.1 Species composition of oribatida mite community and their distribution characteristics in the study area
The study has identified 283 species of oribatida, belonging to 129 genera, 57 families, of which 49species have not been identified (in the form of sp.) There are 64 species identified for the first time in theVietnam and 106 species identified for the first time in the study area (compared with Vu Quang Manh, 2015and Ermilov, 2015)
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Trang 8Table 1: Species diversity of oribatida mite community (Acari: Oribatida) and their distribution
characteristics in the Red River Delta, North Vietnam Species composition (i) (ii) Type of soil (iii) (iv) (v) RT Type of habitat
1 Acaronychidae Grandjean, 1932
2 Acaridae Leach, 1816
34 Papillacarus pavlovskii (Bulanova - Zachvatkina,
8 Mesoplophoridae Ewing, 1917
9 Oribotritiidae Grandjean, 1954
10 Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930
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Trang 940 Acrotritia ardua (Koch, 1841) x x x x
11 Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841
48 Hoplophorella schauenbergi (Mahunka, 1978)
12 Trhypochthoniidae Willmann, 1931
53 Trhypochthoniellus setosus Willman, kuriki et
76 Furcoppia imitans (Balogh et Mahunka, 1966)
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Trang 1029 Basilobelbidae Balogh , 1961
30 Eremellidae Balogh, 1961
31 Oppiidae Sellnick, 1937
107 Arcoppia arcualis novaeguineae J et P Balogh,
109 Arcoppia waterhousei (J.Balogh et P.Balogh,
118 Congoppia deboissezoni Balogh et Mahunka,
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Trang 11122 Striatoppia madagascarensis Balogh, 1961 x x x
32 Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938
125 Suctobelbella multituberculata (Balogh et
33 Tetracondylidae Aoki, 1961
132 Dolicheremaeu bartkei Rajski et Szudrowice,
133 Dolicheremaeus inaequalis Balogh et Mahunka,
137 Dolicheremaeus ornatus Balogh et Mahunaka,
148 Odontocepheus florens (Balogh et Mahunka,
36 Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954
37 Microtegeidae Balogh, 1972
Trang 12160 Paralamellobates misella (Berlese, 1910) x x x x x x
41 Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936
44 Heterozetidae Kunst, 1971
171 Farchacarus philippinensis (Corpuz-Raros,
45 Ceratozetidae Jacot, 1925
172 Ceratozetella cuspidodenticulatus Kuliev, 1962
178 Uracrobates magniporosus Balogh et Mahunka,
49 Oribatulidae Thor, 1929
50 Liebstadiidae J et P Balogh, 1984
51 Scheloribatidae Grandjean, 1933
191 Perscheloribates luminosus (Hammer, 1961) (*) x
198 Scheloribates fimbriatus africanus Wallwork,
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Trang 13199 Scheloribates kraepelini (Berlese, 1908) (*) x x
52 Oripodidae Jacot, 1925
53 Protoribatidae J Balogh et P Balogh, 1984
220 Perxylobates crassisetosus Ermilov et Anichkin,
223 Perxylobates thanhhoaensis Ermilov, Vu, Trinh
242 Trachyoribates punctulifer Balogh et Mahunka,
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