75100738 an integrated approach to intermediate japanese kho tài liệu bách khoa

tn Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carrythem.. ln general,women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is

Copyright @ 2008 by Akira Miwa and Hanaoka McGloin

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto¡ed in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

First edition: J¡ne 1994

Revised edition: July 2008

5th printing: September 2009

Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki

Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda

Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra

Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.

5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Toþo 108-0023, Japan

Tel: O3-3453-2013

http://bookclub japantimes.co jp/

http://ij japantimes.co jpl

ISBN978-4-7890-1307 -9

AĨ¿* 7994+l-HH[ð i-ul¿ FAn Integrated Approac]t to Intermediate Japanese ( F

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B.

9.

IT UREo No

o

c

o a

Meeting Someone in Japan

hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD

t U( or ¿)ê &Zt (, or both You also exchang" ä#|J (cards) if you have them tn

Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carrythem Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige

How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet ln general,women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher thanyours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., yourteacher, a friend's parent, etc

lntroducing Oneself or Others

Q elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan At a reception for new students, for

J example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese State your name, thename of your home institution, your majoç and end it all with ¿iä&ôt-,( and a bow.When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce theperson of lower status to the person of higher status lt would be nice to also add a

comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in âãÉ 2 of this lesson.

How to Address Someone

lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus ûfu," but don't overuse û

I Ívl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment

chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of ðfu To address teachers,always use#Eä Above all, avoid usingõt*lc lt could be quite insulting The use of first

names is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members dressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talking

ad-to younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends

o o o o a

2s.#.J i H

34 ¡Jr ð !'

39 ä !.

44 t- j-ØT 4e.ÃJl

es.H i

100.fÈfu

2t

(ffia¡h,TcttìR0)^_ yt ¿ õ D ã f )

.]

t-B t't.

ß.fÌ,ÌÃ,,/ l-t, IB.¿¿Ø2

40.t,4 àl L L.

45.T ¿

l-50.bØu ¿55.td¿ ¿

31- 3-, ù:bâ HaØârÌù:gJe)tt-â À,-aT ùl Ð -lrElãffinïkw.t

I BA^/É â L ç.â_t¡ A,'cT

-u *Ị¿: ùơ Friends of InternationaT Students

ffiffiþ,2),:ỈØù:- HA¿ r ) , rta>lê':¿tÍ?+ôĨffiơ r ) öØờó đ0)t.lEDH

iî fỊu-E,Efiơsff Lơ.ùl{ Ỉ t 1,") 7 ¿ + t * T +ỊFØ=FH"e- S¿tt*BÔffit'

î" t^ ) í- i ôt- < ) /¡ ơ ơ ¿ { {> {u.dar,./rHAffi{" ^s7^s: H¿#}ii¿'r".

cì'= ( t) t,-cL*:/¿ *sEl 6#ø2 7 zcỈet;ffitò,ftfr{t.tø(- lF.=ìô.

I¿ù'-tI¿Ørì 7c i Iì" Ì ð ¿ ) t¡)x,t¡øt, 7c 0) ) Ị * /;đ i _ì !=.!;_.v.(_ €ffiĨê

(\ t.' ,1"¿1r$ 9

þ 6 Ỉr: ( *a! Ic" 4 {Lù' Ỉr ++Øôfơ ¿ t€#-Cffi L /¿ taEr, - Øxffit:'tr.{ff L"c

t._l_ì ơ_ 4 Ø Lùr "Iltavethree beautiful daughters." Lê oI¿ Ø-Aô': ( b t-l¿.

vg1 r,

ffi4

you [It is generally used

by male speakers towardsomeone equal or lower

in status.lhobby

one ofthese daysonce

have just

lfamily îamef

i [It is the most neutralform for male speakers.l [a form attacltedto a

rrame in addressingsomeone It is usedIoward someone equal

or lower in status.lgraduate schoolelectrical engineering

to teachslnce - years ago

to study abroadlfamiiy name]

homeworkthere is,/are a lot

to do one's best; to try

lnard

fi'€.

[male given name]

[female given name]

to stay (over night) [u.i.lvery (much)

'rt to like -; tobe fond(of -)

while; during the timewhen

parents lkt., b o+Jt parentsJ

place(name) card; businesscatd

telephone number

15tL

(-t:)Ë (

Narita (InternationalAirport)

town; city

to arrive (at -)

ten plus a few hours

it takes [with respect totime or moneyJ [u.l.J

International Date Line

same

airport

to welcome; to meet; togrcet

man;malepolite

fluentþ

selÊintroduction

to be surprisedlast yearway (of doing something)

and then; after thatmiddle-aged

to differ; to be different

it seems that -;

evidently [>>>g;É.2- t' t¡]

W,#,ffi,-ï.,ïlg;*r:tw,,,q,i,, ,,itc< 1

TI

-6 Lt'

beautifuldaughter

! ( {¡ ,-/¡ ¡ can't possibly

-[>>ftäl-tìr1] {t¡ri

so.iÉ* 6

\

¡s.tÉffi.j

¿o.lEI l) +s.HlE

rz.tr;#ËË

rz -ìEûHl

zz.ñ#, zz.fäffifË

/tSl:l\e t¿I{lt, rr li¿ à +^ffir" L ¡ i "

(Since she hasjust entered college, she is probably 18.)

Ê/\/¡ |ffirI) Èà ò þ/J7)r)ì¡'z lf t.T.-l-.

(I have just eaten, so I am full.)

FIẨ|:Étfá'tlo)¿ ôùt Elaffi¿ì*rà.È r¡ ( tËb * L/¡"

(When I was a newcomer to Japan,I had trouble understanding Japanesẹ)

Both ô o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that -' when an item you are referring to

is not in sight ó Ø is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (oi are assumed to be)

,.,:,f :*iftupeiro¡'or',ihittÉ- - - tinl"ftËh, y trp o¡_$éfr9"g,3f.¡s.¡4¡Il4iar,,,:"Wmun.j'.'l 4, 2,ø.sttòùta 'useạ,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse oi,t ttø inAicat"q,¡f¡-a,ttop,A,úftì:

!L and * r u ù are familiar with the class.

(oh, how is he [: that personl doing?)

J oot V(plain) &51¿l¿â lãe;z>t.tz>>>RffiËffi2&ãrra2rcl

,which has ¡akei ÈJgÞ,9,þ.ị.wrill placẹ fusr as r, -{jẹèii¡rtr

àti a

a ) Bä^ffic -C.tt, ù Bft:@ffiþ#2 J ä E t¿ú) * I,t¿"

(I came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan.)

b) W+þffi\frLlr ùlft¿Ì BAffiØtrHÈì#ö 6 ea EfÍ/r t, *Ëtu"

(Unless you study kanji, you won't become able to read Japanese newspapers.)

*l 1 *,,,,,

(These days,{mericans also eat sashimi and tofu land this is a changeJ.)

{rrr, -tã,í6

This is a sentence-final particle of exclamation

;,.:e-mþhæicall,y oi onè's wish èrnótivêly " II.

(I am about to go out, so I will call you later.)

[âff : >z.e >>> Ra xt zænuctl

: i rr r':., :: , ): , .::l l:,- :lil.r: ',:1.:rili ,i : : : : -: : ), :;: : :., :):,:.:a ! .:.::r t:il::a _

âÊ¡È ¿ Z ôl¿"à 6 - SálJ È.llT L.( !' * riÂ," e-eKøCl lngrwcitt

(I have just eaten, so I am not hungry.)

âÊ¡lurã ¿Zôl¡"È å ò i ,)l-'Æc t ( l¿'-ð 1

(I am lin the midst ofl eating right now, so please wait a little.)

e)

Ê^ã ¿zôTT Ê^/c ¿ZôTt

$ "' V(plain) Ztl=l¿clürä='be expected/supposed to;

1,,, N (or Sentence+O) ltøla"(?"l

this ex¡iession réQuües ttrỉ you are in

say a)-B in a Japanese restaurant.

(No, this is the first time.)

cannot be said" however,,when yĩ¡ arĩ diq sing.I¿þ.ansse,food'in.a þsroqr¡ 'In.thỉyou,shóld,say b-).8 :1.,.::: -: ì: : .,.1,, t,:, ,:,,i,,:',:,:,-.'lr :.il

r-:rv(¡.'tê.' ei'.*+,'=i@t: ç, 1,ry"*s ttrat.qgme-$i1g ir gig¡ott.tĩ'*¡g¡¡ir-',' ¡ i.', ;i a) 7ỵ-+ti_ *áÌÌ L-CÌtÊ,tl: < t t.

(Steaks are difficult to eat w'ith chopsticks.)

lỉà > t,t a *n r*,u nzo >>ËÉuzr,rrra]

'I4e4:t¿6",clause,islfollowed,by,a sentence,,'(JSlin,,the.þäSiite-nse, it means lwhel.',The .

,tsé¿o¡¿ìse-¡ten¿ ùatt1'rysSes,an.lg t or stare you did

b) E#ØXffi,.-ỵ)xơ^+tlþHct¿ị lvtade in Japanl ¿ Êt,\( t>cl¿,

(I bought a present for my Japanese famþ, and I found that it was made in Japan [, and I was surprisedJ.)

This should be distinguished from the case of V l¿ È followed by the present tense form, as

in ' Eä^frc t; å Eäffiål#rù â ¡, ) lJrà 6'e L ¡ i Ttris is thc casã of sà-called tiĩ ?u.sç o{'ltË;,and it méanp',if tor gq.f-,qil ,,oi,' lqÞ{, |.!, r ,','.'., ,,,.'

(I can't possibly buy a house in Tbkyo.)

12,*V (stem) T ='*^rof - ing'

lV(stem of * i form) +Ë] expresses 'the way of doing somèttring.'

a) Ë?¿l- -to) ị ø¿: È¡ ffiðrã'àr/¿ ( Ë 1,,ĩ 6o)ỵ- ffiLt."

(Kanji are difficultbecause leven] one kanji [often] has a number ofreadings.)

b) *átÌ L Ø#bXZW.Z( ( Èð t

(Please teacTrme how to hold chopsticks.)

13 *r ^, å Lüf ='it seems that; evidently'

;.t: !,.ì,e4presses oners,couj-ectures, .qan,bÈ,,attahle fị.,¡o-u¡sr(e6:¡1á .$¡,[1,),;.s-t9rnS

of r*-adjectives (e.g.,L1'å.à Lt.),piẳfonns of t.-adjectives (i g.,ftu, à Lr ) *apfui"

forms of verb s (e.g., n < q L r.') It tends to be used when one's conjecture is based on what

one has heard.

lỉ¿¡ry¿> t.zz>>>zzÈl

l#atw > t z z >>> Ëà 5 t,tì]

(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)

7 t r r-c-.|,l +Æ.trtft+.þ7 r -z ¡ i.-À(.&Jìå Lü\.

(Evidently, students call teachers by their first names in America.)

14*,V<WA<ON='the first N after v-ing'

l#atry¿ > ¿ z z >>> Ërru ?re)t oh w7 i, - t a,v t)

(1 met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)

(When I went to Japan, I spent a whole day speaking only in Japanese, for the fi¡st time in my life.)

2:Native Japanese speakers often

end a sentence with -åt (but ) This suggests that some-

thing more might follow and

hence gives a softer tone to the conversation, thus making it more

polite than a sentence without

à1.

3: L ¿ ôî is used to change the

topic of a conversation.

4: Ë¿t is used to bring up an

impor-tant point or information.

5 : Try to use connectives such as å

i¿f" and t-à'6 to get more

in-formation from a conversation

paÍner and in general to have a

/rrrdVv-,

a) *7 t:Ì¡.->-c- *uär,.ù: ¿ i L.(n+¿:Hfrafs:I i ':r¡oI¿ù.þffiÈ/Jë !'o

b) ffit.l: :- Lþ ), lo))vr¿¿ 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/Jð r,'"

e 7 r, h L++.ùtâúrÊ/rLf ! * T" cD äEf,r t- g.øi.nff-u lrfL¿t'o ÈH,

g) RIR (name ofa Japanese film director) øU4É¿ff¿ ( ð Å,F,* L/c.

h) E+#þtulÃLl¿; å ùió t *ìi¿,"

:/;ffiØffiîî" T 7 - Lu- i 4 Ø7 J y rt N,J- üTể*aÎð¿,ØỊìỊ{

üTỊ ¿* *a1¿ ð .i, ă a ñỊ x nr¿ iffi¿ ¡Jr ð /¡ / v ì v r k ffi û cTt -; Ic Ø -a î "

LT IJRE No

6 o e e ('

Greetings

ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspondexactly to each other For example, although ôjltÀf ðdtìtl means "Good morn-ing!," the two expressions are different in that ôlát5 ðdt\tl is not normally used in thelate morning ölåA) ðdtìtl also has an informal equivalent ¿JltAf , which can be used

when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u åi (= higher status)person Another good example would be ðA())ä5 ðA(f )f4õ indeed means "Good-byl"

but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is

thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itis

safeç and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf The best strategy for Japanese greetings

would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulatethem

Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a ship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does

relation-not break down ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the

be-ginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name.That is notthe case in Japan, however Yourteacheç even afteryou graduate, remainsftä,i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that ln other words, youcannot all of a sudden switch from ôlåAf ðdtìtlto ölt&f !

Addressing your friends

J n school, classmates may call each other by last name *dfu l<fu,last name

I first name *5t¡ lu lt lv I ( fu, first name by itself, etc Oftentimes, moreover,

each other by various nicknames or by shortened versíons of their names such as

*ål in â-ãÉ3.

by itself,they call

f ) (for

c

ô o

c

o

ft+LL*î.

ù: [¡.¿r¿;a.j¿.1 Lù liÐüÊ,("1ơ.j LÍ) L- ]FHt-Ưr¡þ!ll_Þ_đ" EIAĐ¿*

¡ ¡.ffJlì" EIô^ăìĨ1h\Øxþ fr6 ffiù:Ĩ i l'{to -c Ỉ * Tl 4lt"t:Nl,'Cxffi.a)

Í) lTt.< 6ol'ì!'l- Kn'\fr:(ỈỈ,'\Øêilf¿Ỉt'* )

,ffib /¡ơu.l /¡ Ð ơ t,iù>ì,.ðrò j€ffi¿:¿t/J!.o ElaƠ¿*_ hnỈi¿:đ:tƠü:*/¿

Ỉkc't

*i L iftBùi,¿i ö j t ðt.ơrf đa L¡tesì-o *ffit"ò "Thankyouforthe

other day." ơ ă "Itwasgoodto seeyouthe other day." /¡ ơ" ơêLt¡t'¿ ¿ ù1,/J

.r,rf"Lzt ìï - xr:'

-ftỊĨ!¿:=r'" { lft* bXE!:TÊ'>I¿ ô t'ð ?Ư#ùÌ

'€ffiJ

b E^ffiØfr¡:þu'lì

ô 1 " l:t-lrJù.btl đm đt¿-ôơ*u-q-rc - EttØ+ffiøftÐ,rđr /¿ffi z Øtrlù'

¿'i r ) ffi¿:fnJ Lê't l¿ ă J u.ă.ỈìlĐ*:{!.{ 4fLþH,ì-6l)lrt, X+t¡hô## t"ơỊ:.6òlt_Iìô)"

r:,'L-L{O

Ü't6')ơÜr-e-l-Ỉ fi ,t ¿o1 f r:r"

iL ãt! t' ) € t¡'tYaf t: fl', 1 tt * f

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