Nghiên cứu xây dựng phương pháp luận và tính toán dấu vết các bon cho sản phẩm lúa gạo tại vùng đồng bằng sông hồng tt tiếng anh

OBJECTIVES 1 To develop a methodology for calculation of carbon footprint of rice products in the Red River Delta; 2 To calculate the rice carbon footprint for the pilot area of Phu Lu

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND

ENVIRONMENT

INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND

CLIMATE CHANGE

DAO MINH TRANG

DEVELOPMENT OF A METHEODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT OF RICE PRODUCTS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA

Major: Climate Change Code: 9440221

SUMMARY OF THE THESIS CLIMATE CHANGE

Hanoi, 2019

The Thesis was completed at:

Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Huynh Thi Lan Hương

Assoc Prof Dr Mai Van Trinh

The dissertation is available at:

- National Library of Viet Nam

- Library of Viet Nam Institute of Meteorology, Hydroogy and Climate Change

INTRODUCTION

1 RATIONALE

According to Viet Nam’s greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory result, GHG emissions from agriculture has accounted for a large proportion, of which methane emissions from rice cultivation constituting 48-62% Recently, Viet Nam has become one of major rice exporting countries in the world Increasing the export value of the Vietnamese rice, including labeling low-carbon footprint, is important, so that trade barriers can be overcomed if any in future The Red River Delta (RRD) is one of the two major regions for rice production in Viet Nam The implementation of the research on

“Development of a metheodology for calculation of carbon

footprint of rice products in the Red River Delta” is the basis for

the development of methodology and calculation of rice carbon footprint in other regions Based on the cresults, this study has identified activities with high mitigation potential and proposed prioritized mitigation options

2 OBJECTIVES

(1) To develop a methodology for calculation of carbon footprint

of rice products in the Red River Delta;

(2) To calculate the rice carbon footprint for the pilot area of Phu Luong commune, Dong Hung district, Thai Binh province;

(3) To propose mitigation options to reduce GHG emissions from rice production in the study area

3 SUBJECT AND SCOPE

The study subject was GHG emissions during the rice life cycle in the spring and summer seasons according to three cultivation methods: convention (CM), wide-narrow row (WNR) and system of rice intensification (SRI) The pilot area was Phu Luong commune, Dong Hung district, Thai Binh province The study year was 2017 The thesis calculated key GHG emissions during the rice life cycle In the up-stream processes, GHG sources included: electricity generation for machinery operation and production of fertilizer, lime and pesticide In the "rice production" stage, GHG sources included: methane emissions from rice cultivation; CO2 emissions from the application of urea and NPK fertilizers; N2O emissions from agricultural soils; lime application and diesel combustion for on-farm operation of agricultural machinary In the "post-farm" stage, GHG emissions from transporting rice from fields to houses and on-field burning of rice stubble and straw were taken into account

4 ARGUMENTS OF THE DISSERTATION

The incorporation of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the

2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GL 2006)

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a suitable methodology for calculating carbon footprint of rice products during its life cycle in the Red River Delta

CH4 emissions from rice cultivation accounts for the largest proportion in the carbon footprint; followed by that from electricity generation and energy use for operation of agricultural machinery

The expansion of WNR cultivation method in Phu Luong

commune is a potential mitigation option that also brings back

economic benefits, and hence should be prioritized

5 SCIENTIFIC AND PRATICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE

DISSERTATION

This study has developed a methodology for calculating the rice

carbon footprint in the RRD based on which future studies can be

adjusted and developed to calculate for rice carbon footprint in other

rice production areas, such as the Mekong River Delta

The identification of prioritized mitigation options will support

for the implementation of Viet Nam's NDC and contribute to

removing trade barriers if any in the future

6 CONTRIBUTION OF THE DISSERTATION

▪ Develop a methodology for calculating carbon footprint of rice

products in the Red River Delta;

▪ Apply methodology for pilot calculation for the research area;

▪ Propose prioritized mitigation options during the rice life cycle,

contributing to the review and updatte of the NDC

7 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION

In addition to Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis consists of

03 chapters Chapter 1 presents an overview of studies on rice carbon

footprint and the research area Chapter 2 presents the content and

research method Chapter 3 presents the results of the research and

discussion The appendix includes sample questionnaires,

intermediate calculation results and images of the study area

CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW OF STUDIES ON RICE CARBON FOOTPRINT

AND RESEARCH AREA 1.1 Overview of product carbon footprint

1.1.1 Definition of “carbon footprint”

“The quantity of GHGs expressed in terms of CO2-equivalent (CO2e), emitted into the atmosphere by an individual, organization, process, product, or event from within a specified boundary” [97]

1.1.2 Scope of product carbon footprint

The scope of carbon footprint includes: Tier 1 (on-site emissions), Tier 2 (emissions embodied in purchased energy) and Tier 3 (all other indirect emissions not covered under Tier 2) [30], [33], [106]

1.1.3 Guidelines on calculating product carbon footprint

1) Calculating product carbon footprint

One of the guidelines for calculating GHG emissions using the activity-based approach is the IPCC’s GL 2006 [51] The three universally accepted PCF calculation guidelines are: Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2050 of the British Standards Institute (BSI), the GHG Protocol of the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD) [106] and ISO 14067

2) Calculating carbon footprint of agricultural products

Guidelines for calculating carbon footprint of agricultural products include: WRI/WBCSD’s GHG Protocol Agriculture Guidance [95]; PAS 2050-1:2012 - Assessment of life cycle GHG emissions from horticultural products of BSI [32] and FAO [47]

1.2 Overview of studies on rice carbon footprint

1.2.1 Sources of greenhouse gases emissions during rice life cycle

❖ Up-stream processes: Production of input materials (electricity, fertilizer, lime and pesticides); Production, amortisation and maintenance of agricultural machinery and equipment

❖ Rice production: Diesel combustion for on-farm operation of agricultral machinery; CO2 emissions from groundwater extraction for irrigation; Methane emissions from rice cultivation; N2O emissions from soils; GHG emissions from lime application; CO2 emissions from urea application

❖ Post-farm stage: Transporting rice from fields to houses; farm burning of rice stubble and straw after harvest

On-1.2.2 International studies on rice carbon footprint

A variety of studies applied the LCA of ISO such as Blengini and Busto [28], Gan et al [56], [57], Kasmaprapruet et al [80], Xu et al [109] Some studies combined LCA and the IPCC’s GL, such as Farag et al [48], Yodkhum and Sampattagul [110] Few studies calculated GHG emissions from the production of input materials

1.2.3 Studies in Viet Nam on rice carbon footprint

Viet Nam has applied the IPCC’s GL to calculate the national GHG emissions from agriculture in 1994, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014 Several studies used the LCA to assess the impact of rice cultivation techniques such as Le Thanh Phong and Pham Thanh Loi [15] and Le Thanh Phong and Ha Minh Tam [14] Some other studies used empirical methods to measure GHG emissions from rice cultivation and agricultural soils such as: Nguyen Viet Anh and

Nguyen Van Tinh (23), Nguyen Huu Thanh et al [17] and the Institute for Agricultural Environment (IEA) [65]

1.2.4 Existing gaps in current research

Studies on rice carbon footprint are limited and didnot adequately calculated GHG emissions during the rice life cycle

1.3 Overview of the research area

Phu Luong Commune is located in the North of Dong Hung district in Thai Binh province, with the area of 298 hectares for rice cultivation, of which the cultivation area according to the conventional method is 148 hectares, according to the WNR method

is 90 hectares and the SRI method is 60 hectares The activities during the rice life cycle in Phu Luong commune are typical for Thai Binh province in particular and the Red River Delta in general

1.4 Conclusion of Chapter 1

In Viet Nam, very few studies on rice carbon footprint were conducted and most of them have not yet fully calculated the GHG GHG emissions during the rice life cycle The main methodology used is LCA of ISO Very few studies have calculated GHG emissions from the production of input materials for rice production

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH CONTENT AND METHODS 2.1 Research content

▪ Overview of studies on rice carbon footprint on the world and in Vietnam;

▪ Develop a methodology for calculating carbon footprint of rice products in the Red River Delta;

▪ Calculate rice carbon footprint of the pilot area of Phu Luong commune, Dong Hung district, Thai Binh province;

▪ Propose prioritized options to mitigate GHG emissions from activities during the rice life cycle in the study area

2.2 Research methods

2.2.1 Method of data collection and synsthesis

1) Method of collecting secondary data: is implemented on the basis

of inheriting, analyzing and synthesizing relevant data

2) Method of field survey: The minimum sample size of “30” is

appropriate so the number of sample in the thesis is 30 farmer

households according to each cultivation method

3) Method of expert consultation: interview managers at Phu Luong

Cooperative’s managers and experts in energy, agriculture and transportation sectors

2.2.2 Method of processing data

1) Calculate sample statistical features and estimate for population:

to exclude samples whose performance figures deviate significantly from the average

2) Use functions and tools in Excel to calculate, include: average

function, minimum value, maximum value, variance and sum

3) IPCC’s GL 2006 was applied to calculate GHG emissions from

key activities during rice life cycle

4) Process-based LCA approach of ISO was applied

5) Matrix analysis method: was used to rank the priority of

mitigation options, based on the following criteria: mitigation potential, mitigation cost, technology availability and co-benefit

2.3 Conclusion of Chapter 2

In order to implement the four research contents, the thesis applied the method of data collection and synthesis (through secondary data collection, field survey and expert consultation) and the methods of processing data, including calculating sample statistical features, applying Excel functions and tools, using the GL 2006 of IPCC, the LCA method of ISO and matrix analysis

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Methodology for calculating the carbon footprint of rice products in the Red River Delta

The study applied the process-based LCA approach in cooperation with the GL 2006 of IPCC [68], FAO [47] and COPERT

4 of EURO [86] The calculation of GHG emissions from key activities is based on equations in GL 2006 of IPCC, FAO (for fertilizer, lime and pesticide production) and COPERT 4 of EURO 2 (transporting rice from fields to houses by motobikes) The calculation process consists of 5 steps: (i) Selection of GHGs; (ii) Determination of the scope for calculation; (iii) Data collection and

processing; (iv) Calculation of rice carbon footprint and (v) Uncertainty analysis

❖ Electricity generation for operation of agricultural machinery

Application rate: The amount of fertilizer applied (kg/ha);

EF fertilizer: Emission factor of fertilizer production by type of fertilizer (kg CO2e/ kg of fertilizer)

❖ Lime production: Tier-1method of the GL 2006 was applied The

GL 2006 default emission factor of lime production is 0.75 tonnes

of CO2 /ton of lime

❖ Pesticide production

Emissions of CO2e = Application rate × EFpesticide(Equa 4)

where:

Application rate: Rate of pesticide application (kg a.i./ha);

EF pesticide: Emission factor of pesticide production (kg CO2e/kg a.i.)

❖ Methane emissions from rice cultivation

CH4 rice= ∑i,j,k(EFi,j,k* ti,j,k* Ai,j,k* 10-6) (Equa 5)

where:

CH4 rice: Annual methane emissions (Gg CH4/year)

EFijk: Daily emission factor under i, j, and k conditions (kg CH4/m2/day)

Tijk: Cultivation period of rice under i, j, and k conditions (days)

Aijk: Annual harvested area under i, j, and k conditions (ha/year)

i, j, and k: different ecosystems, water regimes, type and amount

of organic amendments, and other conditions under which CH4

emissions from rice may vary

k: Organic amount, classification of how many households apply high, medium and low organic rates

❖ Diesel combustion for the on-field operation of machinery

EmissionsGHG, fuel=Fuel consumption ×EF GHG, fuel (Equa 6)

where:

Emissions GHG, fuel: GHG emissions by type of fuel

EFGHG, fuel: Default emission factor of a type of GHG by fuel type (kg of gas/TJ) For CO2, it also includes a carbon oxidation factor which is assumed to be 1

According to FAO [46], the equations from Nemecek and Kagi [92] were applied to calculate the amount of diesel:

Amount of diesel used a,b=fa×ta×MFCa,b× ddiesel (Equa 6.1)

ta: the time required to do activity a on one hectare (hour/ha); MFCa,b: Mean Fuel Consumption, the characteristic fuel consumption for activity a with tractor b (liters/hour);

ddiesel : the density of diesel (kg per liter)

Fuel consumption=Diesel-use ×Calorific value diesel (Equa 6.2)

where:

Fuel consumption: The amount of fuel combustion (MJ/ha); Diesel-use a,b :The amount of diesel used for machinery operation (kg/ha); Calorific value diesel : Calorific value of diesel (MJ/kg);

M: The amount of lime or dolomite applied (ton);

EF: Emision factor (tC/ton of lime or dolomite)

❖ CO 2 emissions from urea application

CO2-C emissions = M ×EF (Equa 8)

where:

CO2 – C emissions: Emissions of carbon from urea application (tonnes of C/ha);

M: The amount of urea applied (tonnes of urea);

EF: Emission factor (tonnes of C/tonnes of urea)

❖ N 2 O emissions from agriculture soils

- Direct N 2 O emissions