New contributions of the thesis - Identified biological, ecological characteristics and distribution of Codonopsis javanica brume hook.. Dinh Thi Hoa and Doan Thi Thuy Linh 2003, when st
Trang 1HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
TRAN CONG DINH
A STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC BASES TO SUGGEST SOLUTIONS
TO MANAGE AND DEVELOP CODONOPSIS JAVANICA (BLUME) HOOK F SUSTAINABLY IN TAY GIANG DISTRICT, QUANG NAM PROVINCE
Major: Sivilculture Code: 9 62 02 05
DOCTORAL THESIS IN SIVILCULTURE
HUE - 2019
Trang 2The thesis was completed at: Department of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University
Scientific supervisor: 1 Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Van Loi
2 Dr Tran Minh Duc
The thesis can be accessed at: The Library of University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Learning
Resource Centre of Hue University, and National Library
Trang 31 Study background
Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f is a valuable pharmaceutical plant which can be used for medicinaltreatment like ginseng, but with a lower cost Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f appears in all prescriptions ofOriental medicine as tonic which can help patients to increase resistance and improve health
Tay Giang district of Quang Nam province is where Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f is naturallydistributed and artificially planted by local people In order for Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f to become a mainplant in socio-economic development and meet social needs, it is necessary to protect and preserve its precious genesfor future generations Based on previous study findings and specific scientific evidence, this study aims to suggestsolutions for managing and developing Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f sustainably in Tay Giang district ofQuang Nam province
4 New contributions of the thesis
- Identified biological, ecological characteristics and distribution of Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f
- Identidied and added some techniques to breed and plant Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f
- Suggested some specific solutions based on scientific evidence and feasibility to plant and developCodonopsis javanica (brume) hook f sustainably for local people in the study area
5 Organization of the thesis
In addition to Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the thesis includes three chapters:
Chapter 1: Literature Review
Chapter 2: Research subjects, content and method
Chapter 3: Findings and discussions
Trang 4CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Theoretical background
1.1.1 An overview about non-wood forest products
1.1.1.1 Definitions
In the world, there are many definitions of non-wood forest products depending on different researchers,organizations and periods However, in the forestry field, the term non-wood forest product is widely used to officiallyreplace the term minor forest product / secondary forest product This definition was approved in the Asia-PacificForestry Consulting Conference in Bangkok on August 5th,1991: ‚non-wood forest products include renewableproducts apart from wood, firewood and charcoal Non-wood forest products are taken from forest, forest land or trees.Therefore, products such as sand, stone, water, eco-tourism services are not considered as non-wood forest products
1.1.1.2 Vegetation that provides non-wood forest products
According to Le Mong Chan and Vu Van Dung (1992), ‚forest vegetation includes trees, grass, high level andlow level vines distributed in the forest Non-wood trees which provide valuable products such as pine resin, anise,cinnamon or cane are also regarded as forest specialities In a narrow meaning, vegetation which provides non-woodproducts or other valuable products beside wood are generally called vegetation providing non-wood forest products In
a broader meaning, vegetation which provides non-wood forest products includes all kinds of vegetation in the forestecology or in any other ecology which are also able to provide non-wood forest products
1.1.1.3 Classification of vegetation that provides non-wood forest products
There are many different viewpoints on how to classify vegetation that provides non-wood forest products such
as classifying based on systems of vegetation resources, on trunk shapes or on use values Specifically, classifying wood forest products based on use values is also viewed differently According to FAO (1984), non-wood forestproducts classified based on use values are: 1) food; 2) construction materials; 3) handcraft materials; 4) medicinal andaromatic materials; 5) oramental plants
non-1.1.2 An overview about indigenous knowledge
1.1.2.1 Definitions
According to Katherine Warner (1991), indigenous knowledge is knowledge about a local - the only knowledgeabout a certain culture or society This is the basic knowledge based on which local decisions about agriculture, healthcare, food production, education, natural resource management and primary activities of rural community can be made.Unlike indigenous knowledge, academic knowledge is often formed in research universities and institutes
1.1.2.2 Indigenous knowledge in forest resource management
The management of indigenous forestry has recently attracted the attention from forestry science and forestrydevelopment cooperation Previously, social forestry and custom forestry were not mentioned, especially communityforestry was neglected in many cases whereas ideas about managing indigenous forests are really valuable Nowadays,professional forestry pays more attention to the success of indigenous forestry, so the process of communication andsynthesization is widely opened
1.1.3 An overview about medicinal plants
1.1.3.1 AN overview about studies and uses of medicinal plants around the world
According to WHO‘s statistics, in 1995 there were 20.000 vegetation species (among 250.000 known species)had been used as medicine or had provided ingredients for medicine production Among these, India has 6000 speciesand China has 5000 species Countries which have an increasing use of medicinal plants like China consume 700.000tons of medicinal materials, oriental medicinal products worth over 1.7 billion USD in 1986 In Japan, in 1979, 21.000tons of medicinal materials were imported, this figure increased to 22,640 tons in 1980 equal to 50 million USD Thisproved that medicinal plants used for traditional medicine are in a growing need
1.1.3.2 An overview about studies and uses of medicinal plants in Vietnam
Tropical forests in Vietnam have a variety of vegetation resources There are around 12.000 species of highlevel vegetation, 600 of mushroom, 800 of mold and hundreds of big algea; among which, 3,200 high and low levelvegetation species which are used for mecical treatment are distributed in a variety of site conditions nationwide
1.2 Practical background
1.2.1 Previous studies on Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f in Vietnam
1.2.1.1 Classification of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
Codonopsis branch has following taxonomy characteristics:
Trang 51.2.1.2 Characteristics of distribution and regeneration
According to Vo Van Chi and Tran Hop (2002), there are 44 species of Codonopsis Blume mainly distributed
in humid subtropical and temperate zones in Asia and Europe Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f is a subtropicalplant recognized in China, Myanma, India, Laos, Vietnam and Japan The plant grows naturally in the Northern andHighland mountainous provinces, especially in Lai Chau, Son La, Lao Cai, Gia Lai, Kontum and Lam Dong InVietnam, Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f is called by different names like vine gingsen, phong dang sam, chickenthigh, mằn rày cáy (Tày), cang hô (H’Mông), distributed in Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Son La, Yen Bai, TuyenQuang, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Kontum, Lam Dong, Quang Nam
Dinh Thi Hoa and Doan Thi Thuy Linh (2003), when studying the characteristics about distribution andregeneration of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f in Copia natural conservation area in) Thuan Chau district of Son
La province, came to some preliminary conclusions about: 1) the distribution of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f
in different biological conditions, 2) the distribution of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f based on locations, 3) thecharacteristics about regeneration
1.2.1.3 Ecological characteristics
According to Vo Van Chi and Tran Hop (2002), Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f grows in the edge offorest, long abandoned kaingins, grassland at the height of 900 - 2.200m It prefers humidity, light and can stand shades,grows in humic soil It is grown from seeds in spring and its roots are used for medicinal purposes The plant can beharvested after 3 years It often produces flowers and fruits in December and January
1.2.1.5 Chemical components
According to Dao Kim Long and et al (2012), sustances like β - sitosterrol, daucosterrol, hesperidin, kaemferol
3 - O - β - D - sophoroside, lobetyol were first discovered in the roots of Codonopsis javanica Among these, lobetyol
can be in process of extracting, and one glucoza atom of lobetyolin has been cut to become lobetyol Lobetyolin is anindicating sustance used to identify the quality of Chinese Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f
Hoang Minh Chung and colleagues (2002) found that in raw and processed Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook.f., there is sugar, saponin, acid amin and lipid Studies showed that powder-producing index of raw Codonopsisjavanica (Blume) hook f is 8, hermorrhage index is 5.7, Saponin concentration is 3,12 ± 0,08 %
1.2.1.6 Pharmacological usages
According to Do Tat Loi (2006), oriental medicine considers Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f as analternative ingredient for ginseng when treating anaemia, xanthochroous, lymphodermia, adrenal inflammation,albumin-containing urine, swollen legs It is also used as stomach tonic, cough relief, expectorant, or good for urination.Codonopsis javanica (Brume) hook f is called ‚ginseng for the poor‘ as it has all usages that ginseng has, but with alower cost
Patients can use 6-12 grams, even up to 30 grams, of infused Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f everydayduring 7-14 days According to ancient records, Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f has a sweet and nice taste It isgood for lungs and spleens It can be used to treat ill spleens, indigestion, tiring limbs, cough and thirst Its usages aresimilar to those of ginseng
1.2.1.7 Studies on multiplying and planting Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f.
In 2006, Do Tat Loi provided a specific guidance on how to select and grow seeds Applying high-tech inmultiplying techniques, Doan Trong Duc (2014) proposed a process to breed Codonopsis javanica (Brume) hook f bytissue culture technique with 5 specific steps: i) culture to create an initial source of materials, ii) quickly multiplycallus, iii) culture to create buds, iv) multiply buds, v) take care of plants in the arboretums
1.2.1.8 Harvesting and processing
Trang 6According to Le Quy Nguu and Tran Thi Nhu Duc (1999), Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f can beharvested in both spring and autumn, but the latter is better After the plants are digged, stems and branches can bedisposed on the ground, dried and rolled to make the bark stick to the wood Wild Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.can be dried under the sun or over the fire.
To process Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f tubers: clean the tubers with water, cut the tubers‘ head, cutthem into slices or pieces, then dry them
Process Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f rice: put rice in a pot, cook and spray some water until the ricesticks to the pot Add Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f pieces to the rice, stir the mixture until the Codonopsisjavanica (blume) hook f pieces turn yellow, take them out and let cool Use 10 kg of rice for every 50 kg ofCodonopsis javanica (Brume) hook f
1.2.2 An overview about studies on Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f around the world
1.2.2.1 Phamarcological usages
Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f is naturally distributed in Asia, especially in China, Japan, Korea,Thailand, Vietnam It is widely used as a precious medicine for anaemia, spleen and stomach impairment, stomachache,nephritis cough, albumin in urine, etc Chinese traditional medicine calls it Dangshen because it has similar usages togingsen, first mentioned by Wu Yiluo in 1751, and then by Zhao Xuemin in 1765 Codonopsis sp originates from Asiaand develops wildly in nature Its roots which are harvested after 3 years of development are sweet and can be used as afunctional food for health and treatment (cited by Do Tat Loi, p.29)
1.2.2.2 Chemical components
Study findings have shown that roots of Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f mainly contain saponin triterbenand steroid According to Slupki, Ankanna and Bhuni (2011), medicinal components in roots of Codonopsis javanica(blume) hook f include: glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose, syringing, n-hexyl b - D-glucopyranoside, ethyl a - d - Pructofuranoide
1.2.2.3 Usages
Chen (2014) said that Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f has been long used in Chinese traditional medicinesince the ancient time Previous studies have proved that the extract from Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f canreduce insulin and prevent oxidation in insulin-resistant animals caused by fructose dietary supplement for a long time
1.2.2.4 Multiplying and planting
Sun et al (2008) from Gansu University of Agriculture sowed the seeds of Codonopsis tangshen Oliv In late
spring and early summer on soil mixed with compost and supplemented with gibberellin in a poly-greenhouse Withregularly-maintained moisture, seeds start sprouting at 20 oC after 4-6 weeks
Huang and colleagues (1999) indicated that, in cultivating conditions, there was a correlation betweenproductivity and average diameter of Codonopsis pilosula Franch tubers and large amounts of N fertilizer.Productivity reached 3.750 kg/hecta, average diameter of a tuber was > 1.5 cm The influence of three main kinds offertilizer on productivity and tuber diameter was K > P > N The amount of fertilizer to yield high productivity for 1hecta was 155 kg of N, 250 kg of P2O5 and 60 kg of K2O (ratio 1:1,6:0,4) Fertilizer had a positive impact on theproductivity of Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f
1.2.2.5 Diseases
Ji - Hyun Park and colleagues (2014) found rotten roots in the storage house of Codonopsis lanceolata in a
market in Seoul, Korea in 2012 Based on biological characteristics and atom analysis of ITS rDNA and D1/D2 of LSU,
it was found out that the cause of this phenomenon was because of Rhizopus oryzae This was the first time rotten roots
in Codonopsis lanceolata had been found to be related to Rhizopus.
1.3.Natural and socio-economic conditions of the study area
Tay Giang is a mountainous district in the north-west of Quang Nam province, 190 km away from Tam Kycity to the north-west and 125km away from Danang city to the west Its geographical location is from 15045’ to 16005’
northern latitude and from 107005’ to 107035’ eastern longitude, with total natural area of 91.368,05 hecta The maintype of terrain is mountain and hill with a high slope, over 95 % of natural area has a over 200 slope The terrain islower from north-west to south-east, average height compared to the sea level is 1.200 - 1.400 m, the highest place isTr’hy at 2005 m, and the lowest place is Dang commune at 400 m Tay Giang district is located in a tropical area withhot and humid seasonal wind from the east of Truong Son range, lots of seasonal rain, average temperature per year is
22 0C, average rainfall per year is 2.000 - 2.500 mm, and average humidity per year is 86% Red yellow soil has an area
Trang 7of 87.579,93 hecta, taking up around 96,99 % of the district‘s natural area With such conditions, Tay Giang district hasmany advantages to develop medicinal plants including Codonopsis javanica (brume) hook f.
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH SUBJECTS, CONTENT AND METHOD 2.1 Research scope and subjects
2.1.1 Research scope:
- Study time: From 6/2015 to 6/2018
- Study area: Tay Giang district, Quang Nam province
2.1.2 Research subjects
- Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f naturally growing or planted in Tay Giang district, Quang Namprovince
- Local people‘s indigenous knowledge about multiplying and planting Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f
- Planting models of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f in the study area
- Some site factors affecting the natural distribution of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f including soil,terrain and habitats
2.2 Research content
1 Study on biological, ecological and sivilculture characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f in TayGiang district, Quang Nam province
2 Study on local people‘s planting practice and indigenous knowledge about Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f
3 Study on planting techniques of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f
4 Suggest some solutions to manage and develop Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f sustainably based on theresearch findings
2.3 Research method
2.3.1 Reviewing documents
Previous studies on Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f both in Vietnam and around the world, summaryreports of organizations and agencies based in Tay Giang district, Quang Nam province were all reviewed
2.3.2 Investigating local people‘s indigenous knowledge about Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook f.
Participatory Rural Appraisal method was applied, and interviews with experienced people in the hamlets andvillages: 10 village patriarches, 10 village heads, 50 female farmers were conducted Interviews were conducted based
on a simple survey which includes some main questions designed for the purpose of research objectives and content
2.3.3 Conducting a survey and creating a map about the natural distribution of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook.
f based on GIS.
Based on the distribution map of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f., terrain maps, survey results, consultancefrom local people and administrators, investigation routes were made
– Investigation routes: Based on the preliminary survey results, 10 investigation routes were made, each was 3
metres large in different habitats Natural forest, planted forest, recovered forest, grassland, kaingin In investigationroutes, information about number of individuals, their growth, development and ecological factors was collected
– Investigation in standard cells:
+ Creating 30 standard cells representing forest states Because Codonopsis javanica (Brume) hook f is a vineplant, the area of each standard cell was 25 m2 (5m x 5m)
Trang 8+ In each standard cell, the number of individuals, the growth of grown individuals, and the characteristics ofregeneration The procedure of creating the distribution map of Codonopsis javanica (Brume) hook f was as follows:
– Creating data about space
– Creating data about characteristics
– Identifying site factors and targets affecting the distribution areas of Codonopsis javanica (Brume) hook f.– Creating data base for the study
– Identifying the weight of some site factors affecting the distribution areas of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f.– Creating the distribution map of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f
2.3.4 Studying multiplying techniques of Codonopsis javanica (Blume) hook f.
– The experiment on the influence of seed-processing water temperature on sprouting percentages
+ The experiment was arranged based on random blocks with 3 times of repetition; each time, 100 seeds wererepeated with the following formulas: Formula 1: water temperature 25 0C Formula 2: water temperature 35 0CFormula 3: water temperature 45 0C Formula 4: water temperature 55 0C
+ Sprouting percentages were determined based on the following formula:
% 100
N
n
E
In which: E% is the normal sprouting percentage
n is the number of sprouting seeds
N is the number of checked seeds+ Mornitoring indicators: Number of sprouting seeds, sprouting percentages
– The experiment on the influence of storage time on sprouting percentages
+ The experiment was arranged based on random blocks with 3 times of repetition; each time, 100 seeds wererepeated with the following formula: Formula 1: sowing without storage Formula 2: sowing after 1 month of storageFormula 3: sowing after 2 month of storage Formula 4: sowing after 3 months of storage Formula 5: sowing after 4months of storage Formula 6: sowing after 5 months of storage Formula 7: sowing after 6 months of storage
+ Mornitoring indicators: Number of sprouting seeds, sprouting percentages
– The experiment on the influence of mixed furrows on seedling percentages
+ The experiment was arranged based on random blocks with 3 times of repetition; each time, 100 seeds wererepeated with the following formulas: Formula 3.1: 1:2:1 mixture (1 alluvial soil + 2 sand + 1 compost) Formula 3.2:2:1:1 mixture (2 alluvial soil + 1 coconut fiber + 1 compost) Formula 3.3: 2:1:1 mixture (2 alluvial soil + 1 sand + 1compost) Formula 3.4: 2:1:1 mixture (1 sand + 1 coconut fiber + 1 compost)
+ Mornitoring indicators: Seedling percentages
– The experiment on the influence of soil on the growth and development of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook.
f in the greenhouse.
+ The experiment was arranged based on random blocks with 3 times of repetition; each time, 30 plants wererepeated with the following formulas: Formula 4.1: 3:1:1 mixture (3 alluvial soild + 1 smoked rice husk + 1 compost)Formula 4.2: 3:1:1 mixture (3 alluvial soild + 1 sand + 1 compost) Formula 4.3: 2:1:1:1 mixture (2alluvial soild + 1sand + 1 smoked rice husk + 1 compost) Formula 4.4: 1:2:1:1 mixture (1 alluvial soild + 2 sand + 1 smoked rice husk +
1 compost)
+ Mornitoring indicators: Survival percentages, height, number of leaves
– The experiment on the influence of shades on the growth and development of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f in the greenhouse
+ The experiment was arranged based on random blocks with 3 times of repetition; each time, 30 plants withthe following formulas: Formula 5.1: 0% of shade Formula 5.2: 25% of shade Formula 5.3: 50% of shade Formula 5.4:75% of shade
+ Mornitoring indicators: Survival percentages, height, number of leaves
2.3.5 Studying planting techniques of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
- Materials for planting were roots selected from over-three-year-old kaingins of Codonopsis javanica (blume)hook f., healthy plants without diseases Tubers had a diameter of 5 - 10 mm, no physical injury, 80-100 tubers/kg
Trang 9- Planting models of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f were arranged on red yellow humic soil on themountain poor in fruvth, soil thickness was > 60 cm, pH level was 5,8-6,2 Humus content in soil was 6%, the soil wasquite moist and has average mechanical components The slope was 20 - 22 0, the drainage was good Beside commoncharacteristics, each model also has some differences:
+ Model 1: Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f was planted in forests under the shades of big trees (< 0.3)with weeds and bushes all cleaned up
+ Model 2: Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f was planted on rotation kaingins; in the first year, corn wasintercroped with 1m x 1m density; in the second year, cassava was intercroped with 1m x 1m density
+ Model 3: Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f was planted on rotation kaingins, no intercrops, no espaliers.+ Model 4: Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f was planted on rotation kaingins, no intercrops, but withespaliers
- Data about length, number of branches, tuber diameter, flower and fruit-producing percentages were regularlycollected once a year at the end of growth stage
- Data about survival percentages were collected at different times: 30 days, 60 days and 90 days after the day
of planting
- Data about productivity were collected once at the end of the third year
2.3.6 Evaluating economic efficiency of the planting models of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
- Current value of net revenue (NPV):
Formula:
NPV = BPV - CPV
In which:
NPV: Current value of net revenue
BPV: Current value of revenues in business cycle
CPV : Current value of costs in business cycle
Bt: revenue of the t year including all profits that the investor earned (dong)
Ct: cost of the t year including all money that the investor invested (dong)
i: Bill rate (based on the interest rate of the capital loan or the return rate of the invested capital)
n: Number of years in production cycle
t: Time of production activities (years)
Trang 10Bill coefficient
- Benefit Cost Rate (BCR):
BCR is the quotient between all revenues and all costs after discounted in present value based on the followingformula of John Gunter:
BCR = BPV/CPV
In which:
BPV: Current value of revenues in business cycle
CPV: current value of costs in business cycle
This target is the real return rate It reflects the quality of investment It indicates how much is earned for eachinvested amount of money (all revenues and costs are calculated based on the present time) The project with largerBCR would be selected:
+ If BCR is bigger than 1, the business project is profitable
+ If BCR is equal to 1, the business project is break-even
+ If BCR is smaller than 1, the business project is unprofitable
2.3.7 Data processing method
Data were processed through analyzing the variance of one factor m times in Microsoft Excel
Comparing the number of samples: analyzing the variance of one factor 3 times to evaluate the varies betweenthe experiment formulas Using t standard (Student) to select the best expriment formula
Comparing the quality of samples: Using χ2
05 standard to compare and evaluate and select the best experimentformula
CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Biological, ecological and forestry characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f in Tay Giang district, Quang Nam province.
3.1.1 Morphological characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f is a plant which lives for a long time, twines with its vines, hasbranchlets, is as long as 1,5 - 2,5m and has tubers There is milky resin in its stem; the top of the plants and its youngleaves ared coated with soft hair which usually disappears when the plant is grown up The leaves are thin, oppositelyarranged, heart-shaped, 3 - 5 cm long, 2,5 - 5 cm wide Its base is splitted into 2 deep round parts, its apex is eithersharp or round, its lower side is light color with tiny hair, clear veins, whole and a bit wavy margin, and a 3-6-cm-longpetiole Flowers grow from the space between leaves, with 1,2 - 2cm long pedicels, there are five narrow 1-1,5 cm longsepals on the calyx; the garland is bell-shaped with the diameter of 1-2 cm; each flower has five milky petals withpurple margins; there are five stamens, the anthers sticks to the ovary, the pistil is plate-shaped The plant‘s fruits areberry, nearly round with the diameter of 1-1,5 cm, their heads are a bit flat and they have a pentagon shape When theyare ripe, they are purple or black purple The seeds are small; each fruit has 700 - 800 seeds which are smooth, brownyellow or purple Flower season: July - August; fruit season: November - December The tubers have a cylinder shape;the lower part of each tuber is often divided into small parts; their sizes vary based on the plant‘s age and growinglocation The tubers are milky white with a wood core and milky resin; when they are dried, they are easy to be broken,light brown yellow, fragrant and little sweet
3.1.2 Ecological characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f is a long living plant The shoot system is dead in winter while the rootsystem is still alive and grows Every year, after the season of ripe fruits in December, the parts of the shoot system startdying From March - April, new buds will grow from the tuber heads and develop quickly in dry months In July -August, the plant produces flowers and fruits, which marks the end of the growth stage
Trang 11The plant often grow individually or in small groups of individuals at different ages in the edge of the forests,
on the abadoned kaingins, in the bushes along the path, or in the small caves on the humic mountains The plantdevelops well on red yellow humic soil on the mountains and on yellow red feralit soil with the mechanical componentsranging from light to average Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f is a humidity-favored plant, but it cannot standflooding; if it is flooded, roots and tubers will be rotten
3.1.3 Distribution and regeneration characteristics
3.1.3.1 Occurrence frequency of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
The resluts of ten on-site investigations in 42km area of lengths showed that the number of wild Codonopsisjavanica (blume) hook f is still big but unequally distributed in the study routes Route 5 had the highest frequency ofoccurrence (24 plant/km) and Route 1 had the smallest (0.71 plant/km) On 42 km of the investigation routes, theaverage frequency of occurence was `11,33 plants/ km This research was conducted in the flowers and fruits seasons,but the number of plants which produced flowers and fruits only took up 27,52 % The interviews with local peopleshowed that ten years earlier, tthere had been a great number of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f growing in theedge of the forests, on abadoned kaingins, on the rice fields, on the corn fields, on the cassava fields
3.1.3.2 Distribution characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f based on height
The results from the investigations in 10 routes and 30 standard cells showed that Codonopsis javanica (blume)hook f appeared in all routes and cells The number of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f distributed in the higharea ( > 1000m) took up 58,96 %, and in the low area ( ≤ 1000m) was 46,64 %
3.1.3.3 Distribution characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f based on locations
The investigation results in 10 routes and 30 standard cells showed that there was no significant difference inthe percentages of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f distributed in the foot (24,65 %), on the slope (23,27 %) and
on the top of the mountains (25,36%) In the standard cells, there was a slight difference in the percentages ofCodonopsis javanica (blume) hook f distributed in the foot (12,02 %), on the slope (7,70 %) and on the top of themountains (6,93%) However, generally in all routes and cells, there was no significant difference in the percentages ofCodonopsis javanica (blume) hook f distributed in the foot (36,67 %), on the slope (30,97 %) and on the top of themountains (31,29%)
3.1.3.4 Distribution characteristics of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f based on habitats
Based on the data collected in 10 investogation routes and 30 standard cells, the characteristics about thedistribution of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f in five types of habitats including grassland, kaingins, plantedforests, recovered forests and primeval forests were synthesized The results showed that Codonopsis javanica (blume)hook f was distributed in all types of habitats However, the number of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.distribution varied in different types of habitats The majority of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f was distributed
on the kaingins (34,43 %) and in the recovered forests (22,95 %), the lowest percentage was in the natural forests (4,92
%) This finding was appropriate because Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f prefers light and twines with its vines,
so it can develop well in the habitats where there is plenty of light This conclusion also matched with what had beenfound by other researchers who studied about the ecological characteristics and distribution of Codonopsis javanica(blume) hook f
3.1.3.5 Growth and regeneration of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f.
The results of the investigation in standard cells showed that the number of regenerated Codonopsis javanica(blume) hook f plants is 173, equivalent to the density of 2.307 plants/hecta Among these, mature plants took up41,62 %, so it can be said that there were still a relatively large number of Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f plantsdistributed in the nature However, the percentage of mature plants is still low (41,62 %), and the rest (58,38%) areregenerated plants The decrease in the number of mature plants is because local people exploit them for commercialpurposes
Codonopsis javanica (blume) hook f has adapted to the local soil and climate condition, so it can grow anddevelop well There are 88,89 % of good quality mature plants at A level, plants at B and C level take up 5,56 % Theplants with the quality at B and C level are due to being eaten by rotents or growing in humid soil