Hiện tượng song ngữ trong văn học trung đại việt nam tt tiếng anh

The phenomenon of bilingualism made up the distinctive feature of Vietnamese medieval literature - a writing literary section consisting of two literary elements of Chinese character and

HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

NONG VAN NGOAN

BILINGUALISM

IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE

Specialty: Vietnamese Literature

Code: 9220121

SUMMARY OF THESIS

OF PhD IN LITERATURE

HANOI - 2019

Scientific Advisors:

1 Prof./Dr LA NHAM THIN

2 Dr NGUYEN MINH HOAT

Review 1: Assoc.Prof.Dr NGUYEN PHAM HUNG

Review 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr NGUYEN THI CHIEN

Review 3: Assoc.Prof.Dr DUONG TUAN ANH

The thesis will be defensed at the University Level Thesis Assessment

Council of Hanoi National University of Education

At … 00’ date … moth … year 2019

The thesis can be searched at:

- Hanoi National University of Education Library

- Vietnam National Library

PREAMBLE

1 Reason for choosing the topic

1.1 Scientifically

Bilingualism is a quite common phenomenon in medieval literature

of many countries, the East as well as the West In the East, countries like Korea, North Korea and Japan, along with use of native languages, Chinese are used in literary writing In western countries such as Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, in medieval literature, Latin language is used

in parallel with native language The phenomenon of bilingualism made up the distinctive feature of Vietnamese medieval literature - a writing literary section consisting of two literary elements of Chinese character and Nom character literature

Studying the phenomenon of bilingualism is one of the great characteristics of Vietnamese literature From the phenomenon of bilingualism, we can understand more deeply the nature and development rules of Vietnamese medieval literature from literary point of view, aesthetic point of view to artistic language, styles, etc

Many authors of Vietnamese medieval literature, including many well-known names, have written in both Chinese and Nom characters such

as Tran Nhan Tong, Nguyen Trai, Le Thanh Tong, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Quat, Nguyen Khuyen Through the phenomenon of bilingualism, we can understand more deeply the authors, works of the same position and their contribution to the national literature

The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature

is a typical phenomenon of medieval literature, both universal and international In the context of regional literature, such as Korea / North Korea and Japan, which were influenced by Chinese culture in the Middle Age or in the history of Western literature from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the pre-Renaissance period, the phenomenon of bilingualism in literature also existed Thus, the thesis contributes an insight into the literature of Vietnamese medieval literature in the regional and international literature community

1.2 Practically

This topic has practical implications for the study and teaching of Vietnamese literature in general as the characteristics and nature of literature, type and language problems of Vietnamese medieval literature

as well as major authors in bilingual schools, universities and colleges

2 Purposes and research tasks

2.1 Research purposes

The thesis "The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature" follows one of the current popular research

directions: interdisciplinary research The thesis is done with the purpose

of studying the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century On the other Chinesed, through the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature, the thesis enriches certain insights about the relationship between the phenomenon of bilingualism and writing forces, type as well as language in Vietnamese medieval literature and phenomenon of bilingualism in some regional countries

2.2 Research duties

To achieve the above research purposes, the thesis sets out the following tasks:

- To introduce concepts of bilingualism, phenomenon of bilingualism

in literature Clarify the implications of these concepts and terms and see

them as key tools in the survey and research process

- To apply concepts, terms of bilingualism, bilingual form and

phenomenon of bilingualism in the study of the development process of

Vietnamese medieval literature, the phenomenon of bilingualism-related characteristics and nature of literature

- To study historical, social, cultural, literary backgrounds that forms the phenomenon of bilingualism

- To study the characteristics, nature and process of the phenomenon

of bilingualism in the national literature history, comparing with the phenomenon of bilingualism in the medieval literature of some countries such as Korea / North Korea, Japan

Particularly, attention should be paid to the issues related to the phenomenon of bilingualism with authors (especially typical bilingual authors), types and literary languages in Vietnamese medieval literature

3 Research subject and scope of research

3.1 Research subject

The subject of the thesis is the formation and development history of Chinese character literature and Nom character literature components in Vietnamese medieval literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century

The more specific research subjects of the thesis are:

- Authors of the phenomenon of bilingualism

- Works, types of the phenomenon of bilingualism

- Language of the phenomenon of bilingualism

3.2 Research scope

3.2.1 Documentation scope

We mainly use the translated Chinese characters, transcribed Nom texts of typical bilingual authors in Vietnamese literature such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Quat and Nguyen Khuyen

In addition, many works in both functional and literary types have been explored and studied to further clarify nature of the phenomenon of bilingualism

3.2.2 Scientific scope

The scientific scope of the thesis topic includes: Theoretical background of the bilingualism; Characteristics, nature; development of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature in the context of regional literature; Typical authors composing in bilingual language; Phenomenon of bilingualism with literary types and languages

4 Research Methods:

The thesis uses the following main research methods:

4.1 Historical Literature Research Method:

The historical literature research method approaches the research

problem of the thesis as Vietnamese medieval literature history The

phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature was a historical phenomenon It came from many causes, but mainly from historical reasons: the domination of Chinese feudal dynasties, the inevitable rule when "young literature" was influenced by the "old literature"; national awareness in the field of culture and literature; the need for cultural development and the construction of the feudal state apparatus Historical method is used to analyze historical elements and their influence on the formation of bilingualism in literature over time

social-4.2 Interdisciplinary Research Method (Literature - Language - Culture - Social Studies)

Today, literary scholars clearly see that: literary research can not be separated from its relationship with culture Moreover, the cultural context of literary world has a certain difference with our present culture Literary research can not be separated from language - material elements

of literary works For example, when referring to "bilingualism," people

often think of a sociological or linguistic phenomenon "Bilingualism" in

literature is closely related to social bilingualism, and bilingual literary compositions also express the linguistic, phonetic, and vocabulary elements of linguistics It is necessary to have an understanding of bilingual and linguistic studies if one wants to understand bilingualism more deeply in literature

4.3 Literary Comparison Research Method

This is an indispensable method when implementing the topic When mentioning to literary comparison, we should not understand it as phenomenon comparison in literature, but rather as the comparison between one literature background to one or more other literature backgrounds or comparison of phenomena of other literary backgrounds The phenomenon of bilingualism in the medieval literature is the use of both Chinese and Vietnamese in composition By comparison method, we can see the individual characteristics of each Chinese and Nom character literature, on the basis of which find the influence, interference of the two-language in the author's works as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Nguyen Khuyen

4.4 Prosody Research Method

In the study of Vietnamese medieval literature, there have been quite

a number of history literary works, there have been a number of works that have gone into a number of types and authors approached in terms of prosody including literary types, specific aspects, some types of prosody with human notion, world conception and some artistic methods Bilingualism in literature manifests itself in many ways The intensity of bilingualism also varies in each type (for example, political commentary literature is less influenced by the Vietnamese language Chinese the Tang prosody poetry) It is necessary to study prosody in order to see the

specific characteristics of each type

4.5 Typological Methodology

Type (English: typological originates from type or typé in French) is the concept of a collection of phenomena which share some basic characteristics Type-based research does not simply enumerate, describe the external similarities of literary phenomenon Much more important is

to find out the rules of similarities This method is used in the study of the type of bilingual author and the type of categories viewed from the phenomenon of bilingualism

5 New contributions of the thesis

- Pointed out the historical, social, cultural, literary, linguistic and aesthetic premises of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature;

- Generalize characteristics and development of phenomenon of bilingualism;

- Study the problem of bilingual author in Vietnamese medieval literature;

- Generalize the development and expression of the phenomenon of bilingualism from overview of type and language

6 Structure of the thesis

Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix,

the thesis consists of four chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of research and theoretical basis of the topic

Chapter 2: General problems of the phenomenon of bilingualism in

Vietnamese Medieval Literature

Chapter 3: Types of bilingual author in Vietnamese literature

Chapter 4: Some problems of type and language from overview of

the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese Medieval Literature

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE THESIS

1.1 CONCEPT OF THE PHENOMENOM OF BILINGUALISM 1.1.1 Concept of bilingualism

In this section, we cite linguists' definitions of typical bilingual concepts in some popular linguistic materials such as the linguistic term dictionary of Diep Quang Ban or the Vietnamese dictionary of Nguyen Nhu Y and the linguistic term dictionary explaining of this author on of bilingualism The Vietnamese Dictionary, edited by Hoang Phe, as well as Hoang Quoc’s doctoral thesis on Linguistics, also mentioned to the concept of bilingualism

Those are definitions of the phenomenon of bilingualism at the most general level, so called as social bilingualism But now bilingualism is not just a social phenomenon, but a psychological phenomenon, because psychology affects the formation of different language systems in each individual In the field of language, this phenomenon has been studied in many aspects such as historical linguistics, social linguistics, linguistic psychology, linguistic neuroscience and linguistic pedagogy Bilingualism

in literature is a part of social – linguistic sociology - studying impact of bilingualism on culture, society and the preservation of national identity The provision of definitions in general grade will give a broader perspective before going into a narrower sense We are referring here to the concept of bilingualism in literature, more specifically, in Vietnamese medieval literature

1.1.2 Bilingualism in literature

In this section, we overview concepts of "the phenomenon of bilingualism" in both broad and narrow meanings according to the conceptions of researchers Dinh Thi Khang, Tran Nho Thin and Tran Dinh Su

In conclusion, we think that the bilingualism in literatures, in essence

as the coexistence of two kinds of language, is understood as a literary phenomenon that uses two types of characters and combines elements of culture, literature, language arisen during linguistic contact between two countries In the Middle Age, the Chinese and Vietnamese contact made up the bilingualism in literature with the two corresponding scripts of Chinese and Nom characters We do not identify "bilingualism" and

"multilingualism" as some of the above interpretations, because it is difficult

to distinguish "bilingualism" in medieval literature with Chinese, Vietnamese and the "multilingualism" in modern literature (the second half of the nineteenth century of the early twentieth century) with the interference of three types of language: Chinese, Vietnamese and French

Thus, it can be understood that the phenomenon of bilingualism in literature is the phenomenon of a literature which is simultaneously composed in two languages - indigenous language and foreign country, other ethnic group acquired language With Vietnamese medieval literature, the bilingual phenomenon expressed in literature at the same time was composed in both Chinese and Nom characters

1.2 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH

The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature has been mentioned in several studies However, there is no intensive research on this subject It can be seen that some of the following research topics refer

to bilingualism related to the topic:

1.2.1 Studying characteristics of Vietnamese medieval literature

on the phenomenon of bilingualism

In this section, we both review and analyze relevance of the studies

on the characteristics of Vietnamese medieval literature to the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature Typical works such as historical Vietnamese literature by Duong Quang Ham;

textbooks on Vietnamese medieval literature by Dinh Gia Khanh and Nguyen Loc; studies of Tran Dinh Su, Nguyen Dang Na, Tran Dinh Huou, Bui Duy Tan, La Nham Thin, Tran Nho Thin and some other authors It can be seen that the Vietnamese medieval literary researchers above all affirmed the existence of a line of literature written in the borrowed language, Chinese characters and another literary line written in the ethnic language (Vietnamese/Nom) in Vietnamese medieval literature or in other words, either directly or indirectly acknowledged the existence of bilingual phenomena in written literature from the 10th century to the end of the nineteenth century in our country

1.2.2 Studying Vietnamese medieval literature prosody with reference to bilingualism

Here, we analyze the relevant points in the work of researchers such

as Phan Ngoc, Tran Dinh Su, Tran Dinh Huou, Hoang Huu Yen, La Nham Thin and some other researchers when studying problems of prosody, linguistic and type which also mention the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature

1.2.3 Studying authors writing in bilingual language

In this section, the author assesses research works on authors such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Quat and Nguyen Khuyen that mentioned the phenomenon of bilingualism These works mentioned more or less the thesis content We acquire and inherit works of Nguyen Loc, Dinh Gia Khanh, Tran Nho Thin, Hoang Huu Yen, La Nham Thin, Bien Minh Dien, Tao Trang, Nguyen Thuy Hong, Tran Thi Anh and some other researchers so that "The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature" is studied in a more complete and systematic manner

1.2.4 Study and comparison of Vietnamese medieval literature with literature of countries in Chinese character cultural region in the Middle Age

Here, we review the research works that mentioned the phenomenon

of bilingualism by Doan Le Giang with the article Medieval period in the

literature of countries in the Chinese Chinese culture area or the Historical Literature of Korea by Ko Mi Sook, Jung Min and Jung Byung

Sun (translated by Jeon Hye Kyung and Ly Xuan Chung); Nguyen Nam

Tran with Overview of Japanese Literary History

From these works, we see that the studies on the comparison between Vietnamese medieval literature and the literature of countries affected by the Chinese culture area show some similarities, that is the existence of the phenomenon of bilingualism and the phenomenon of bilingualism of medieval literature in these countries as well as in Vietnam were both bilingual inequalities which existed until the Minh Tri Restoration (p.15)

Thus, by reviewing the research works of the authors Doan Le Giang, Phan Thi Thu Hien, Ko Mi Sook, Jung Min and Jung Byung Sun, Nguyen Nam Tran and some other researchers, we find that, the studies comparing Vietnamese medieval literature with literature of countries affected by the Chinese culture area show some similarities, that is the existence of the phenomenon of bilingualism and the phenomenon of bilingualism of medieval literature in these countries as well as in Vietnam were both bilingual inequalities

The specialized studies on phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature were not numerous, sometimes limited within the narrow survey of one author, some other studies mentioned directly or indirectly to the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature In general, the research works and articles on the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature have brought the relatively rich, multi-dimensional conceptions, assessments Basically, the developed issues are the concept of phenomenon of bilingualism, confirming the existence and development of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature These comments are directions for the writer during the topic to see more clearly systematically and comprehensively the problem to be studied However, the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is still a complex issue, requiring further research, from concepts, foundations, characteristics, development process as well as expressions in terms of author, type and literary language The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature needs to be studied more systematically and comprehensively And this is also purpose, task we set out when implementing the thesis

1.3 THEORETICAL BASE OF THE THESIS

1.3.1 Interdisciplinary theory of language and literature

In this section, we discuss the relationship between language and literature, especially the relationship between language and phenomenon

of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature

The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature

is a unique and interesting literary phenomenon, both universal, literary and linguistic This phenomenon takes place internally in literature but is also formed on certain linguistic, historical, social, cultural, literary and aesthetic premises Therefore, it is necessary to consider the phenomenon

of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature from an interdisciplinary perspective, especially herein the interdisciplinary language and literature

1.3.2 Interdisciplinary theory of culture and literature

In this section, we analyze the relationship between culture and literature; the study of literature including the study of the phenomenon of bilingualism from a cultural perspective The appearance of phenomenon

of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is not only a literary phenomenon but also a cultural phenomenon, a cultural imprint of a remarkable era Without the influence of Chinese culture and literature, especially the three religion culture, folklore and literature at different levels of language, type and authors of literature, it would not have been possible the formation and development of such phenomenon of bilingualism The problem is that we need to find out what levels of influence and expression of culture on the formation, movement and development of the phenomenon of bilingualism Literary research approach and criticism from cultural or interdisciplinary perspective and literature is a direction with many advantages

1.3.3 Theory of literary comparison

In this section, the author summarizes the concept, purpose, object, function and methods as well as manipulation of comparative literature theory and the application of theory and manipulation of literary comparison in the process of deploying research tasks of the thesis

1.3.4 Theory of type

In this section, the thesis author summarizes a number of issues about literary type and author as well as the application of this theory to the thesis

SUMMARY

The phenomenon of bilingualism in literature is the phenomenon of writing in borrowed language in parallel to the native language in a literature at the same stage Vietnamese medieval literature also existed the phenomenon of bilingualism: the simultaneous use of Chinese and Nom characters in writing

There were many studies on the history of Vietnamese medieval literature, the characteristics of medieval literature, prosody, authors, types, languages and in comparative studies with other literature in the region, various aspects of bilingualism are mentioned at different levels In general, these works met in several points: first, Vietnamese medieval literature had parallel existence and development of the two parts of literature which were Chinese written literary part and Nom written literary part; second, in those types, bilingualism was not specifically analyzed as a phenomenon of both peculiar and universal nature, having its own formation, development and movement The intensive and meticulous works on the bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature in particular could be extended in the context of literature influenced by Chinese culture in the region and even in the literature of the whole human race are still ahead That, it excited use to choose this topic

The theoretical basis of the thesis, besides the theoretical and practical achievements of the disciplines such as literature, language, comparative literature, literary type, etc., interdisciplinary research methods such as interdisciplinary culture and literature, interdisciplinary language … should be applied

Above is an overview of the research and issues related to the thesis topic The problems, scholars, and researchers who have been involved in the bilingualism in Vietnamese literature are greatly referred Along with the use of methods, theories are the theoretical basis of the topic, overview

of the research situation is the foundation for the author to build ideas