Career paths agriculture TB kho tài liệu học tiếng anh

Unit 3 1 Suggested Answer 2 1 Different types of meat come from different animals, they include: beef cow, pork pig, poultry chicken, venison deer and lamb sheep.. 9 Suggested Answer P

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Neil 0' Sullivan James D Libbin

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Published by Express Publishing

Liberty House, Greenham Business Park, Newbury,

This book is not meant to be changed in any way

ISBN 978-0-78098-379-0

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Table of Contents

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1

Answer Key 4 Audioscripts 12

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3

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Book 1 Answer Key

Unit 1

1 Suggested Answer

1 In the USA, Native Americans began farming

roughly 7000 years ago

2 Farmers first grew squash and maize

1 Agriculture started in the Fertile Crescent

2 Farmers used the Nile River to water their crops

3 Extra food was used to feed domesticated animals

A: Excuse me, Mr Brown I have a question

B: Great What is it?

A: How did early farmers irrigate their crops?

B: Oh, with ditches They connected their fields and

the Nile river

A: Okay So, water moved through the ditches to the

fields

B: Exactly!

A: Then, I have another question How did they

control the water?

B: The ditches had gates They opened and water

Farmers got water from the Nile River

Water came to the fields in ditches

They controlled the water by opening and closing

gates in the ditches

2 1 melons, strawberries, blueberries

2 broccoli, peas, lettuce, tubers, legumes

6 potatoes, strawberries, granola

A: Okay, great I'd also like some potatoes and some broccoli How much are they?

B: The peas are $2 a pound, the potatoes are $1.50 and the broccoli is $4.00

A: I'll take two pounds of each one please

B: Okay Anything else today?

A: No, thank you

9 Suggested Answer Date of Sale: 03/08

Items Purchased:

21b Peas 21b Potatoes 21b Broccoli Total Amount Due:

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Unit 3

1 Suggested Answer

2

1 Different types of meat come from different animals,

they include: beef (cow), pork (pig), poultry (chicken),

venison (deer) and lamb (sheep)

2 Other products that come from animals include

leather, wool and tallow

A: Listen up We have a new product to sell Mr

Vlass will tell us about it

B: Okay Customers want natural products, right? So

we made an all-natural candle

A: What do you mean by "all-natural"?

B: There are no extra chemicals It's made of Tallow

A: I'm sorry What's tallow?

B: Oh, Tallow is rendered animal fat It's used in most

soaps and candles

A: Is it expensive?

B: No, It's very cheap because it's a by-product that

few people use Each candle will cost 1 Qc

A: That is cheap!

Product: Candle

Description/Special Qualities: All natural

Main Ingredient: Tallow

Expected Costs: 1 Qc per candle

Unit 4

1 In the USA we have many different types of soil

Dark, rich soil is used for growing crops, loose,

sandy soil is found in the deserts, and clay which is

not very fertile can be found throughout the USA

2 Good soil is important because it provides crops with nutrients to grow The more nutrients the soil has the better the crops will grow

A: Hi Can I help you with anything?

B: Yes I need some soil

A: OK Is it for indoor or outdoor plants?

B: It's for outdoor plants

A: What kind of plant is it for? Houseplants? Flowering plants? Vegetables?

B: I have some tomatoes I would like to plant

A: In that case you should use VegeGrow It has good aeration and holds water well, too

B: Okay I'll take it Thanks for your help

9 Suggested Answer Product Name: VegeGrow

VegeGrow can be used for indoor or outdoor plants

It supports houseplant and vegetable growth

Best of all, it has good aeration and holds water better than any product

Unit 5 Suggested Answer

1 Farmers get water from rain, rivers and wells

2 Water shortages limit the amount of water a farmer has to water their crops Without water, crops fail With no crops to sell the farmer will have no income

Answer Key 5

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Less rainfall in the mountains has limited the water

cycle, meaning there will be less rain in the future

A: What are you going to do about it?

B: I might expand my irrigation system

A: That could be very expensive

B: I agree But I don't know what else to do

A: You could always plant drought-resistant

vegetables next year

B: That's a good idea It will cost less But it won't

help this year

Farm Report

Date: 09/07

Crops planted: Corn, Broccoli

Crop Condition: Not doing well

Water problems: Drought

Possible Solutions: Expand irrigation system, plant

drought -resistant vegetables

Unit 6

2

1 When planting in fields farmers use machines to

plant seeds When planting in a greenhouse or

small containers they do it by hand

2 Seeds need good soil and water to grow

B: Hi, I'd like to buy some seeds

A: Great What varieties are you interested in? B: I want some cucumber, the Green Giant, and some zucchini, the Imperial Blue

A: I'm sorry I didn't catch that

B: The Green Giant cucumber and the Imperial Blue zucchini

A: Got it Also we have a special today on bulk orders You get 20% off

B: No thanks I only need three packets of each A: Well, they come in packs of 5 for $6.99

9 Suggested Answer Seed variety: Green Giant cucumber

1 As they grow plants get bigger Their roots grow longer in order to draw more water and to support the plant Leaves increase in size and number and most plants produce flowers

2 Roots- The roots absorb water and anchor the

plant into the ground

Stem- The stem supports the plant and contains

the pipes that carry water and nutrients from the leaves to the roots

Leaves- The leaves capture light and turn it into

food through a process called photosynthesis

Flowers- flowers are the plants reproductive

organ

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2 F 2 F 3 T

2 roots 4 growth chart 6 seed head

Gardeners like quinoa because it contains a lot of

protein and can grow in different environments

A: Peter, you planted quinoa for the first time this

year, didn't you?

B: I did I was worried at first, but it seems okay now

A: Worried? Why?

B: It was growing so slowly But it just takes a while

for the buds to flower

A: Oh, so they're doing well?

B: Yeah, they are We expect to harvest them next

Summary of crop growth: Crops took some time to

flower but grew well

Expected harvest: 4 thousand pounds

Actual Harvest: 5 thousand pounds

UnitS

2

1 In the USA different crops are harvested at

different times of the year Corn, for example, is

harvested from October to November

2 During harvest farmers use combine harvesters to

B: Let's see We sold ten tons from the last field A: That's excellent! Your new planting schedule is working nicely

B: Yes, it is We will approve another seven tons by Monday

A: Nice job, Joe This is our largest harvest ever

9 Suggested Answer Date Crop Package Package

Unit 9

1 In the USA different crops are stored in different ways For temporary storage crops are put into bales or stored in silage bags For permanent storage they are kept in tower or bunker silos

2 Stored crops can be damaged by excess moisture and too little or too much ventilation This leads to mold growing on the crops Also, stored crops can be damaged by pests such as mice

2 1 bunker silo 3 ventilation 5 tower

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4 1 A 2 C 3 D 4 B

6

Carla Thompson is contacting Mr Garcia to inform

him that mold is growing on the silage

B: I did How bad is it?

A: It's pretty bad There's mold all over the place

B: How did this happen?

A: It was our new assistant He wasn't trained on

leveling

B: Well, see that he gets trained

A: Of course We're also checking the ventilation

system There's too much air moving in there

B: Use the old tower silo until you fix it and keep me

updated

Bunker silo 13 has mold in it

This was caused by improper leveling and too much

ventilation

Use the old tower silo until it is fixed

There is training on leveling for all new employees

1 The type of food a farm animal eats depends on

the type of animal it is Cattle eat a variety of

grass, hay and grain Pigs are omnivores so they

eat feed made from plants and animals Poultry

are fed mostly grain, however, free range poultry

feeds mainly on grass

2 Feed provides the nutrients an animal needs to

grow and survive If the animal doesn't get the

nutrients it needs it will not grow Feed can also

affect the taste of an animals' meat or milk and

its fat levels

B: Thank you Did you get my resume?

A: Yes, I did It looks very good Tell me about your work at DPM Industries

B: Well, I worked at their pig facility I created special formulas for high-protein feed

A: Interesting Now, applicants must have experience with poultry Have you ever worked with chickens? B: Yes, in my previous job It was at Reynolds Farms

9 Suggested Answer Name: Ben Smith Position applying for: Animal Nutritionist Current Position: Animal nutritionist at DPM Industries Responsibilities: Create special formulas for high

protein feed

Former Position: Animal Nutritionist at Reynolds farms Responsibilities: Creating feed for chickens Unit 11

1 In the USA Animals are housed in different ways How they are housed depends on what type of animal they are For example chickens are kept

in a coop and cows can live in a barn

2 Workers maintain animal housing structures through regular cleaning and maintenance

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3 1 A coop B cold stress

3 A Waste management B slotted floor

For animals to be productive they must be at the

correct temperature and kept clean

6 1 They will have more animals

3 The barn has poor ventilation

7 1 ventilation 4 twenty more cows

A: I think we need a new barn

B: What's wrong with this one?

A: First, the ventilation isn't very good

B: I agree with you there It's too cold in here during

the winter

A: And don't forget, we're getting 30 more llamas in

June

B: That's a good point We'll need more space then

A: I'll talk to a builder tomorrow

B: Let's estimate the space requirements first

Dear Mr Haynes,

We need a new barn

Our current barn has poor ventilation

And we are getting 30 more llamas in June

The barn won't meet space requirements

We need the new barn to be a lot larger and with

better ventilation

It should be able to house 60 llamas

How much will that cost?

Thanks,

Frank Carmichael

Unit 12

1 Farmers want different traits in different animals

Cattle farmers want cows which produce a lot of

milk and have high quality meat Poultry farmers

want chickens that produce high quality eggs and

mature quickly for processing

2 Animals breed throughout the year Animals, such

as cows and sheep generally breed once a year

whereas chickens may breed multiple times a year

3 1 progeny 3 rate of gain

7 1 milk production 4 Of course

B: Really! Can I see his sire summary?

A: Of course I'll get you a copy

B: How much do you charge for breeding?

A: That depends I give a discount for more than 20 cows

B: That's great! I need to breed 40

Discount: Y Unit 13

1 There are numerous slaughter methods The most common are:

dioxide and then their neck is cut and they are allowed to bleed out

is used on the animal to knock it unconscious before its neck is cut

head This renders the animal unconscious or kills

it It is then bled

Answer Key 9

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2

Electrical : An electric shock is applied to the

animal to render it unconscious before it is bled

2 One challenge of slaughtering and processing is

the contamination of meat and the spread of

disease The meat can be contaminated during

processing and various diseases can be spread

to people that eat the meat Another challenge is

safety for workers during slaughtering and

processing Workers in slaughterhouses and meat

packing facilities sustain injuries that range from

torn muscles and sprains to serious cuts or

amputated fingers or hands

B: Hi, I have sheep that I need slaughtered

A: Okay, we can do that How many are there?

B: I have 200 What's your kill fee per head?

A: For sheep? It's $25 per head

B: That's not bad Do you do cuts as well?

A: Yes, we provide cuts It costs $.35 per pound

B: Great I'd like to schedule an appointment

Cut price: $.35 per pound

Appointment scheduled for: 08/10

6 that's a bit much

A: Hello, is Mr Bradley available?

B: This is Mr Bradley speaking Can I help you? A: Yes I'm calling about your listing The one about the chisel plow

B: Oh, yes Well, it's still available And it's in good condition

A: Great! How much is it?

B: I'm asking $2000

A: Okay, I'll take it

9 Suggested Answer Equipment For Sale: Chisel Plow

1 Some examples of equipment used in harvesting are:

a combine harvester, a chaser bin and a gleaner

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2

3

2 The main challenge associated with harvesting

crops is timing Timing is important as crops

harvested too soon may have a low yield and be

poor quality whereas crops harvested too late

may be damaged by weather

Finneman's makes moving grain easy by supplying all

the equipment used in moving and transporting grain

They have chaser bins and gravity wagons to move

the grain from the field to storage and grain augers

and conveyor belts to move it from storage to

A: Are we ready to start harvesting, Jose?

S: I think so The combine harvesters are in the field

already

A: What about the wagons?

S: The gravity wagons are attached to the tractor

We're set

A: Great, but we only have three wagons They'll get

full fast

S: I thought of that I have the grain auger ready too

A: Excellent I want these fields harvested by three

o'clock

S: Okay, boss I'll let everyone know

Equipment Used: Combine harvesters, gravity wagons

and grain auger

Problems: Wagons filled up too fast

Solution: Used a grain auger

Time finished: Three o'clock

Answer Key 11

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Audioscripts

Unit 1

Student: Excuse me, Mrs Anderson I have a question

about the first farmers

Teacher: Great What is it?

Student: Well, they were in a desert How did they irrigate

their crops?

Teacher: Oh, with ditches They connected their fields

and the Nile River

the fields

Teacher: Exactly

Student: Then, I have another question How did they

control the water?

Unit 2

Farmer: Welcome to the farmer's market Can I help you

with something?

Customer: Yes, please I want some fresh fruit

Farmer: These strawberries are perfect We picked them

Customer: Oh, good And I'd like some potatoes, too

How much are they?

Farmer: A three pound bag costs one dollar

Customer: I'll take a bag, thanks

Farmer: Okay Anything else today?

farm

Unit3

Smith will tell us about it

Manager: What do you mean by "all-natural"?

Developer: There are no extra chemicals It's just the

basic ingredients

Manager: Sounds interesting Will it be expensive?

Developer: No After all, the main ingredient is tallow

Manager: I'm sorry What's tallow?

Developer: Oh, tallow is basically animal fat It's used in

most soaps

Manager: And it's cheap?

Unit4

Clerk: Hi Can I help you with anything?

Customer: Yes I need some soil

Clerk: Is this for indoor or outdoor plants?

Customer: It's for indoor plants

Clerk: What kinds of plants is it for? Houseplants?

Flowering plants? Vegetables?

Farmer 1: What are you going to do about it?

Farmer 2: I might expand my irrigation system

Farmer 1: That could be very expensive

Farmer 2: I agree But I don't know what else to do Farmer 1: You could always plant drought -resistant vegetables next year

Farmer 2: That's a good idea It will cost less But it won't help this year

Unit 6

Farmer: Hi there Welcome to Braxton Farms How can I help you?

Customer: Hi, I'd like to buy some seeds

Farmer: Great What varieties are you interested in?

Farmer: I'm sorry I didn't catch that

Customer: Super King watermelon and Royal Gold cantaloupe

Farmer: Got it Also, we have a special today on bulk orders You get 10% off

Farmer: Well, they come in packs of 3 for $3.78

Farmer 1: Worried? Why?

Farmer 2: It was growing so slowly But it just takes a while for the buds to flower

Farmer 1: Oh, so they're doing well?

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Farmer 2: Well, we have fifteen tons for immediate sale

Farmer 1: Fifteen tons? How many tons did we sell from

the last field?

Farmer 2: Um, let's see We sold eleven tons from the

last field

Farmer 1: That's excellent! Your new planting schedule is

working nicely

Farmer 2: Yes, it is We also expect to approve another

five tons by Friday

Farmer 1: Nice job, Cathy This is our largest harvest ever

Unit 9

Manager: Mr Garcia, did you get my email about the

bunker silo?

Owner: I did How bad is it?

Manager: It's pretty bad There's mold all over the place

Owner: How did this happen?

Manager: It was our new assistant He wasn't trained on

leveling

Owner: Well, see that he gets trained

Manager: Of course We're also checking the ventilation

system There's too much air moving in there

Owner: Use the old tower silo until you fix it and keep

me updated

Unit 10

Interviewer: Good morning Mr Jordan, I'm Terry Riley

Job applicant: Nice to meet you, Miss Riley

Interviewer: Nice to meet you too Please, take a seat

and we'll get started

Job appl icant: Thank you Did you get my resume?

Interviewer: Yes, I did It looks very good Tell me about

your work at AGM Industries

Job applicant: Well, I work at their pig facility I create

special formulas for high-protein feed

Interviewer: Interesting Now, applicants must have

experience with poultry Have you ever worked with

chickens?

Job applicant: Yes, in my previous job It was at Reynolds

Farms

Unit 11

Farmer 1: I think we need a new barn

Farmer 2: What's wrong with this one?

Farmer 1: First, the ventilation isn't very good

Farmer 2: I agree with you there It's too hot in here

during the summer

Farmer 1: And don't forget, we're getting twenty more

cows in May

Farmer 2: That's a good point We'll need more space then

Farmer 1: I'll talk with a builder tomorrow

Farmer 2: Let's estimate the space requirements first

Audioscripts

Unit 12 Breeder: Here are pictures of all of our bulls What traits

do you want in the offspring?

Client: Well, I have a dairy herd So I'd like to increase milk production

Breeder: This Holstein might interest you Many of his progeny are prize milk cows

Client: Really! Can I see his sire summary?

Breeder: Of course I'll get you a copy

Client: How much do you charge for breeding?

Breeder: That depends I give a discount for more than twenty cows

Client: I see That's far more than I need

Unit 13 Butcher: Jacobson's Butchering Company How may I help you?

Customer: Hi, I have cattle that I need slaughtered

Butcher: Okay, we can do that How many are there?

Customer: I have twenty What's your kill fee per head?

Butcher: For cattle? It's $50 per head

Customer: That's not bad Do you do cuts as well?

Butcher: Yes, we provide cuts It costs $ .35 per pound

Customer: Great I'd like to schedule an appointment Unit 14

Caller: Hello, is Mr Henry available?

Seller: This is Mr Henry speaking Can I help you?

Caller: Yes I'm calling about your listing The one about the stone picker

Seller: Oh, yes Well, it's still available And it's in good condition

Caller: Oh, good What size rocks can it move?

Seller: Anything between two and twenty five inches

Caller: And how much is it?

Seller: I'm asking $4000

Caller: That's almost the price of a new unit

Seller: Well, we didn't use it much

Caller: Still, that's a bit much for me I'll pass for now, thanks

Unit 15 Farmer: Are we ready to start harvesting, Jessica?

Assistant: I think so The combine harvesters are in the field already

Farmer: Good What about the wagons?

Assistant: The gravity wagons are attached to the tractor We're set

Farmer: Great, but we only have three wagons They'll get full fast

Assistant: I thought of that I have the grain auger ready too Farmer: Excellent I want these fields harvested by three

o'clock

Assistant: Okay, boss I'll let everyone know

Answer Key 13

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- - -

Unit 1

1 In the USA the beef industry is the largest

agricultural industry It provides jobs for millions of

people and generates billions of dollars for the

3 market weight 6 herd

6

To get around the problems of grass-fed beef

farmers can send their cows to a feedlot This will

rapidly increase their weight before processing

A: I'm thinking about switching to grass-fed beef

B: I don't think that's a good idea The cattle will take

longer to reach market weight

A: I understand that It'll take longer and it'll cost more

B: I hope you'll reconsider

A: Well, that's not all I'd like to stop giving them

antibiotics and growth hormones, as well

B: That could be a big mistake We could lose a lot

of money on sick and small cows

A: I realize that But we can also charge a lot more

for grass-fed, hormone-free beef

Memo: All Staff Jackson Ranch

Soon, we will be switching to grass fed cattle

That's because I'd like to stop giving our cattle

antibiotics and growth hormones

This means that we could lose money on sick small

cows

But we can also charge a lot more for grass-fed,

hormone-free beef

Let me know if you have any questions

Hank Jackson Owner, Jackson Ranch

2 B 4 C 6 F

2 social space 4 swine

Suggested Answer

It is better to provide more space for hogs because those with more space are healthier and more productive

A: That's not a bad idea

B: But what can we do about storage?

A: I think we can make some room in the old barn B: Good thinking

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Proposed Changes: Increase sows' social space by

removing storage from pens and combining other

pens, so sows can interact

Cause: Sows are not as productive as they used to be

Effects: Sows will have more room to move around

and interact Productivity should increase

Unit 3

2

1 The poultry industry produces eggs and meat

from various birds such as chickens and turkeys

2 In the USA poultry is the second most consumed

type of meat behind beef It is very common

Apart from breeding, Cluck Farms also operates a

small production facility where they produce eggs,

broilers and roasters They also provide advice on

intensive farming methods, free range techniques and

effective litter removal

6 F 2 T 3 F

7 1 not exactly sure 4 say that again

2 free-range 5 Probably both

3 options 6 roasters

B: Hi, I'd like to order some chicks

A: Is there a particular breed you're interested in?

B: I'm not exactly sure I have a small farm, and I'd

like to raise a dozen or so chickens free-range

A: Well, we have a few good options Meat or egg

production?

B: Could you say that again?

A: Are the chickens going to be used for meat or

egg production?

B: Probably both I want the hens to lay eggs for a

few years But I'll occasionally slaughter them for

meat Maybe one or two a year

A: In that case, I'd recommend Iowa Blue or

Delaware Both produce excellent eggs and grow

into roasters quickly

B: Did you say roosters or roasters?

A: Roasters Both breeds can grow rather large They make good roaster chickens

B: OK, then Well then, I'll take half a dozen chicks

of each

9 Suggested Answer Cluck Farms Customer Name: Montgomery Brown Chicks for: Meat and Egg

Breeds: Iowa Blue and Delaware

Number of Chicks: 6 Iowa Blue, 6 Delaware

be transported further, so farmers can be more spread out across the country This means they can use fertile land that would otherwise not be usable because of distance

7 1 our only concern

2 with her weight

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B: That's true But I don't think she's ready to have a

calf

A: Why do you say that? She's almost two years old

That's the right age, if you ask me

B: Well, age is important, but it's not our only

concern Have you weighed her lately?

A: No, I haven't Is there a problem with her weight?

B: It's not a problem, exactly It's just that she's not

quite heavy enough to join the milk herd

A: Fair enough But we need to get her weight up,

then Have you increased her feed rations?

B: No, we haven't

A: Let's start with that If we can get another twenty

or thirty pounds on her, we'll move her into the

milk herd Sound good?

B: Yes, that's a good plan

9 Suggested Answer

Heifer 1187

Age: 2 years old

Weight: Light

Goal: Increase weight

Changes: Increase food rations

Will move to milking herd when: Gains twenty or

1 Raising sheep is different to raising cattle for

various reasons Firstly sheep and cattle graze

differently and on different plant species Secondly,

sheep are more likely to suffer from illness Their

size means that they can become ill more than

cattle Finally sheep, unlike cattle, are more likely

to be attacked by predators Wolves, foxes and

dogs kill sheep, but pose little threat to cattle

2 In the USA farmers raise sheep for both wool and

meat

D 2 A 3 B

1 A 3 E 5 C

2 F 4 D 6 B

1 A seasonal market B accelerated lambing

2 A finishing B lam ping period

5 Suggested Answer

During the lambing period half of the lambs are kept

for finishing, while the other half are distributed to

meet seasonal market demands

A: Hi, Peter My farm is expanding operations, and we're looking to get some feeder lambs

B: Well, we can certainly provide that About how many animals are you thinking of?

A: I'd like 500 head Can you complete an order that large?

B: Oh, definitely We try to keep a steady population

of about 3000 Of course, only half of those are feeder lambs The rest are market slaughter A: I see Well, that's great news In that case, let's talk about prices

B: Right now, you're looking at 70 dollars per one hundred pounds

A: Seventy dollars per one hundred pounds? That's

a really good deal Let's place that order

9 Suggested Answer Cloudhaven Sheep Farm Sales Receipt

Customer Information Name: Sam Wilson Farm: Wilson Farms

Order Details Lamb type: Feeder

# of Lambs: 500 Price per pound: $70

Unit6

1 Suggested Answer

1 In the past horses played a big role in agriculture They were used to plough the fields, carry things and to transport people

2 Today horses are used in various ways They are used in sports such as racing and show jumping They are also used as transportation Horses are starting to be used again on small farms as a quieter and more cost effective alternative to a tractor

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2 sacking her out

3 What about

5 bridled her

6 saddle her

A: Did you work with Buttercup today?

B: I did And I have to say, I think she's one of the

best mares we've got

A: Really? Why do you say that?

B: Well, last week I started sacking her out She

didn't seem scared at all when I put the blanket

on her

A: That's rare What about yesterday?

B: The same thing happened yesterday You know, I

think she might be ready for saddling

A: Have you bridled her yet?

B: No I guess I should probably work on that before

I try to saddle her

A: Definitely And that reminds me, she needs to see

the vet

B: Is it time for more shots already?

A: I think so Doctor Fitzpatrick, the veterinarian,

keeps track of the vaccination schedule

B: OK I'll talk to her first thing tomorrow

Training Completed: Sacking

Trainer assessment of horse: Buttercup is fantastic

and ready to progress to the next level of her training

Next training: Bridling

Medical status of horse: Ready for next vaccination

Unit 7

1 Beekeepers face several challenges They must

be aware of new diseases and parasites and how

to treat them Beekeep'ers also face economic

challenges They must balance the costs of

production with the income they receive in order

to make a profit

2 Apart from producing honey beekeeping provides jobs for many people involved in the apiculture industry From production of hives to transportation, apiculture provides employment and income for many people

A: Hello, can I help you?

B: Yes, I'm looking for liquid smoke

A: OK That's over here Can I ask what type of apiary you have?

B: I have a wooden beehive frame Why do you ask?

A: Well, the liquid can ruin your honey It also leaves stains on wood

B: That's not good Is there something you would recommend?

A: Yes I would use cold smoke aerosols

B: Will they stain the wood in my hive?

A: No But you still need to be careful and avoid spraying them into the honeycomb

B: Thank you I'll take two please

9 Suggested Answer Notes on smokers

Types: Liquid smoke, cold smoke aerosol

Instructions for use:

Liquid Smoke: Keep away from wood as it stains

Do not smoke near honey as smoke will ruin it

Cold smoke aerosol: Can be sprayed near wood

Do not spray into honeycomb

Answer Key 17

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1 There are many different types of soil Some

examples are: clay, peat, chalk, sand, silt and loam

(highly-organic)

2 Soil type affects crop growth because it provides

nutrients for the crops If the soil has a lot of chalk

it will not have many nutrients and the crops will

not grow well If however, the soil is highly-organic

loam, crops will grow very well

1 hold water 4 As long as

2 fine-grained 5 one more thing

3 understand you correctly 6 make sure

B: Hello, BMD Laboratories, Peter speaking

A: Hi, Peter This is Ben at Fresh Farming I just looked

over the results from the soil analysis you sent

B: Do you have any questions?

A: Actually, yes, I do Just so I'm clear the sample

from the north field had a lot of clay in it

B: That's correct

A: So if I planted corn there, it would hold water very

well

B: Yes It has very fine-grained clay So when it rains,

the soil will hold the water very well

A: If I understand you correctly, then I wouldn't need

to irrigate that field

B: That's correct As long as the rainfall is normal

A: Of course There's one more thing The east field

sample showed it's very sandy I just want to

make sure that I can irrigate there

B: You can, but you have to be careful It will drain

quickly

18 Answer Key

9 Suggested Answer Soil Composition North field soil type: Clay North field water/irrigation requirement: As long

as rainfall is normal no irrigation is required

East field soil type: Sand East field water/irrigation requirement: Irrigation required Soil drains quickly so water levels must be monitored closely

2 Farmers can reduce the acid levels in soil by adding lime This will increase its pH level However, this is a short term solution

1 What about yours 4 it's raised

2 you tried them 5 But the next

3 added lime to 6 What I mean

A: Have you tried them?

B: Only one so far I've added lime to my fertilizer A: What are the results?

B: Well, it's raised the pH to 7.5

A: That's good right?

B: It is and it isn't It works for now But the next time

I irrigate, that'1I change again Do you see what I mean?

A: I do So are you trying anything else?

B: Not yet The other options are more expensive and time consuming

Trang 20

A: It would be easier to just plant crops that like

acidic soil, right?

B: Yeah, you're right You do it once and you're done

A: I think that's what I'll do next year

Problem: Irrigated water is making fields acidic

Possible Solution: Adding Lime to Fertilizer

Pros: Quick increase in soil pH

Cons: Does not last, pH changes after every irrigation

Plan for next year: Plant crops that like acidic soil

Unit 10

2

1 Nitrogen is added to the soil through decomposing

organic matter, animal manure and fertilizers

2 Farmers must monitor nitrogen levels in soil

because it is important for plant growth Too much

nitrogen will harm crops, but not enough will leave

crops looking thin and pale

Plants start to absorb nitrogen in the mineralization

stage Once decomposers turn the ammonia into

nitrites and nitrates it can be absorbed by plants

A: So, what should we do with the south field?

B: I'm not sure what you mean

A: Well, this year's yield is pretty low The soil might

be nutrient poor

B: What do you suggest?

A: We could plant legumes

B: I'm not following you

A: Well, I bet the soil is low on nitrogen We could

use legumes as this year's cover crop

B: Oh, I see Just have the legumes restore the nitrogen

A: Exactly It's better than using too much fertilizer I

don't want our water supply getting damaged

1 Harvest this year's crops

2 Decide what legumes to plant for cover crop

3 Plant legumes to boost nitrogen levels

2 In the USA good soil can be found in every state Fertile soil exists from the East coast through to the West coast and all the way down to Florida Even in desert soil crops are grown successfully, with proper irrigation

4 1 perpendicular 4 crop rotation

A: We should try contour farming

B: Contour farming could be good for us in the next few years But we have to do something sooner

Answer Key 19

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