Đánh giá môi trường chiến lược phương pháp luận và thử nghiệm ở việt nam

C H 0 VIET TATADB - 'Jgan hang Chau A BVMT- Bao ve moi trirdng DM - tan h gia mdi trirdng DM C -Danh gia mdi trudng chien luge DTM -Danh gia tac dong mdi trudng EC - U’ ban Chau Au GIS -

GS.TSKH PHAM NGOC DANG (Chu bien) PGS.TS NGUYiN VIET ANH, TS NGUY§N KHAC KINH GVC TRAN DONG PHONG, TS TRAN VAN Y

DANH GIA MOI TRUONG CHIEN LU'O’C

PHlfONG PHAP LUAN VA THlT NGHIEM ■ ■ 6 VIET NAM■

(Tai ban)

NHA XUAT BAN XAY DITNG

C H 0 VIET TAT

ADB - 'Jgan hang Chau A

BVMT- Bao ve moi trirdng

DM - tan h gia mdi trirdng

DM C -Danh gia mdi trudng chien luge

DTM -Danh gia tac dong mdi trudng

EC - U’ ban Chau Au

GIS - le thdng thdng tin dia ly

JICA -7a quan Hgp tac Qudc te cua Nhat Ban

KH&KT - Khoa hoc va ky thuat

KT - XI - Kinh te - xa hoi

MT - ISoi trudng

PTBV Phat tridn bdn vung

CL, QL KH - Chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach

CL, QI, KH, CT - Chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach, chuong trinh

CS, QI/KH, CT : Chfnh sach, quy hoach/ke hoach, chuong trinh

T C M T Tieu chuan mdi trudng

TCVN- Tieu chuan Viet Nam

UK - ''uong Qudc Anh

WB - Igan hang The' gidi

LC(I NOI DAU

Thuc tidn didn bien mdi truong d nudc ta cung nhu d nhidu nudc tren the giofi cho thay : tuy da thuc hien danh gia tac dong moi truong doi vdi moi du

an cong trinh phat tridn cu the, nhung moi trudng vSn ngay cang bi o nhidm hon, tai nguydn thien nhien ngay cang bi suy thoai hon, mot trong nhirng nguyen nhan chinh gay ra tinh trang tren la do danh gia tac ddng moi trudng ddi vdi cac du an cdng trinh cu thd chi cd kha nang ngan ngua va giam thidu tac dong tieu cuc cua tung cong trinh cu thd, chua xem xet danh gia tac dong mdi trudng tong hop, tich luy va tuong hd trong mdi lien quan tdng thd cua tat ca cac du an cdng trinh, cac chuong trinh va cac hoat dong cua cac du an chien luge, quy hoach hay ke hoach phat trien Vi vay da nay sinh nhu cau can cd them cong cu quan ly moi trudng mdi, cd tfnh tdng hgp hon, do la

"Danh gid m di trudng chien lu ac".

Danh gia moi trudng chien luge la danh gia tac dong mdi trudng cd tfnh chien lirgc ddi vdi cac chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach phat tridn kinh te - xa hdi No la mot mon khoa hoc mdi khong nhung doi vdi nudc ta ma cdn ddi vdi r^t nhidu nudc tren the gidi

Danh gia mdi trudng chien luge (DMC) la mot cong cu quan ly mdi truong rat co hieu qua, dugc hau het cac nudc tren the gidi sir dung dd phong ngua o nhidm, ngan chan suy thoai moi trudng, su dung hgp ly tai nguyen thidn nhien cua dia phuong, cua vung va ciia quoc gia trong qua trinh phat, trien kinh te - xa hoi nharn dat dugc su phat tridn bdn vung

Da co nhieu sach va tai lieu xua't ban trinh bay vd co sd khoa hoc, phircmg phap luan va quy trinh tien hanh danh gia tac dong mdi trudng (DTM) d nudc ta, nhung cho den nay chua cd an pham xuat ban chfnh thuc nao, vie't vd DMC Trong hon 10 nam qua d nudc ta da cd hang nghin bao cao D I M ddi vdi cac dir an phat tridn cu thd, da dugc tham dinh, gop phan tfch circ vao su nghiep BVMT d nudc ta, nhung chua cd mot DM C nao chfnh

, " ■' ' ' ' ' " ‘ « j : r ‘ f : : = < , ■ i \ ; j ;

tht'rc cugc tien hanh

Lanh gid moi trudng chien luge theo dinh nghia ciia Luat BVMT "la

vide phan tfch, dir bao cac tac dong ddn moi trudng ciia du an chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach phat tridn trudc khi phe duyet nharn dam bao phat tridn bdn 'ung"; Theo tai lieu ciia nudc ngoai “DMC la mot qua trinh danh gia

in a n j tfnh chat he thdng vd cac hau qua moi truong ciia cac du an ve chfnh

sach, ke hoach va chuong trinh phat tridn kinh te - xa hoi (policies, plans, programs - PPP), nh lm bao dam rin g cdc hSu qua moi trudng duoc dd cap mot cach ddy dii va duoc giai quyet mot each thoa dang ngay tur giai doan thfch hop som nhat co the cua qua trinh ra quyet dinh ve cac chfnh sach, ke hoach va chuong trinh do vdi cac can nhdc day du ve mat kinh te' - xa hoi va moi trudng".

Cac ke't qua dat duoc tir vide thuc hien D M C ddi vdi chfnh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach, chuong trinh tai cac nude tren the' gidi cho tha'y DMC da dem lai nhung loi l'ch rat quan trong cho viec hoach dinh va ra quyd't dinh ddi vdi cdc chfnh sach, quy hoach, kd' hoach, chuong trinh phat trien KT-XH nhdm dam bao cho su phat trien bdn vung

C) nude ta Ludt BVMT (2005), duoc Qudc hoi khoa XI ky hop thu 8 thdng qua ngay 29 - 11 - 2005, quy dinh b it buoc phai thuc hien danh gid mdi trudng chid'n luoc tir 1 - 7 - 2006 ddi vdi cac chien luoc, quy hoach va

ke hoach phat tridn Ke't qua thaim dinh bao cao D M C la mot trong nhfrng can cu de’ phd duyet dir an CL, QH, KH phat tridn

Tap sach nay duoc bien soan nhdm muc dfch kip thdi ndng cao hidu bid't

ve co sd khoa hoc va phuong phap luan dd tien hanh danh gia moi trudng chid'n luoc, thuc hien cdc dieu quy dinh cua Ludt Bao ve Moi trudng nidi duoc ban hanh d nude ta

Ngudi chu tri bien soan ldi noi ddu, chuong 1, chuong 4 va chuong 5 la GS.TSKH Pham Ngoc Dang; chuong 2 va chuong 6 la PGS.TS Nguydn Viet Anh; chuong 3 la TS Nguydn Khdc Kinh; chuong 7 la TS Trdn Van Y (vdi sir tham gia cua ThS Nguydn Hanh Quydn va ThS Le Thi Thu Hidn) va chuong 8 la GVC Trdn Dong Phong

Ddi tuong phuc vu cua sach la cdc can b d khoa hoc, cdc can bo tu vffn, cdc can bo quan ly thudc ITnh vuc mdi trudng, cac can bo thiet kd' va lap quy hoach phat trien dd thi, quy hoach vung, quy hoach phat trien KT-XH tinh/thanh, quy hoach phat tridn cdc nganh kinh td', cdc giang vien dai hoc va cdc sinh vien, nghidn ciru sinh cua cac nganh huu quan

Day la quyen sach viet v£ D M C ddu tidn duoc xud't ban d nude ta, cho

ndn khdng the tranh duoc cdc khiem khuyet, rd't mong nhan duoc cdc nhdnxet va gop y cua cdc doc gia gdn xa

Chuong 1

KHAI NIEM VE DANH GIA MOI TRUCfNG CHIEN LlTOC

1.1 DINH NGHIA

Thuc tidn difen bien moi trirdng d nude ta cung nhu d nhifeu nude trfen thfe

gidi cho thay : tuy da thuc hien danh gia tac dong mdi trudng ddi vdi moi du

an cdng trinh phat trien cu thfe, nhung mdi trudng vSn ngay cang bi o nhifem

hon, tai nguyfen thifen nhien ngay cang bi suy thoai hon, mot trong nhung

I O 5 J S £ ' ■ ' • | K / ■ ' ! ■ y

nguyfen nhan chinh gay ra tinh trang trfen la do danh gia tac dong moi trudng

ddi vdi cac du an cdng trinh cu thfe chi cd kha nang ngan ngira va giam thieu

tac dong tieu cuc cua tirng cdng trinh cu the, chua xem xet danh gia tac dong

mdi trudng tdng hop, tfch luy va tuong hd trong mdi lifen quan tdng the cua

tat ca cac du an cdng trinh, cac chuong trinh va cac hoat ddng ciia cac du an

chien luge, quy hoach hay ke hoach phat trien Vi v^y da nay sinh nhu cau

Ccin cd them cdng cu quan ly mdi trudng mdi, cd tfnh tdng hgp hon, dd la

"Danh gia mdi trudng chifen luge"

Danh gia tac ddng m di trudng (DTM ), tieng Anh la Environm ent

Im pact A ssessm en t (E lA ) la mot cong cu quan ly mdi trudng, da dugc hinh

thanh trfen thfe gidi hon 30 nam qua, theo dinh nghTa cua Luat BVMT, dugc

Qudc hoi nuoc ta thong qua ngay 29 thang 11 nam 2005 [9], danh gia tac

ddng mdi trudng (DTM) la "Viec phdn tich, d u bao cac tac dong den mdi

trudng ciia d u an ddu tu cu the d e dua ra cac bien phap BVM T khi trien khai

d u an do". • , ; : ■ , <isi i - : s • u i -■

Hon 10 nam qua d nude ta da thirc hifen DTM ddi vdi hang nghin d u an

phat trien cdng trinh cu thfe d cap trung uong, cap dia phuong v i !e&p rtganh,

da mang lai nhung hieu qua to ldn trong sir nghiep phong ngira d nhifem mdi

trudng va ngan chan suy thoai cac dang tai ngiiyfeh

Danh gia m di truong chien luac (DM C), tieng Anh la Strategic

Environm ental A ssessm en t (SEA) la m ot cdng t t i quan ly mdi trudng cd

tam cd chien luge, mdi dugc hinh thanh trfen the gidi hon 10 nam qua Cho

den nay v3n chua cd dinh nghTa thdfig nhSt trfen toan the gidi v i danh gia

mdi trudng chien luge

Tren the gioi co nhidu dinh nghla vd D M C tuy theo nhung nhan thuc khac nhau vd muc dfch cua viec danh gia moi truong Dudi day neu ra inot

so dinh nghTa co tinh didn hinh nhu sau [22, 41, 45] :

- “DM C la mot quy trinh co he thong de udc tinh vd cac hau qua ve mat moi trucmg cua cac de xuat chinh sach, ke hoach hay chucmg trinh (Policy, Plan or Programme - 3P) nham dam bao cac hau qua do dugc,xem xet day

du va co tinh phu hgp d giai doan thfch hgp sdm nhat, ngang bang vdi viec xem xet vd mat kinh te va xa hoi” (Sadler va Verheem, 1996)

“DMC la mot quy trinh danh gia vd cac mdi lidn quan mdi trudng cua mot quyet dinh vd chfnh sach, kd' hoach, chuong trinh, la bo phan cua phap luat va ke hoach chfnh da dd ra (Sach trang ve Chfnh sach Quan ly Mdi trudng cua Nam Phi, 1998: 169)”

- DM C la “mot quy trinh tong hgp khai niem vd su ben vung trong viec

ra quyet dinh chid'n luge” (DEAT va CSIR, Nam Phi, 2000)

Hai dinh nghTa dau tuong ung vdi viec m d rong DTM ddi vdi du an phat tridn cu thd sang muc do danh gia mdi trudng chid'n luge doi vdi cac chfnh sach, ke' hoach va chuong trinh

Phuong phap tie'p can nay cd tdn ggi dac trung la "DMC dua vao D T M ” (Partidario, 1999) va tap trung vao viec xac dinh cac moi lien quan moi trudng cua mot chfnh sach, ke hoach hay chuong trinh dugc dd xua't

Dinh nghTa trong Hudng dan D M C cua Nam Phi (DEAT va CSIR, 2000) tap trung vao vai trd cua D M C trong vide tao didu kien tidn tdi su phat tridn bdn vung Phuong phap tie'p can nay cho phep xem xet thuc hidn trudc tien cua cac muc tieu phat trien bdn vung d cac giai doan ra quydt dinh ban d£u Qua dd tao didu kien cho su phat tridn mot khuon khd bdn viing dd chi dao

su phat trien cac chfnh sach, ke hoach va chuong trinh hay de danh gia mdt chid'n luge, ke hoach, chuong trinh hien cd Day la phuong phap tie'p can the hidn bao quat ma Therivel va cac cong su ggi la "DMC dinh hudng bdn vung”

DTM chu trgng den cac tac dong tfch cuc va ba't Igi cua mdt du an phat tridn cu the khi nd da dugc hinh thanh Vai trd cua D M C se cho phep ngudi

ra quyet dinh xac dinh quy hoach phat tridn phu hgp nhat cho mot khu vuc

cu the, trudc khi hinh thanh dd xuat phat tridn co tfnh chid'n luge

Theo tai lieu [45] DM C dugc dinh nghia nhu sau : "DMC la mot quy trinh van dung mot tap hop cac cong cu dd xac dinh cac hieu qua va hau qua

m oi trudng (ket hgp voi xa hoi va kinh te) cua cac sang kien phat trien co tfnh chien luoc dugc dd xuat nharn phat huy cac hieu qua ciia chung va thuc day dat tdi su ben vung” (Bary Dalai - Crayton, Bary Salder & Jonh Hobbs)

N hu tren da trinh bay, d nudc ngoai D M C duoc thuc hien ddi vdi 3P (chfnh sach, ke hoach, chuong trinh), d nudc ta quy trinh xay dung cac du an phat trien nhu sau : tir dudng ldi, dinh hudng phat trien chung se tien hanh xay dimg cac chien luge phat trien, tir chien luoc phat trien tien hanh xay dirng cac quy hoach, ke hoach phat tridn Cdn chuong trinh hay du an phat trien la budc cu the hoa dd thuc hien chien luge, quy hoach hay kd' hoach phat tridn Nhu vay, d day tir "chien luge" cua nudc ta tuong ducmg vdi tir

"Policy" va tir "Quy hoach, kd' hoach" cua nudc ta tuong duong vdi tir "Plan" theo tai lieu vd D M C cua nudc ngoai Do dd Luat BVMT ciia nudc ta quy dinh D M C ddi vdi "chien luge, quy hoach va kd' hoach" tucmg ung vdi quoc

te la D M C doi vdi "Chfnh sach, ke' hoach va chuong trinh"

Tiep thu khai niem vd D M C ciia quoc te, van dung vao didu kien cu the

d nudc ta, Luat BV M T (2005) ciia nudc ta da dinh nghia DMC [8] la viec

phan tich, d u bdo cac tdc dong den moi trudng cua d u dn Chien luge, Quy hoach, Ke hoach phat trien trudc khi phe duyet nharn dam bao phat trien ben vung.

Trong quydn sach nay D M C duoc hieu mot cach nha't quan theo dinh nghia cua Luat BVM T (2005)

Moi quan he thu bac cua DM C va DTM trong moi lien hd vdi cac cdng

cu danh gia dugc the hien trdn hinh 1.1

1.2 SIT KHAC BI$T GIUA DANH GlA MOI TRUONG CHIE^N LUOC (DMC) v A DANH GlA t AC D 0N G MOI TRUONG (DTM)

Danh gia tac dong mdi trudng (DTM) va danh gia mdi trudng chid'n luge (DMC) vd mat ban chat ddu dua trdn nguyen tac rat co ban dd la phat hien,

d u bao va danh gia nhung tac dong tidm tang ciia mot hoat dong phat tridn

co the gay ra doi vdi mdi trudng tu nhidn, KT-XH, de tir dd dua ra cac giai phap nharn ngan ngira, giam thieu va xir ly cac tac dong tieu cuc tdi muc

thap nhat co thd chap nhan dirge Quy trinh thuc hien cua DTM va DM C deu dugc thuc hien qua cac budc sang loc, xac dinh pham vi, danh gia tac d()ng, xac dinh cac bien phap giam thidu, tham dinh, ra quyet dinh va cuoi cung la quan trSc, giam sat moi trufrng Chinh vi vdy ma ca DTM va D M C deu co vai tro rat quan trgng trong cdng tac bao ve moi truong va dugc xeni la nhung cong cu quan ly huu hieu khong the thay the dugc trong phong ngua

va ngan chan tinh trang o nhidm moi truong, suy thoai tai nguyen vi muc tieu phat trien bdn virng

Hinh 1.1 Moi lien he thur bac cua DMC va DTM trong moi lien he

vdi cac cong cu danh gia

M ac du co nhung didm tirong dong neu tren, song giua DTM va D M C cung co nhieu su khac biet rat co ban, trudc het la vd doi tirong nghien cuu, muc tieu, muc dich can dat duoc va sau do la sir khac biet ca ve nhung noi dung quy trinh thuc hien Tuy vay, dieu can nhan manh d day la nhung sir khac biet nay khong phai la sir phu dinh lan nhau ma chfnh lai la nhimg mat

bo sung, h6 tro cho nhau va D M C doi voi cac chien luoc, quy hoach, ke hoach, chuong trinh khong the thay the cho DTM cr cap dir an va ngiroc lai.Sir khac biet giua DTM va D M C da duoc dd cap mot cach khai quat trong nhieu tai lieu nghien cuu d ngoai nude dudi nhidu goc do khac nhau va nc)i dung nay cung da duoc dd cap tdi trong ket qua nghien cuu cua Dd tai B2000.34.79.M T "Co sd khoa hoc cua danh gia moi trudng chien luoc" do Trung tam Ky thuat Moi trudng Do thi va Khu cdng nghiep thuc hien vao nam 2000

Su khac biet dau tien giua D M C vdi DTM phai ke den la loai hinh quyet dinh ma ca hai phuong phap nay lidn quan DTM lidn quan den viec ra cac quyet dinh cap du an va thudng la cac quyd't dinh trudc khi bat dau thi cdng

D u an Cac quyet dinh nay thudng la cac quyd't dinh chi tiet chu yeu vd vi trf

va noi dung thid't ke' mot du an va vd cac bidn phap giam thieu hon la ngan ngira cac tac dong mdi trudng Cac giai phap thay the kha thi d giai doan du

an thudng gidi han doi vdi cac bie'n so nho (nhu doi vdi du an giao thdng la vach chfnh xac tuyd'n dudng, lira chon tuyen tranh cac didm nhay cam mdi trudng, tren co sd hudng tuyen dudng va quy mo cua no da duoc xac dinh) Trong khi dd D M C lai lien quan de'n cac quyd't dinh mang tfnh chid'n luoc Muc dfch cua D M C la can nhac ky hon cac va'n de moi trudng (cac can trd

va thuan loi) va lam cho quy trinh ra quyd't djnh minh bach hon nhd cac bien phap tu van va tham gia rong rai cua cong ddng N hu vay, thf du nhu doi vdi quy hoach mang ludi giao thdng, d ca'p nay la danh gia lira chon cac tuyd'n khac nhau va cac phuong thurc giao thdng khac nhau, cung nhu quan ly nhu ciiu hoac la dua ra cac giai phap chid'n luoc thay the' co tfnh kha thi

Nhung tfnh chat, noi dung khac biet co ban nhat giua DTM m6t du an cdng trinh cu the’ va D M C ddi vdi cac chid'n luoc, quy hoach, ke hoach, chuong trinh phat trien kinh te' - xa hoi dirge the hien mot each tom tat d bang 1.1 d u d id a y :

Bang 1.1 Nlurng su khac nhau giua danh gia tac dong moi truong (DTM)

va danh gia moi truong chien luoc (DMC)

1 STT Danh gia tac dong moi trirong

Doi tugng cua DTM la mot du an

phat trien cu the, nhir la cac dir an

ddu tir nha may, xf nghiep, cac

benh vien, khach san, cac bai chon

lfip rac, cac cdu, duong, cac

cang,v.v vai cac tac dong m6i

trircmg co tfnh dac thu, co tinh dia

phuang va co the giam thieu blng

cac giai phap ky thuat

Doi tugng nghien cuu cua DMC la cac chien luge, quy hoach/ke hoach, chuang trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vung, dia phmmg,

do thi, nganh, co tfnh tong hgp cao, da dang vi loai hinh phat trien

va tac dong moi truong co tinh tong hgp, tich luy tren mot pham

vi rong Ion

t 1

2

Muc tieu :

Nhan dang, du bao, phan tich va

danh gia cac tac dong moi truong

ciia Du an, tu do d6 xuat cac bien

phap (dac biet la cac bien phap ky

thuat cu the) nhlm phat huy cac tac

dong tich circ va giam thieu cac tac

dong tieu cuc bao dam dat TCMT

cua m6t Dir an phat trien kinh te -

xa hoi cu thd

Nhan dang, du bao va danh gia t6ng hgp ve cac h&u qua moi truong cua viec thuc hien cac chien luge, quy hoach/ke hoach, chuang trinh, nhdm dam bao, l6ng ghep mot cach day du cac xem xet cac van di moi truong sam nhat va

ngang bdng vai cac xem xet ve muc tieu phat tri£n KT-XH trong qua trinh hoach djnh cac chien luge, chuang trinh, quy hoach/ke: hoach phat trien theo dinh huang phat trilri bin vftng.

3

Quy trinh thuc hien :

DTM la mot qua trinh xem xet,

danh gia vi mat moi truong doi, vai

mot dir an phat tri£?n da dugc de

xutft cu the, da dugc xac dinh Tuc

la, tien hanh DTM sau khi hinh hai

cua mot du an phat trien da dugc

xac dinh Sir bdt ddu va ket thuc

cua DTM ro rang

' DMC dugc ti£n hanh song song vai qua trinh x3y dung, hoach djnh cac chien luge, quy hoach/ ke hoach, chuang trinh I6ng ghep mot cach huu ca viec xem xet, cdn nhde moi truong vao suot qua trinh

va a bdt ky thai diem nao cua qua trinh hoach dinh chien lirgc, quy hoach/ke hoach, chuang trinh nhlm muc dich dieu chinh, sira chua noi dung cua cac chien luge, quy hoach/ke hoach, chuang trinh

do theo dinh huong phat trien btn

vung

Bang /./ (tiep theo)

San pham chu yeu :

Dua ra cac bien phap giam thieu 6

nhidm moi trudng,'c&ng nghe giam

thieu nguon thai* xu ly 6 nhidm,

quan ly va quan trac mdi truong,.-/

trong giai doan chu&n bi x&y dung,

giai doan thi cong x&y dung cung

nhu trong giai doan Win hanh du an

de du an dat tidu chu&i moi truong

Dua ra cac de xu&t co tfnh dinh hudng phat tridn, dieu chinh hoach dinh chid'n luge, quy hoach/ ke hoach, chuong trinh va long ghep

!ciac muc tidU moi trudng vao qua trinh hoach dinh chien luge, quy hoach/ke' hoach, chuong trinh phat trien KT-XH, de xu&'t chid'n luge

va quy hoach BVMT de? dam bao phat trien bdn vung ve mat moi trudng

1.3 MUC TlfiU CUA DMC

Noi mot cach ng&n gon, DM C la mdt phirong tien de hoach dinh chien luge, quy hoach hay ke hoach phat tridn dat hieu qua hon, dam bao su phat tri6n ben vung kinh te - xa hoi va mdi trudng

D M C co the duoc su dung trong 3 cach hd tro cho viec lap chien luoc, quy hoach va k£ hoach :

- La m ot cdng cu ket hap hay co cau hd tro, tao di6u kien va cai thien su

phat tridn, ra soat lai cac chien luoc, quy hoach, ke hoach v t mat mdi trudng

(chinh vi vay ma xac djnh duoc mdi trudng cd hieu qua);

- La mot phuong thuc kiem nghiem tinh ben vilng m di trudng cua cac chien luoc, quy hoach hay ke hoach da duoc dd xuat (hay se duoc sua chua, didu chinh lai) hoac cua nhung quyet djnh da dua ra;

- La mot phuong tien kiem tra viec thuc hien cac chien luoc, quy hoach

va ke hoach, ddng thdi ndm duoc cac thdng tin phan hdi tir cac chien luoc, quy hoach va ke hoach do

Muc tieu chu yeu cua D M C la ket hop viec xem xet mdi trudng va phat trien b£n vung trong cac hoat dong de xuat d cac muc do cao nhat, xuyen suot moi linh virc cua viec hoach djnh chien luoc, quy hoach va ke hoach

C dc m uc tieu cu the ciia D M C n h u sau :

- Xac dinh tac dpng moi truong tidm an dang ke cua cac chien luoc, quy hoach va ke hoach, cung nhu cac chu truong chid'n luoc khac va dd xua't eac bien phap co thd giam di cac hieu ung bat loi va tang them eac hau qua tfchcue;

- Tien hanh xem xet danh gia, du bao cac hieu qua cua cac hoat dong dupe dd xua't, cung nhu cac tac dong cua chung doi voi m6i trirdng;

- Vach ra nhung rui ro/ nhung van d£ con chua chdc chan khi danh gia cac hoat dong cua chid'n luoc, quy hoach hay kd' hoach

- Thu thap cac thong tin can thid't de hoach dinh chien luoc, quy hoach

va ke hoach co eo so hpp ly va can doi; va

- Dam bao rang eac hoat dong cua chid'n luoc, quy hoach, kd' hoach phat trien dupe de xuat va viec thuc hien trien khai cac dd xua't do phu hpp voi nhung nguyen tac hay nhfrng chfnh sach da dupe cong nhan ve phat trien bdn vung

1.4 CAC NGUYEN TAC CUA DMC

Trong tai lieu Huong dan : Danh gia Moi truong Chid'n luoc cua Nam Phi (DEAT va CSIR, 2000) da d6 ra nhung nguydn tac cua DMC nhu sau:

- D M C dupe van hanh dua tren khai niem bdn vung;

- D M C xac dinh cac thuan loi va han che' vd m6i trucmg khi thuc hidn cac chid'n luoc, quy hoach, ke hoach va chuong trinh phat tridn;

- D M C thid't lap cac muc do cha't lupng moi trucmg hay cac gidi han thay doi co the chap nhan dupe;

- D M C la mot quy trinh linh hoat, co thd didu chinh phu hpp theo chu ky cua phat tridn cac ITnh vuc va lap chid'n luoc, quy hoach va kd' hoach;

- D M C la m ot quy trinh chid'n luoc moi trucmg bat d lu cung vdi quy trinh lap quy hoach, ke hoach va chuong trinh phat tridn;

- D M C co vai tro nhu mot phucmg phap tiep can co ca'p bac cho vide danh gia va quan ly moi trudng ddi vdi CL, QH, KH phat trien;

Bang 1.1 (tiep theo)

4

Tinh c h a t:

DTM co tinh chi tiet cu thi hon

DTM mang tfnh ung pho doi voi

cac tac dong moi trudng tieu circ

cua Du an, bdi vi DTM duac tien

hanh danh gia cac tac dong va de

xuat cac giai phap dap ung BVMT

ddi vdi phuong an phat trien da

dugc lira chgn

DMC cd tfnh tdng hgp han

DMC cd tinh chu dong cao the hien d viec :

- Ra soat cac phuang an thay the

de lira chon phuang an tdi uu nha't;

- Phan tich, hoi co (backcast) qua khu va du doan tuong lai de xay dung mot loat cac kich ban dua tren mot tam nhin toan dien, du doan hau qua mdi trudng cd the xay ra, de thay doi phuang an hoach dinh

, 5 .

Phuong phap danh gid :

Cac phuang phap danh gia thudng

dugc ap dung trong DTM la : ma

tran, liet ke, bang kiim tra, dir bao

moi trudng bang mo hinh tinh toan,

v.v

Thudng chi tap trung quan tam den

tac dong moi trudng true tiep cua

Du an, ft quan tam den cac tac

dong moi trudng gian tiep, tfch luy

va tuong ho

DMC nghien cuu tat ca cac tac dong mdi trudng true tiep, gian tiep va dac biet la tac dong tich luy

va tac dong tuong hd cua chien luge, quy hoach/ke hoach, chuong trinh phat trien, bdi vi cac ddi tirgng danh gia cua DMC cd quy

md ldn, da dang, bao gdm rat nhieu du an cu the; phuang phap danh gia thudng dugc dung la : phuang phap chuyen gia; fna tran, liet ke, mang va sa dd h6 thong, phan tfch xu hudng, chong ghep ban do va phuang phap GIS

6

Chi thi danh gid, so sanh :

DTM thudng xac dinh dugc tac

dong ddi vdi moi trudng Co mifc: do

chi tiet ve mat ky thuat va cd muc

do dinh lugng cao, dugc danh gia

so sanh vdi cac tri sd, gidi han chi

thi mdi trudng cho phep theo tieu

chuan chat lugng moi trudng va

tieu chuan thai chat thai (TCVN)

DMC thudng danh gia cac hau qua mdi trudng d muc do khai quat, d muc do dinh tfnh va phi ky thuat

DMC thudng lay sir ben vutig ve

mat moi trudng de lam chi thi

danh gia va so sanh

- D M C la mot quy trinh co sir tham gia cua cong dong va cac nganh hiru

y • ■ •' ! ,1 '■ j' j 1: J i 7 0 :

- DM C thiet lap trong hoan canh cua cac chuoi phuong an lua chon; va

- D M C bao gom cac khai niem ve du bao va lien tuc cai thien

Canada cung la qudc gia xay dung cac nguyen tic rieng vd DMC Co quan Danh gia Moi truong Canada da dua ra cac huong d in thuc hien Nghi dinh cua Chfnh phu vd DTM, da d in ra cac nguyen t ic DM C nhu sau:

- Ket hop trudc/ ket hop d iy du cac phan tfch vd c i c xem xet moi truong thanh quy trinh phat trien chfnh sach, ke hoach hay chuong trinh va cin b it dau sdm nhat viec xem xet cac hieu ung moi trudng theo cac giai doan hoach dinh du an

- Kiem tra cac phuong an lua chon/ udc tfnh va so sanh cac hieu ung mdi trudng cua cac phuong an lua chon trong viec phat trien cua mot chfnh sach, ke hoach hay chuong trinh mdi, dd la mot trong cac khfa canh quan trong nhat doi vdi bat cu DM C nao

- Tfnh linh hoat : hudng d in cua co quan Nha nude vd quan ly moi trudng chi la su tu vin ma khdng dd ra quy tac b it budc tuan thu Cac Bo va cac td chuc hoach dinh CS, QH, CT tu suy xet than trong de xac, dinh ro vd cach thuc hien DMC cua minh

- Tu danh gia - tung bo/nganh va td chUc co trach nhiem tien hanh thuc hien D M C ddi vdi cac chfnh sach, ke' hoach va chuong trinh do minh dd xuit, xac djnh ro cach tid'n hanh danh gia, trinh bay danh gia va bao cao vd cac phat hien

- Muc do phan tfch phu hop : pham vi phan tfch tuong ung vdi muc do cua cac hau qua mdi trudng cd thd biet duoc

- Viec chju trach nhiem D M C cd vai tro la mot phan cua quy trinh co trach nhiem giai trinh vide ra quye't dinh trong Chfnh phu lidn bang

- Su dung cac co che' hien co : cac B6 va cac td chuc hoach djnh CS, QH,

CT can su dung cac co che hien cd, khi tien hanh phan tfch cac hieu ung moi trudng co su lidn he vdi cong ddng neu cin, danh gia su thuc thi va bao cao

ve cac ket qua dat duoc

Hiep hoi Quoc te vd Danh gia Tac dong (IAIA) da phat trien m pt ,tap hop cac tieu chi thuc hien ddi voi DMC Cac tieu chi nay nh lm muc dfch

-cung cap hudng dan tdng quat trong viec phat trien cac quy trinh D M C mdi

va trong viec danh gia cac quy trinh D M C hien co (IAIA, 2002) Cac tieu chi thuc hien D M C cua IAIA (2002) nham dam bao mot quy trinh D M C c o

- Mang tinh tham gia (thdng bao va lien ddi tdi cac co quan Nha nude cung nhu nhung ngudi quan tam va cong ddng bi tac dong trong qua trinh ra quydt dinh)

- Mang tinh lap lai (bao dam rang cac ket qua danh gia la day du va sdm nha't de kip thdi phan anh trong viec ra quydt dinh va lap CS, QH, CT)

1.5 CAC BUOC TlfiN HANH VA CAC GIAI DOAN Cl)A DMC

Theo Rob Verheem, Uy ban DTM Na Uy, cd the phan chia quy trinh

D M C thanh 9 budc va 4 giai doan nhu sau :

a Chin budc

Xac dinh pham v i :

1 Tim cac ben lien quan va cac va'n dd li6n quan va thdng bao bat dau cua quy trinh DMC

2 Didu tra, danh gia boi canh xay dung mot tam nhin ddng gop cho cac

TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

3 Chu trong phan tich v i tinh chac chan : cac difeu mdi va trai ngiroe voi

cac muc tieu hien co

Danh gia :

4 Thiet lap TOR (dieu khoan tham chieu) de danh gia cac phirong an lira chon diroc d6 xuat

5 Chu trong danh gia dua tren cac tai lieu co minh chung

6 Thiet lap to chuc (doc lap) dam bao chat luong

Ra quyet dinh :

7 Thao luan vdi tat ca cac ben lien quan v i phuong an lira chon de chon

phuong an phu hop hon

8 Thuc day thao luan (co tinh chien luge) tren van ban

Kiem tra chat lugng :

9 KiSm tra chat lugng thuc hien va thao luan v i cac ket qua.

h Bon giai doan cua D M C

Giai doan I - lam sdng to van de

(1) Thong bao bat dau DMC

(2) Tao su nhat tri cho cac ben lien quan v i cac van de, cac muc tieu va

cac phuong an lua chon

(3) Tim ra cac muc tieu hien co trong nudc/khu virc/theo lTnh vuc va co cac muc tieu mdi nao la phu hgp vdi cac muc tieu cu khong

Giai doan 2 - danh gia ky thuat

(4) Thiet lap TOR danh gia ky thuat

(5) Tien hanh danh gia, chuan bi va cdng bd tai lieu va in a'n, ddng thdi

td chuc he thdng dam bao chat lugng tot

Giai doan 3 - S u dung cac thdng tin de ra quyet dinli

(6) Cac ben lien quan cung thao luan v i cac ket qua va khuyen cao cho

nhung ngudi ra quyet dinh

Giai doan 4 - Kiem tra vd danh gia quyet dinh cuoi cung.

1.6 NHUNG THUAN LOI VA TRO NGAI CUA VIEC TIEN HANH DMC

Thuan lgi lan nhat doi vai DM C a nuac ta la trbng'Luat BVM T (2005)

va Nghi dinh cua Chfnh phu ve Hucmg d in thirc hien Luat BVMT vira mai dirge ban hanh ddu da co cac didu khoan quy dinh ro rang vd DTM va DMC

a nirac ta

Kho khan/ tra ngai lan nhat doi vai DM C a nirac ta la thieu nguon luc (nhan luc - chuyen gia, v&t lire - cac phirang tien ky thuat danh gia moi trucmg va tai lire - kinh phf d&nh cho DMC) va nhan thuc cua c a quan quan

ly nha nuac, ciia cac doanh nghiep, cung nhu cua cong dong vd D M C con yeu kern

D M C la mot cong cu quan ly moi truong mai, co tfnh tong hgp va khong dan gian, khong nhung doi vai nuac ta ma con doi voi nhieu nuac tren the giai Bang 1.2 duai day giai thieu tong ket cac thuan lgi va kho khan/ tra ngai theo kinh nghiem cua cac nirac tren the giai khi thirc hien D M C [45]

Bang 1.2 Thuan lgi va kho khan/ tra ngai cua viec thuc hien DMC

■ Nhieu to chirc chfnh quydn con ft

quan t&m tai chfnh sach va cac dd xuat

quy hoach/ ke hoach, chuang trinh dua

ra de dinh gia, co noi lo m£t di sir kiem

soat, quyen lire va su anh huang ciia ho

khi thirc hien quy trinh DMC;

■ Han che nhan thuc vd lgi fch tidm In

ciia DMC trong s6 cac quan chuc cao

cap (ca trong Chfnh phu va cac to chuc

tai trq) va nghi ngd vd tfnh thiet thuc

ciia cac ket qua DMC;

■ Thieu ngu6n luc cho cac nghien cuu

co tfn h ca ban, cap thiet a cac giai doan

ban dia trong viec chuln bi cac chuang

trinh Ihtf trg DMC;

■ Che rang thuc hien DMC se tang

them chi phf dang ke va tang khoi lugng

cong vec, tang sue ep kho khan cho cac

to chuc chiu trach nhiem;

■ DMC la mot quy trinh ro rang, h6 trgvao viec quan ly co hieu qua; ho trg ra quyet dinh duac thua nh^n va hai hoa, tang cuang chiu trach nhiem va xay dung sir tin tuang va niem tin ciia cong

■ Co glng lam sang to vai trp va tinh

thiet thuc cua DMC se cai thien sif hieu

biet ve mire do, thai diem va vai tro ciia DMC, co the h6 trg cac can bo c£p cao hoan thanh trach nhidm ciia ho tot han;

■ Dlu tu cho DMC co the tiet kiem dugc thai gian va chi phf sira lai cac hau qua sau nay ciia cac phat trien khong phu hgp do nhirng quyet dinh yeu kern

va khong chfnh xac;

■ Chic chin ring chi phf cho DMC se giam dan qua thai gian, khi DMC dugc thd che' hoa (mat khac, DMC se co tac dung lam cho chi phf DTM cac du an cu the lidn tuc giam );:•■

■ DMC se lam tang khung thori gian

trong viec ra quyet dinh hay tri hoan sir

phat trien dugc dd xu£t;

■ Thieu huong d&n ro rang va thieu cac

phuong phap kiem tra va thu nghidm;

■ Cac ranh giai/ve chiu trach nhiem va

trach nhiem thuc hien DMC khong ro

rang;

■ Cac 1 6 chuc tai trg quoc te va cac

quoc gia tiep nh&n tai trg ddu thieu

nguai thuc hien thanh thao v i cac

phuong phap tiep c&n DMC;

■ Nhu ciu dao tao va thud them nh&n

lire cho muc dich nay la rat Ion

■ Khi ap dung phu hgp va tu ban d£u, quy trinh danh gia DMC dugc ket hgp hai hoa trong quy trinh ra quyd't dinh;

■ Cac nguyen tile, phucmg phap va huong d&n DMC co hieu luc qu6c td' va

co the dugc nhieu to chuc quoc te thao ra;

■ Co the x&y dung cach thurc hoat dong cua cac he thdng DMC quoc gia dua tren co so cac cong cu phap ly quoc te

va kinh nghiem thuc te v i DMC;

■ DSu tu vao viec n&ng cao nh&n thuc

va dao tao v i DMC co the phat trien cac

ky nang ya nang luc;

■ Viec dao tao co thi mang lai lgi ich

ve cai thien viec ra quyet dinh, giarn thdi gian va lang phi de sua chua cac v&'n de phat sinh tieu cuc sau nay, dong

thai thuc d iy phat trien bin vung hon.

1.7 CAC LOI ICH CUA DMC

Vi tri vai tro cua D M C trong quy trinh ra quyet dinh : co the su* dung

D M C de danh gia cac chinh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach hay chuong trinh dang dirge thuc hien; hay sir dung D M C dd danh gia, phat tridn va didu chinh mot chinh sach, ke hoach hay chuong trinh trong qua trinh dd xuat Dac didm nay phu thudc vao sir 16ng ghep D M C trong cac giai doan cua quy trinh ra quyet dinh va phu thudc vao cac ben lien quan

Ngoai ra, D M C vira co vai tro ung hd tich cue muc dich co ban cua danh gia la d d nang cao chat lugng va cai thien trang thai cua moi trucmg, vira co vai tro ket hgp/tong hgp, tap trung vao viec hoa hgp cac xem xet vd moi truong, xa hoi va kinh te (Komov va Thinssen, 2000)

Thong qua vide ket hgp cac muc tieu moi truong, xa hoi va kinh te trong qua trinh lap chinh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach va chuong trinh, D M C co kha nang h6 trg viec thirc hien muc tieu phat trien bdn vung D M C con co kha nang thuc day he thdng l6ng ghep, kSt hop cac muc tieu phat trien bdn vung trong quy trinh lap quy hoach, ke hoach, vf du nhu viec xac dinh vi tri phat

trien thfch hop va viec danh gia xem xet v i phuong an lua chon cua cac

chfnh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach va chuong trinh (Therivel va Partidario, 1996).

Co the he thong hoa cac loi fch cua D M C nhu sau :

- D M C co thd cung co va giup cho DTM du an cu the co hieu qua hon, nhd co :

+ Trinh bay vd pham vi cac phuong an lua chon bao quat hon;

•+ Xac dinh cac tac dong tfch luy thdng qua viec xac dinh cac gidi han thay doi co the chap nhan duoc cho mot khu vuc hay ITnh virc cu thd;

+ Tao didu kien duy tri va thuc daiy vd mot muc do lira chon chat luong moi trudng lam co sd thuc hien trong DTM doi vdi du an cu the;

- D M C khong chi lam ro cac dau hieu cua su huy hoai mdi trudng ma con neu ra nhung nguyen nhan cua cac suy thoai mdi trudng;

- D M C co kha nang hd tro trong viec long ghep, ket hop khai niem phat tridn bdn vung trong viec ra quyet dinh chien luoc, vf du nhu viec xac dinh

ro cac gidi han vd su thay doi cd thd chap nhan duoc va viec xac dinh cac muc tidu ben vung va cac chi thi, qua dd dam bao cho sir phat trien nam trong cac gidi han bdn vung;

- D M C cung cap co sd thuc hien cho cac muc do lap quy hoach va ra quydt dinh d ca'p thap hon;

- D M C cung cap co sd cho viec xem xet cac didu kien mdi trudng, va kinh te-xa hoi cd he thdng hon d cac mure do chfnh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach va chuong trinh trong vide ra quydt dinh; va

- D M C dua vao su tham gia cua cong ddng, cac td churc phi chfnh phu va cac td chtic khac ngay tu giai doan dau cua quy trinh danh gia Mdi lidn he cac bdn lidn quan dd se tao didu kidn tang cudng kha nang cha'p nhan cua cong ddng trong viec thuc thi cac chfnh sach, quy hoach, kd hoach hay chuong trinh

Dudi day dua ra mot sd nhan dinh, danh gia cua mot sd nha lanh dao

cua cac nude D dng Au vd loi fch cua DM C (Nguon : UNDPIREC 2003) :

• D at duoc mdi trudng vd p h a t trien ben vung

DMC giup hai hoa cac muc tieu de ra khac nhau theo cac khu vuc hanh chinh va cac theo linh vuc khac nhau D M C da hd tro viec danh gia trong pham vi day du cac phuong an lua chon va cac kha nang lua chon so vdi cac muc tieu tong thd Danh gia hd tro viec thiet ke cac quy hoach, ke hoach thuc hien bdn vung vd moi trudng cho cac lira chon chien luoc duoc uu tien hon nhu :

"DM C ve quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien Q uoc gia ldn th u nhat ciia Ba Lan d d cung cap cho chung tdi nhiing Idi khuyen huu ich trong viec xem xet cac van de mdi trudng duac cai thien DMC cd Ung dung rong han va con cd the duac su dung soon than cac tai lieu khac C hung tdi cd the sit dung cac hdi hoc thu duac vd xay dung phuong phap luan trong tuong l a i ”. (Piotr Zuber, Bo trudng Bo Chinh sach Kinh te, Lao dong va Xa hoi, Ba Lan)

• C ung co cac quy trinh hoach dinh chinh sach, quy hoach/ke hoach vd

c huan g trinh

D M C giup didu hoa cac muc dich va muc tidu dd ra Nhu vay, hd tro cho viec ra quyet dinh tap trung cu thd vao viec phat trien bdn vung Hon nua, danh gia DM C cung hd tro trong viec phoi hop giua cac co quan quan ly nha nude vd mdi trudng va cac co quan hoach dinh chinh sach, quy hoach/ke hoach va chuong trinh DMC hd tro td chuc tot hon cho cac he thong ra quyet dinh qua viec giam di su phuc tap trong cac van dd mdi trudng d cac cap quy hoach/ke hoach khac nhau, nhu :

D M C hd tra chung tdi trong viec cai thien chat luong Chuong trinh hoat ddng cac khu vuc cua Hungari Cac de xua't cua chuong trinh nay thudng khong xet den tdi nguyen thien nhien lam c o s d cho bat ky m dt lioat dong kinh te nao Cac van de lien quan mdi trudng chu yeu d d duoc xac dinli vd dieu nay giup cluing toi xem xet thdng tin nay qua quy trinh quy hoach/ke hoach day du DM C cung tao dieu kien cho s u ph o i hop cua chitng tdi vdi Bo M di trudng, cac Bo theo linh vuc khac, ciing n h u cac c o quan quan ly dia phuong trong viec danh gid mot cach lac quan ve chuong trinh ”

(Ba Agnes Somfai, Thu tuong Hungary)

• Tiet Hem th di gian vd tien bac ■ iDM( dira ra dir bao som ve cac lira chon co tfnh nguy hai vd moi trucmg

Vi vay r?n tiet kiem duoc thai gian va tien bac khi khong tfnh den cac lua chon kh-ng chac chan truoc khi sir dung cac ngu6n tai nguydn trong viec phat trie; va giam thieu tac hai hay co thd tranh dau tu cho cac bien phap xir

ly DM ( cung cho phep cac nha quy hoach/ke' hoach tap hop va phan tfch hieu quasu tiep nhan cac y kien tir cac bdn lien quan tuong irng nhu :

“V ic ung dung triet de D M C se giup chung toi tranh duoc nhung van

de site h o e cua cong dong tren quy me) Ion khi ra cac quyet dinh chien luac

co van le ve moi tru d n g ”. (Ba Mojca Gruntar-Cinc, Bo trucmg Bd Y td Slovenia

• C ai hien hoat dong cua Chinh phu vd niem tin cua cong ddng trong viec ra iuyet dinh

DMT lam ro rang, minh bach toan bo viec ra quyet dinh chien luge, giup ta< nidm tin cua cong dong doi voi cac quyet dinh do Qua v id d c h o phep ngroi ra quyet dinh xem xet som vd cac lira chon ciia cac ben lidn quan chfnh tong quy trinh lap quy hoach/ke hoach, D M C lam giam di nguy co bd tac tron; qua trinh ra quyet dinh Ngoai ra, D M C con co kha nang ho trg tang cumg sir ling ho tir cac ben lien quan dd'i v6i chfnh sach va vide thirc hidn ch;ih sach do nhu :

“D 4C rat huu ich trong ke hoach phat trien Quoc gia Cong hoa Sec

D M C a mang lai loi ich ngoai muc tieu co bdn ve dam bad xem xet toan dien cut viec phat trien ben vung trong quy trinh lap ke hoach D M C gulp chung di cai thien viec m d rong toan bo quy trinh lap ke' hoach t$dng thdi

• I - , % ‘ " / * • ! »

thiet lev m di lien he “cau n o i” giua nhom lap ke hoach va cSnS dong

C hungtdi danh gia rat cao net dac trung tich cuc nay ciia £)AtfC(Tomas

Nejdl, lo trirong Bo Phat trien Khu vuc, Cong hoa Sec).

1.8 TKJI GIAN VA CHI PHI CHO DMC

C( y kien cho rang DM C se gay ra nhirng tro ngai trong viec ra quyet dinh v\ tang them chi phf dang ke, cung nhu tang khoi luong cong viec va chiu sre ep kho khan cho cac td chiic ra quyet dinh Song chac chan chi phf nay segiam dan qila thoi gian khi da dugc the che hoa (khi ma chi phf DTM

lien tuc giam do co D M C ) Kinh nghiem cho thay chi phi DM C thudng chiem mot ti le nhd so vdi tdng chi phi phat trien - thdng thudng nho hon 1% chi phf thuc hien du an va cd the chi la 0,1%, theo kinh nghiem cua Ngan hang The gidi va Hoa Ky (Mercier 1995, Cohen 1997) [45],

Cho den nay cac thong tin cong khai vfe chi phf thuc hien D M C con ft Song cac thong tin do dfeu duoc danh gia cao Nghien curu cua Uy ban Chau

Au ve loi fch cua D M C da nhan thay rang viec van dung D M C trong lap ke hoach sir dung dat khu vuc va dia phuong thudng lam tang chi phf lap quy hoach khoang 5-10% (EC 1996) Hon nua, tir cac vf du thuc te vfe D M C con cho thay co trudng hop D M C chi lam tang chi phf lap du an dudi 5% [45], Cac chi phf nay co the coi nhu khong dang ke so vdi chi phf thirc hifen tdng thfe cho cac quy hoach/ke hoach, chuong trinh va cac chfnh sach, cung nhu

so vdi chi phf tdn that mdi trudng Ngoai ra, cac chi phf co hoi khi khong thuc hifen D M C lai ldn hon chi phf khi thuc hien DM C D M C cd the xac dinh ro cac mdi lifen kfet ben ngoai trong cac van d£ phat trifen va ket hop cac van de dd thanh mot khuon kho lifen kfet chat che dfe cd thfe phat trifen tai nguyen va moi trudng hop ly nhat cung nhu dua ra cac ket qua quy hoach/ke hoach tot nhat

DM C la su kfet hop dSy du cac quy trinh chfnh sach, ke hoach va chuong trinh co xu hudng chung la giam bdt chi phf tdn kem va hieu qua hon, khi ldng ghep DM C vao chu ky lap quy hoach/kfe hoach tir dau dfen cudi Sir dung cac phan sd lifeu thu duoc tir D M C trong cac giai doan khac nhau cua

he thdng cap bac quy hoach/ke hoach se lam tang hieu qua cua vifec ra quyet dinh

Phan ldn chi phf cho thuc hien DM C thudng la chi phf cho cac giai doan (cac budc) thuc hien ban dau, nhu la chi phf cho xac dinh pham vi, chi phf cho thu thap thong tin, chi phf cho khao sat danh gia bdi canh mdi trirdng, v.v Cac budc sau ciia quy trinh thuc hifen DM C thudng cd chi phf ft hmi, vi

co the tien hanh dua trfen cac kinh nghiem cd san

C huong 2

T O N G Q U A N VE T IN H H IN H AP D U N G DM C

TREN T H E GlCil VA T R O N G NUOC

2.1 TONG QUAN VE TINH HINH AP DUNG DMC TREN THE GIOI

2.1.1 Su phat trien cua DM C tren The gioi

Lich sir phat trien D M C duoc khdi dau tu My Luat ve Chinh sach moi trudng qudc gia cua My (NEPA, 1969) da yeu cau chuan bi Bao cao giai trinh tac dong mdi trudng ddi vdi cac hoat dong ldn co tac dong den mdi trudng dang ke Cac hoat dong do bao g6m ca cac du an va chuong trinh, quy hoach va chfnh sach, v.v , duoc xac dinh bdi Hoi dong vd chat luong moi trudng (CEQ) cap Lien bang [5J Vao nhung nam trudc 1990, phuong thuc tiep can D M C da bat dau duoc sir dung trong danh gia tac dong moi trudng mot sd d u an trong diem, cd pham vi anh hudng ldn, vf du nhu quy hoach quan ly - khai thac luu vuc song, d mot sd nude nhu Anh qudc, Niu Diian, Uc, .| 16J

Giai doan 1991 den 2001, he thdng D M C rat da dang da bat dau duoc hinh thanh va ap dung d nhidu nude

Tai Chau Au, Hiep dinh v i danh gia tac dong moi trudng (DTM) xuydn

bidn gidi (con goi la Hiep dinh Epsoo (Helsinki, 1991) da dat nen mong cho

D M C vao nam 1991 [16],

Nam 2001 danh dau mdt giai doan mdi ciia su phat trien DMC, giai doan hudng tdi su chuan hoa quy trinh, noi dung va pham vi ap dung D M C d Chau Au, vdi su ra ddi ciia Ban chi thi so 2001/42/EC ciia Nghi vien Chau

An EC v i yeu cau D M C ddi vdi cac chfnh sach, ke hoach, chuong trinh

va thd che hoa D M C vao m6i nude d khu vuc noi tren

Theo kinh nghiem cua nhidu nude, co quan lap chmh sach, ke hoach, chuong trinh co nhiem vu chuan bi ca DMC V i du nhu d My, Bp Phai tridn Nha va Do thi (HUD) chu&n bi Bao cao DM C cho cac du an phat trien do thj, Bp Giao thong chuan bj DM C cho he thdng rada cua san bay, [351 DMC cd the la mot phan cua du thao chmh sach, kd hoach, chuong trinh hay

la mot tai lieu tach rdi Trong mot sd trirdng hpp, DM C cd the’ dupe chuan

bi vdi su tham gia cua co quan bao ve mdi trudng V i du nhu he thdng D M C

d Ha Lan Uy ban Bao ve mdi trudng qudc gia cd the hd tro viec chuan bi

DM C cho nhung chmh sach, ke hoach, chuong trinh co nhung anh hudng nghiem trong tdi mdi trudng

Theo Sadler [22], cd thd phan loai he thdng D M C thanh 4 dang sau: dua vao Luat Danh gia tac dong mdi trudng (dien hinh la My); dua ra cac quy djnh ve lap ke hoach (dien binh la Thuy Didn); ban hanh song song cac phap lenh hanh chinh va cac chi thj ve chinh sach (dien hinh la Canada) va dang thu 4 la tham dinh chmh sach va danh gia ke hoach mot cach hai hoa (nhu o Anh qudc)

- C5 Canada: nhu la mot DTM m d rong;

- Hinh thanh he thong cd 02 bac (vi du n h u d Ha Lan) : DMC bat budc doi vdi cac chuong trinh va ke hoach chuyen nganh cu the va “Kiem tra mditru d n g ” dupe ap dung cho cac chien luoc;

Tnng hau het cac trudng hop, DMC d cac nude dang phat trien co mucdich vi cach tiep can chu yeu la xac dinh cac hau qua moi trudng, cac anh

hudng kinh te, xa hoi cua cac chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach va chuongtrinh ding co hieu luc hoac mdi sira doi Cd m ot trudng hop rieng d NamPhi mri day, DM C ve “Danh gia anh hudng cua moi trudng den cac nhu

khd kian, ca ve tieu chi danh gia, kha nang tong hgp, nguon thong tin,

r f

nen vi:c ap dung phuong thirc nay thudng gap be tac, kho kha thi

O c nuoc Dong va Trung Au dang trai qua giai doan thay doi ldn ve hanh hinh, phat trien ha tang co sd va tu nhan hoa cac nganh, cac doanh nghiej trudc day thuoc Nha nude Mac du DTM mdi chi ap dung d cac

O mot vai nude thuoc SNG khong phan biet giua DTM vdi DMC Phap uat ciia ho quy dinh cac luat, quy hoach, ke hoach, chuong trinh va cac d" an deu phai thirc hien Danh gia moi trudng 0 nhirng nude nay, he thongCo quan giam dinh moi trudng (State Environmental Expertise - SEE) trudrclay van con dugc sir dung dudi khung luat mdi (Belarusia, Kazaxtan, lJcr;ai.a va Gruzia) Tren thuc te, ngoai LB Nga, DMC rat it hoac khong

p h a t tien d cac nude nay

EV1C duoc thuc hien, ap dung chii yeu cho cac quy hoach, ke hoachviing/a dia phuong, cho cac chuong trinh phat trien Cach tiep can nay dua

vao cc he thong quy hoach sir dung dat da dugc thiet lap kha tot d cac nude

xa hoi chu nghTa trudc day Tru Xlovakia va Cong hoa Sec, hau n h u khdng

cd cac DMC d cap chinh sach Tuy nhien, D M C la mot uu tien trong

P huong phap nay dupe sir dung d giai doan sdm nhat cd the cua qua trinh ra

DMC cap chinh sach cung da tiep thu nhieu kinh nghiem, phat trien va

ap dung cac chien luge phat trien ben vung cap quoc gia (NationalSustainable Development Strategies) va cac cach tiep can tuong irng nhu

cac quy hoach, ke hoach hanh dong moi trucmg quoc gia, cac chien luge baoton, cac chucmg trinh xanh, v.v

Bang 2.1 Cac quy djnh phap ly ve DMC & mot so niroc phat trien [22, 23J

Ao

- Dao luat bao ve moi truong

1986/93 cho phep Danh gia

moi truong cac chuong trinh,

ke hoach, quy hoach va chien

luge Khong co quy trinh

DMC doi voi cac dao luat,

quyet dinh cua Chinh phu

hoac ngan sach quoc gia

Khong co cac yeu cau chinh thuc

r

doi voi quy trinh

BVMT xac djnh cho tung trirong hgp cu the

(EPA) xac dinh khung, noi dung, thai gian va quy trinh tham dinh

- Ban Huong dan cua Chinh

>

phu nam 1990 yeu cau cac to

chuc va co quan cua Lien

Canada bang ap dung Danh gia moi

> / /

trudng cho cac de xuat chien

luge va chuong trinh truoc

khi trinh Chinh phu xem xet

Khong co cac yeu cau chinh thuc ddi vdi quy trinh

hudng dan ky thuat

Cac Bo trudng cd trach nhiem tutham dinh cac de

f

xuat tir co1 quan va

td chuc cua Bo minh

- Quy dinh hanh chinh 1993

yeu cau cac du luat va cac de

xuat khac len Qudc hoi can

cd danh gia cac tac dong mdi

trudng trong van ban kern

theo, neu theo du bao chung

se co tac tac dong manh den

mdi trudng

Khdng cd cac yeu cau chinh thuc doi vdi quy trinh

hudng dan ky thuat

lanh dao cua cac

Bo, huong dan do

Bo Mdi truong cung cap (ban hanh)

- Thdng bao noi bd thang 6

nam 1993 yeu cau sang loc

va tham dinh tat ca cac ke

hoach hanh dong cua Hoi

ddng (hau het cd tinh chat

chien luge) va cac de xuat

phap ly mdi neu chung cd the

gay ra cac tac dong mdi

phdng cua Hoi ddng

Rang buoc cac thanh vien cua

- Sang kien cua Chinh phu

thang 10/1992 yeu cau cac

van ban, chinh sach de trinh

len Hoi dong dieu hanh phai

chua mot phan noi dung lien

quan den moi trudng, dong

thdi yeu cau co cac ghi nhd

do Chinh phu ban hanh, cac

de xuat chi tiet cua luat va tat

ca cac van ban xin ngan sach

cho cac dir an cua Chinh phu

Co hudng dan (con so sai) ve noi dung cua Bao cao DMC

Chu dir an cd trach nhiem dir thao Bao cao moi trudng va cd the

BVMT ngay d giai doan sdm nhat cua qua trinh xay dung chien luge, chinh sach

Ha Lan

- Dao luat DTM nam 1987

\

yeu cau tlurc hien DMC cho

mot so ke hoach, quy hoach,

/

chuong trinh va chien luge

cua cac nganh

- Bo Ngoai giao Ha Lan da

quyet dinh sir dung DMC noi

nao thich hop de lap ke hoach

trg giup phat trien cho nude

ngoai

- Tir nam 1995, kiem tra mdi

trirdng la bat bupc doi vdi Du

an co cac tac dong moi

trudng dang ke (nhung khong

yeu cau lap DMC bat buoc

theo Luat DTM)

Dung chung quy trinh DTM doi vdi cac dir an

- Kiem tra mdi trirdng cd noi dung don gian va linh hoat

- Trach nhiem thuoc ve lanh dao

to chuc, co' quan

- Kiem tra mdi trirdng cd the dugc thirc hien bdi mot co' quan

cd trach nhiem, cd tham quyen vdi sir tham gia bat buoc cua Bo moi trirdng

Niu

Dilan

- Dao luat Quan ly tai nguyen

Management Act - RMA )

yeu cau long ghep cac can

nhac moi trirdng vao cac

chien luge, quy hoach va ke

hoach d cap quoc gia, vung

va dia phirang, duoc chuan bi

- RMA chu djnh

long ghep cac van

de moi tru'dng vao tat ca cac giai doan lam chinh sach hon la tien hanh mot DMC rieng biet

- Can nhac cac

r r

yeu td moi trirdng

la trach nhiem cua cac td chuc chiu trach nhiem xay dirng cac chien luge, quy hoach,

quoc gia; cac cap co tham

quyen quy hoach d dja

phuong duoc yeu cau “quan

tam tai cac can nhac moi

truong” trong qua trinh chuan

bj cac ke hoach sir dung dat

cua ho; Mot so co quan nay

da chuan DMC cho cac quy

hoach, ke hoach cac cong

trinh kien true dia phuong

- Khong cd cac dieu khoan chinh thurc cho quy trinh DMC, chi

cd Hirdng dan

“Thuc hanh tot”

- Tham dinh chien liroc (chinh sach)

la trach nhiem cua

Co quan QLNN d

(Chinh phu)

My

Dao luat quoc gia cua My ve

chinh sach moi trudng yeu

cau danh gia moi trudng doi

voi cac hoat dong chinh co

anh hirdng dang ke den moi

trirdng song, gom cac chuong

trinh, chien lirpc, quy trinh va

cac de xuat phap ly

Quy trinh DMC giong nhir quy trinh DTM

Cac danh gia mdi trirdng cd the duoc chuan bi bdi

td churc de xirdng trong qua trinh lap quy hoach, khi

cd the neu bat cac van de mdi trudng

va cho phep danh gia nhieu phuong

Khuyen cao sir dung danh gia

moi trirdng vung va nganh co

cac tieu dir an duoc tai tro 0

mot mure do nao do, danh gia

moi trirdng con dirge sir dung

lam cong cu lap quy hoach d

cac giai doan sdm ciia qua

trinh chuan bi dir an, khong

co moi lien he chinh thuc vai

Nhidu nudc dang phat trie’n da xay dung duoc m ot khung the che' chac chan va co nhieu kinh nghiem thuc hien DTM Tuy nhien, D M C moi chi xua't hien 6 mot so ft nudc dang phat trien, phan ldn d muc do khoi dau, mot

sd it nudc co cac quy dinh chinh thuc ve mat phap ly thuc hien DMC

Tuy vay, trong nhung nam gan day, sd luong cac nudc nghien ciru, ap dung DM C va sd luong cac DM C xuat hien ngay cang nhieu, mdi quan tam den DM C ngay cang tang d cac nudc dang phat trien Ngay cang co nhidu thu nghiem ve DM C trong qua trinh xay dung du an thay vi cho nhung D M C phai bi dong, thuc hien sau khi hinh thanh du an

Mot yeu td tac dong den sir phat trien nhanh cua D M C d cac nudc dang phat trien la anh hudng ciia cac nha tai tro, cac td chuc tai chm h nhu Ngan hang The' gidi Thong qua cac chuong trinh tai tro, cac didu kien de dugc tai

trg hay vay von ma quy trinh D M C dugc xay dung hay dua vao ap dung a

cac nudc dang phat trien

Bang 2.2 dudi day tdng hop tinh hinh quy dinh phap luat ve DM C va DTM d mot sd nudc Chau A (theo sd lieu cua Ngan hang The gidi, 2005)

Bang 2.2, Cac quy djnh phap ly ve DMC d mot sd nudc Chau A

Quoc gia

Nam ban lianh Luat

Doi tucmg

Phuong phap

ap dung Dir

an

Quy hoach

Chien luge

2.1.2 DM C d cac nirac phat trien

O M y, Dao luat v i Chinh sach moi truong quoc gia (NEPA), m ot trong nhung van ban phap ly dau tien tren the giai quy dinh v i Danh gia moi truong chien luge (DMC) va la van ban dau tien quy dinh v i lap bao cao

Danh gia tac dong moi truong (DTM), la mot sang kien co tfnh lich sir cua

Chfnh phu Hoa Ky yeu cau viec xem xet v i mat moi truong c tat ca cac cap

do ra quyet dinh ciia chfnh quyfen Lien bang NEPA dugc thong qua vao nam 1969 va co hieu luc k£ tir thang 1/1970

NEPA co 2 quy dinh chfnh: thu' nhat, Luat dua ra cac yeu cau ve quy trinh doi vai cac co quan Lien bang khi thuc hien cac hoat dong co the: tac dong Ion den moi truong, va thu hai, Luat quy dinh thanh lap Hoi dong chat luong moi truong (CEQ)

Thong tin cong dong va su tham gia ciia cong ddng duoc coi la mot cong cu quan trong trong quy trinh ciia NEPA Hoi dong chat lugng moi trucmg (CEQ) quy dinh rang cac co quan tham quyen phai xin y kien cdng chiing ngay sau khi chuan bi du thao bao cao DTM Cac co quan tham quydn phai xin y kien ciia co' quan phap quy£n v£ tac dong moi truong tiem tang; tir cac co quan chfnh quy£n tieu bang va dia phuong lien quan; cac bo lac da do co kha nang bi anh huong va cong chung noi chung

Be) Phat trien Nha va Do thi (HUD) da xuat ban cuon Huong dSn DTM dien rong nam 1981, trong do hudng dan cu the danh gia nhirng tac dong trong pluit trien va cai tao cac dd thi Phuong phap thuc hien cung tuong tu nhu lam DTM dir an, nhung co bd sung cac phan: xac dinh sir can thiet, linh vuc va du lieu can phan tfch, cac giai phap Huong dan nay dua ra 21 lTnh virc ma D M C dien rong can nghien cuu: phat trien dat dai, cac van ddng kien tao dia chat va nui lira, cac viing dat nong nghiep, nhirng dac trung thien nhien quy hiem, ca'p nude, chat lugng nude, cac loai va noi cu tru quan trong, lu lut, thien tai, hoa hoan, eha't lugng khdng khf, tieng dn, nang lugng, cac nguyen lieu doc hai, chat thai ran, dich vu cdng cong, that nghiep, dieu kien xa hoi, canh quan, di tfch lich sir va khao co Doi vdi mdi linh vuc cud'n sach lai chi ra cac phuong phap thirc hien, bao gdm cac phan:

- Cac tac ddng va nhung van de lien quan tren dien rong;

- Muc ch'ch ciia viec nghien cuu tren dien rong;

- Nhfrng yeu cau ve c a sd dur lieu cho viec danh gia lac dong;

- Ky thuat danh gia tac dpng moi trirdng: quy trinh thuc hien, tfnh toan, cac md hinh, lap ban dd, v.v

- Danh gia, so sanh cac tac ddng du tfnh vdi cac van ban, luat le va tieu chuan hien hanh,

- Cac bien phap nham ngan ngira hoac giam thidu nhung tac dong cd hai mot cach cd hieu qua kinh te nhat;

- Cac ngudn tai lieu tham khao

Chmh quydn Bang California yeu cSu chuan bi D M C thdng qua Quy dinh vd chat lupng mdi trudng Bang California (CEQA) Quy dinh nay yeu cau thuc hien DTM ddi vdi cac chmh sach, ke hoach va chuong trinh (PPP) cung nhu tung du an cu the He thdng D M C Bang California la mot trong nhfrng he thdng hoan thien va cd hieu qua nhat tren the gidi 11 J Noi dung cua DMC, tuong tu nhu DTM du an, theo yeu cau cua CEQA, bao gdm:

- Muc luc;

- Liet kd tong hpp cac hoat dong va tac dong du tinh;

- Md ta cac hoat dong, bao gdm vi trf, doi tirong, cac dac didm ky thuat, kinh te va mdi trudng cua chung, va danh sach cac co quan, td chuc se sir dung tai lieu dd dua ra nhung quyet dinh;

- Nhung thdng tin vd dia phuong va khu vuc, nhung ke hoach va chfnh sach lidn quan tdi hoat dong du tfnh;

- Danh gia nhfrng tac dong, bao gdm ca nhung tac dong true tiep, gian tiep, dai han, ngan han, khdng tranh khoi, tich luy va kfch thfch;

- Cac giai phap ddi vdi hoat ddng du bao nham giam thieu hoac tranh khdi nhung tac dong dang kd;

- Giai thfch ngan gon nguyen nhan vi sao m ot sd tac dong cd thd bd qua hoac coi nhu khdng dang kd;

- Danh sach cac to chuc tham gia tu van trong qua trinh thuc hien Bao

i)M C 6 Chau A u: tir nam 1991, Uy ban chau Au EC da ban hanh dir

thao Huong dan thuc hien DM C, phan dinh ro cap co thaim quydn chuan bi DMC, yeu cau thirc hien D M C doi voi cac chien luge, ke hoach, chirong trinh phat trien viing, phat trien nganh (cac nganh nong nghiep, lam nghiep, thuy san nang lugng, tham do va khai thac khoang san, cap nuac, giao thdng, du lich va quan ly chat thai) va cac chien luge, ke hoach chuong trinh khac EC cung quy dinh, trong qua trinh xet duyet chien luge, ke hoach, chuoig trinh, cac dia phuang con co the yeu cau DM C ddi voi nhung chien luge, ke hoach, chuong trinh lien quan den phat trien va thuc hien cac hoat dong trong cac 17nh vuc khac, nhung chien luge, ke hoach, chuong trinh khon^ thuc thi true tiep thdng qua cac du an, vf du nhu cac chien luge nghitn cuu khoa hgc, ke hoach phat trien tai chfnh, v.v Hudng d in phan ra

ba doi tugng cd the chuan bi DMC: "Cap dung dau" cd the chuan bi PPP cung nhu tien hanh DMC "Cap cac co quan cd thaim quydn ciia Nha nudc"

cd the nghien cuu D M C trudc khi thdng qua PPP Cuoi cung, "Cap cac td clitic vd Mdi trudng" cd the xem xet tfnh day du ciia DMC, nhu cac tac dong mdi irudng va cac bien phap giam thieu, tu van, bo sung trong pham vi DM C hoac kien nghi vdi cac c a quan cd tham quydn neu Cap dung dau cho phep

- Sd tay hudng dfln Danh gia mdi Irudng chien luge ddi vdi quy hoach va

cac diUong trinh phat trien vung ciia Quy Kidn thiet cua Lien minh Chau Au

la huong d in DM C dugc xay dung chung cho cac qudc gia thanh vien Lien minh Chau Au Day la hudng dan cd tfnh tdng quat, toan dien ve quy trinh, thu tic va phuong phap D M C cho cac ke hoach va chuong trinh trong khuon khd }uy Kien thiet Cac qudc gia thanh vien trong qua trinh ap dung hudng dan lay cd the didu chinh dd thfch nghi vdi he thdng the che, phap luat va chink sach vd lap ke hoach va quan ly mdi trudng ciia minh Hudng dan da

trinh bay ro mdi quan he ciia qua trinh D M C vdi qua trinh lap ke hoach a

cac cap do ke hoach phat trien vung, khuon kho hd trg ciia Cong ddng Chau

Au 'a Chuang trinh hoat dong/Tai lieu chuang trinh doc lap trong khuon khd ^uy kien thiet Day la yeu td quan trong giup cac co quan lap ke hoach cunj nhu cac co quan mdi trudng d cac nudc thanh vien Lien minh Chau Au tien hanh DM C doi vdi cac chuang trinh thuoc Quy Kien thiet mdt , -T'u thuai tien, dd dang han Hudng dan da trinh bay ro timg giai doan trong qua trinl DMC, co sd, cac muc tieu, cac hanh dong can thuc hien (ciia co quan

lap ke hoach va co quan moi trudng) va kdt qua cdn dat dupe trong mdi giai doan.

Chi thi sd 85/337/EEC vd danh gia nhung anh hudng cua cac du an tu nhan va Nha nude ddi vdi mdi trudng (chi thi vd danh gia tac dong mdi trudng - DTM) da cho thay tam quan trong dam bao cho viec thuc hien va ap dung trong toan cong ddng de bao ve mdi trudng va phat trien bdn vung.Tiep theo, Chi thi sd 2001/42/EC cua Nghi vien cac nude cong ddng Chau Au vd danh gia nhung anh hudng cua cac kd hoach va chuong trinh ddi vdi mdi trudng da cd hieu lire tu ngay 21 thang 7 nam 2001 vl I cac nude thanh vien phai thuc hien trudc ngay 21 thang 7 nam 2004 Chi thi da cung cap cho cac nude thanh vien dd thuc hien va ap dung DM C d giai doan sdm nha't co thd [21, 33]

Tren co sd hudng dan tai Chi thi so 2001/42/EC, cac nude thanh vien

Mdi day nha't, Nghi dinh thu vd D M C cua Uy ban kinh te chau Au ciia Lidn hidp quoc (UNECE) ky ket tai Kiev nam 2003 da m d rong pham vi anh hudng cua DMC tdi hau het cac nude con lai cua Chau Au, Trung va Ddng

Hd Lan la nude quan tam de'n D M C sdm nhat trong cac nude thuoc khoi

EU Ngay tu nam 1979 Ha Lan da ban hanh mot dao luat BVMT quy dinh mot so ke hoach va chuong trinh phat tridn ha tdng giao thdng bat buoc phai Utiin thu cac thu tuc DMC Nhu vay, viec yeu cdu can nhde ket qua D M C trong qua trinh ra quyd't dinh la mot quy dinh mang tinh phap ly d cap quoc gia [30],

Nam 1993, Dan Match da ban hanh “Chi thi hanh chinh”

(Administrative Order) de ho trg viec xem xet mot each tong hgp v6 khfa canh moi truong doi voi qua trinh ra quyet dinh Chi thi nay yeu cau cac Bo chuan bi Bao cao v6 hau qua lien quan tdi moi trudng ciia cac ban du an co anh huong nghiem trong toi moi truong Chi thi hanh chinh da dua ra huong

d in vd nguyen tac cua DM C, trong do neu rd cac anh huong den moi truong dugc giai quyet trong D M C la cac van d6 v6 an toan, sire khoe, dong vat, thuc vat, dat, nuoc, khong khi, khi hau, phong canh va xac dinh qua trinh tien hanh D M C bao g6m 4 buoc Nam 1998, Van phong Thu tuong da ban hanh Thong tu sd 159 bat buoc phai thuc hien D M C doi voi cac du thao luat ciia chinh phu co tac dong quan trong den moi trucmg trudc khi trinh Thugng vien [41]

Phdn Lan, nam 1994, da ban hanh dao luat sd 498/94 bat buoc cac

chuong trinh, ke hoach va chfnh sach co the! gay tac dong moi trudng nghiem trong phai thuc hien D M C [41]

Tai Thuy D ien, cac quy hoach phat trifen ha tang co sd giao thong dai

han d cap qudc gia dugc yeu cau phai thuc hien DM C tir nam 1996 va cong vide nay la trach nhiem cua cac e o q u a n giao thong [41]

Nam trong cac nude thuoc Cong dong chau Au, Lien hiep Anh cung

thuc hien viec D M C theo Chi thi 42/2001 va bat dau co hieu lire vao ngay 21 thang 7 nam 2004 [21] Lien hiep Anh khong co luat v6 DMC Tuy nhien, mot sd qua trinh v6 DM C da dugc thuc hifn trong nhung nam 1990 bao gdm thairti dinh cac chfnh sach ciia qudc gia, “Tham dinh v6 moi trudng” ddi vdi cac ke hoach phat trien vung va lanh thd va phuong phap danh gia trong didm ve D M C dugc tien hanh ddi vdi cac nganh dac biet, nhu giao thong, mdi trudng nude Gan day, ho da tien hanh t h i n dinh moi trirdng chien luge ddi vdi viec xem xet chien luge phong thu (Bo Quoc phong, nam 2000) va

D M C ddi vdi viec cap giay khai thac diki va khf dot d thdm luc dia va nang lugng gio cua Cue Thucmg mai va Cong nghiep

A nh Quoc: da co hai loai hudng dSn, bao g6m Hudng d in ve DM C cho

cac chfnh sach ciia qudc gia va hudng dan v6 DM C cho cac ke hoach phat trien

Huong d in DM C da duoc chuain bi cho ca chinh quydn dia phuong va chinh quydn trung uong Cac loai huong dan nay la mot phan cua viec tiep can cua Chinh phu de dam bao su phat trien ben vung.

Gan day, cac nudc da c6 xu hudng chuyen tu danh gia moi trirdrig sang tham dinh chmh sach mot cach tdng hop Sach trang nam 1999 ciia Chmh phu Anh da cam ket dua ra va thuc hien cac cdng cu tham dinh va danh gia tdng hop de hd trg cho su phat trien bdn vung bao gdm cac anh hudng trong kinh doanh, moi truong, sue khoe va sir can thiet ciia nhieu nhom dac biet

trong xa hoi Dap ung sir ddi hdi dd, mot sir tiep can v i danh gia chfnh sach

tdng hgp (integrated policy appraisal >- IPA) da dugc phat trien bdi mot sd Cue d£ giup cac nha hoach dinh chfnh sach danh gia mot cach day du ve mat

xa hoi, kinh te va tac dong den mdi trudng ngay tu ban dau

Sau m ot loat cac nghien cuu thf diem, gid day, IPA^dtkhgp thanh he thdng danh gia anh hudng chuan myc (regulatory impact assessment - RIA) Nhu mot phan ciia RIA, cac nha hoach dinh chfnh sach nha't thiet phai xac dinh: rd tfnh kinh te, xa hoi va chi phf va lgi fch mdi trudng doi vdi dd xuat ciia ho T u ngay 1 thang 4 nam 2004, he thong RIA da dugc ap dung rong rai cho cac chfnh sach va dd an ma cd anh hudng doi vdi cong ddng va cac

ca nhan

Tai Anh quoc, Hudng dan Danh gia mdi truong chien luge doi vdi quy hoach sir dung da't va quy hoach khdng gian da dugc bien soan nam 2004 [21] Ban Hudng d5n nay dua ra hudng dan thuc hien danh gia mdi trudng doi vdi cac ke' hoach sir dung dat va quy hoach khong gian ciia Anh theo yeu

cau tai chi thi 2001/42/EC cua Cong ddng chau Au v i danh gia anh hudng

ciia cac ke hoach va chuong trinh den mdi trudng, thudng dugc goi la Chi thi

\ V

v i Danh gia mdi trudng chien luge.

Chi thi ve Danh gia mdi trudng chien luge ap dung dd'i vdi m ot pham vi rong cac ke hoach va chuong trinh, trong dd cd quy hoach dd thi va ndng thon va quy hoach sir dung da't Hudng dan gdm 3 chuong: Chuong 1 gidi

thieu chung v i Hudng dan, Chuong 2 giai thfch cac yeu cau v i thii tuc ciia

Chi thi 42 va chung lien he nhu the nao vdi cac qua trinh ra quyet dinh Chuong 3 giai thfch cac giai doan D M C va cac quyet dinh va dau ra chfnh

can thiet d mdi giai doan Cac phu luc dua ra thdng tin chi tiet v i cac khfa

canh ciia DM C va cac vf du