Therefore, I choose the topic " Solutions to complete the supply chain of tuna products for the Japanese market" as a doctoral dissertation subject in the field of commercial.. Studythe
Trang 11 Rationale of the thesis
In the process of implementing the initiative and actively participating in
international integration, Vietnam has strengthened the signing of free tradeagreements (FTAs) with countries and regions in the world In the traderelations with Japan and Vietnam, as a member of ASEAN, AJCEP signed theASEAN - Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement AJCEP isevaluated as a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in many areas,including trade in goods, services, investment and economic cooperation TheCPTPP Agreement is a new generation of free trade agreements, signed onMarch 8, 2018 and officially takes effect from December 30, 2018 for the firstgroup of 6 countries to complete the approval process Standard Agreement.For Vietnam, the Agreement takes effect from January 14, 2019
With the first two free trade agreements (FTAs), Vietnam - Japan and
ASEAN - Japan, some of Vietnam's seafood products exported to Japan havebeen removed from the tariff barrier With CPTPP, Japan pledged to abolishtax immediately for 86% of tariff lines, equivalent to 93.6% of Vietnam'sexport turnover to Japan, and nearly 90% of tariff lines after 5 years Inparticular, many previous seafood products have not been committed toabolish taxes in the previous two FTAs will also enjoy 0% tax when exporting
to Japan
With the elimination of tariff lines for Vietnamese goods under the previous
FTAs and the CPTPP Agreement, many exports to Japan have increasedsharply According to Customs statistics, Vietnam's export turnover to theJapanese market in 2018 reached more than 18.8 billion USD, of whichseafood accounted for 7.4% with many items rising as mollusk Head feet, allkinds of fish and tuna Tuna products have now become the third largestseafood export item of Vietnam after shrimp and basa fish At the same time,the tuna export turnover of Vietnam to Japan also occupies the 3rd positionafter 2 key import markets: EU and US
The situation of Vietnam's tuna exports is not commensurate with thepotential and like the big market Japan The reason for this limitation is
Trang 2that the supply chain of tuna products was not suitable and did not linkproducers with customers in this market.
It can be said that, in theory, competitive advantage in the market ofenterprises in the trend of globalization, especially for small and medium-sizedenterprises will not only depend on the capacity of each enterprise but moreand more reliant on links, cooperation with other businesses in a value chain,product supply chains
Stemming from the above problems, it is necessary to have research andbuild a supply chain for tuna products for the Japanese market Therefore, I
choose the topic " Solutions to complete the supply chain of tuna products for the Japanese market" as a doctoral dissertation subject in the field of
commercial
2 Overview of domestic and foreign research projects related to the thesis topic
2.1 Overview of domestic research topics
Includes research topics on supply chain in general, product supply chainand supply chain of tuna products by domestic authors
2.2 Overview of foreign research topics
Articles by foreign authors like Handfield and Bechtel (2002); Togar andSridharan (2002); Rachel Wilshaw, Liesbeth Unger and colleagues; KazunariWatanabe- Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois, 2003; Megan Baileyand U.Rashid Sumaila With research on supply chains, such as issues ofcooperation, credibility, and labor supply in the supply chain In addition, thestudy also mentioned issues such as quality of seafood, Japanese tuna market
3.2 Detail goal:
- Systematize and clarify the rationale for completing the supply chain of
Trang 34 Object and scope of the research
Subjects of research: Vietnam's tuna supply chain, from when raw
tuna is exploited and put into the chain until the product is transferred toJapanese importers
Research scope:
- About space: Studying the supply chain of Vietnamese tuna exports to Japan
- About time: Collect data from 2008 to 2018 and propose solutions to 2025
- Regarding the content: Proposing the supply chain model, focusing onanalyzing the activities of supply of tuna products, the impact of factorsaffecting the chain and the activities of the chain
- Regarding research perspective: The thesis researches on the perspective ofscientists to propose solutions to complete supply chains for businesses,petitions to the state and business associations
5 Research method
5.1 Methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism 5.2 Methods of researching documents, inheriting previous research results 5.3 Survey method
5.4 Methods of data processing (Qualitative and quantitative methods)
Qualitative method: Expert opinion method, SWOT matrix analysis
method
Quantitative method: Using descriptive statistical methods affecting supply
chain through Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient analysis Using MultipleLinear Regression (MLR) model to measure the relationship between researchproblems
6 New points of the thesis
In terms of theory: The thesis systematizes and supplements the theoretical
basis of the supply chain of tuna products Specify concepts, structures,
Trang 4characteristics, linkage model, chain model, production organization,purchasing and exploitation of ocean tuna products, concept of completion andcontent of supply chain completion application of ocean tuna products Studythe experiences of countries in organizing the supply chain of tuna products.
On the practical side: Based on the model of Vietnam's tuna supply chain
for the Japanese market The dissertation analyzes the activities of the chain,thereby pointing out the remaining problems and the causes affecting thechain Since then, the thesis proposes appropriate solutions to help organizethe supply chain of finished products more If the Japanese market is met,Vietnamese tuna products have many opportunities to enter markets withequally high requirements
The thesis proposes recommendations to the State, Industry Association insupporting members and application of supply chain model for ocean tunaproducts
7 Structure of the thesis
The thesis has a structure of 3 chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical basis on the supply chain of tuna product to Japanese market
Chapter 2: Real situation of Vietnamese ocean fish supply chain for Japanese market.
Chapter 3: Orientation and Solutions for Vietnam's tuna supply chain for the Japanese market
Chapter 1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS ON THE SUPPLY CHAIN
OF TUNA PRODUCT TO JAPANESE MARKET
1.1 The rationale for the supply chain of tuna products
1.1.1 Some basic definitions
- Chain: From a mathematical point of view: "String is a series of countlessnumber of symbols arranged, linked by plus" [Vietnamese Encyclopedia]
- Supply chain: "Supply chain is a link with companies to bring products orservices to market"
Trang 5"Supply chain is information flow, goods and cash It includes controllingall functions related to the flow of materials, from suppliers to customers,including purchase, transport, production management and inventory,manufacturing, storage and transportation"
From the above concepts can be concluded as follows: supply chain isinformation flow, goods, cash It is done through purchasing, manufacturing,inventory, shipping and information activities to satisfy customer needs
- Concept of product supply chain
Product: "These are all things that can satisfy the demand or desire to beoffered in the market for the purpose of attracting the attention of shopping,use or consumption."
Product supply chain is the product flow from suppliers to customers,closely linked to satisfy customers' needs through the operation of the chain.Supply chains not only include manufacturers, suppliers, but also carriers,warehouses, retailers and customers
- Concept of ocean tuna supply chain
Supply chain of ocean tuna products is the flow of ocean tuna productsfrom the supply of inputs to product supply
Lastly, to control the maximum cost, the maximum time to satisfyconsumers' needs, achieve the target profit of the chain
1.1.2 Proposing a model of supply chain of tuna products
1.1.2.1 Model of ocean tuna supply chain
- Vertical supply chain model
The vertical supply chain model reflects the number of levels along thelength of the chain The vertical distance is calculated as the distance from themember who is the first supplier to the final customer of the chain, as shown inthe following figure:
- Manufacturer: Is the organization making products Producers includeraw material manufacturing companies and companies that produce finishedproducts
- Distributors: They sell products to other businesses, in larger quantitiesthan individual customers often buy Distributors help manufacturers reduce
Trang 6the impact of fluctuations in market demand by storing inventories and doingmost of the sales work to find and serve customers.
- Retailers: Reserve inventory and sell them to consumer customers.Retailers also collect information about customers' preferences and needs.Retailers also promote products and combine prices, select products, services,and benefits into the main tools to attract customers
- Customer: As a consumer, any organization / individual who buys anduses products
- Service providers: Organizations that provide services to manufacturers,distributors, retailers and customers The implementation of high specializationleads to a better service provider price than manufacturers, distributors orretailers in organizing and providing services
- Model of export tuna products supply chain
Product line
It is an indispensable flow in the chain, originating from the first suppliers
to consumers Processed material flows from the first supplier in the chain(domestic operators, importers) are then transferred through intermediaries toimport market distributors
Information flow in the chain
First: Information line ordering from customers to manufacturing andprocessing enterprises
Second: Feedback from suppliers: Receiving and processing throughpurchasing department
1.1.2.2 Members participating in the supply chain of tuna products
Including operators, service providers and service providers, processingenterprises, import enterprises, distributors in foreign markets
1.1.2.3 Member leads the supply chain of tuna products
With the characteristics of small exploitation and purchasing activities,there is a discrete nature Being capable of good finance, technology, andespecially having a direct connection with importers in the Japanese market,processing-exporting enterprises have a clear understanding of market demandand product types products, requirements for tuna quality, price Therefore,
Trang 7processing enterprises - exporting tuna products play a leading role in thechain
1.1.2.4 Link form by contract between members
Based on the time of contract performance: Short-term contracts, long-termcontracts
Based on business forms: Export contracts, import contracts
Based on product flow: Input supply contract, Production managementcontract Contract for output output
Based on the number of parties involved in the contract implementation:Bilateral contracts, unit contracts, main contracts and sub-contracts,conditional contracts
1.1.2.5 Form of information sharing
- Types of sharing information: External information, internal information,information for the supply of raw materials, information from distributors
- Sharing information within the enterprise
- Share information with partners in the chain
1.1.3 The role and characteristics of the supply chain of tuna products
The role of supply chain of tuna products
- Increase consumer satisfaction when buying and using goods Throughthe supply chain
- Cut the cost
- Increasing the competitiveness of goods products
- Adapt new management model in business activities of businesses
Characteristics of ocean tuna supply chain
- Requires strict quality management right from the stage of exploitationfor ocean tuna
- Exploitation method for ocean tuna products is a specific product
- Requires cold chain to meet standards, consistency and strict management
- The link between the members of the chain needs to be tight in order tominimize supply time, cost in the chain and good selling prices for consumers
Trang 8- Being greatly affected by regulations for exploitation, such as exploitationseason, exploitation area, environmental regulations, regulations on fisherymanagers, exploitation methods and product origin.
1.2 Content of activities and complete supply chain of tuna
1.2.1 Operation of the supply chain of tuna products
1.2.1.1 Manufacturing - Processing: Production involves supply chaincapacity to produce and store products Vehicles in production such asfactories and warehouses
1.2.1.4 Carriage
Transportation involves moving from raw materials, semi-finished productsand finished products in the supply chain The balance between quick responseand efficiency is reflected in the choice of transport mode
1.2.1.5 Information systems support in the supply chain
Information is an important issue to make decisions on four supply chainactors It is the connection between all activities in a supply chain: Datacollection and related information; store and access data; analysis andreporting
1.2.2 Content of completing tuna supply chain
1.2.2.1 Concept of perfecting tuna supply chain
Completing the supply chain of ocean tuna products is the amendment andsupplement of mechanisms, measures, activities and products in accordancewith market requirements
1.2.2.2 Problems to be completed by the ocean tuna supply chain
- Flexibility of the chain
Trang 9- Cost of the chain
- Minimize the time to supply products to consumers
- Human Resources
- Information system
- Logistics
- Cold chain
1.2.3 Factors affecting to the supply chain of tuna product
Relationship between channel members
The coordination in the chain through the following activities is the factorthat causes the supply chain's slow changes to the needs of the market: demandforecasting, order quantification, product pricing
Market
The market is both a goal and a requirement for each supply chain to adapt.The market requires each member and product in the supply chain to changeand the supply chain must always change in accordance with the conditions ofthe business environment
Technology
One of the problems of supply chains such as deviations in forecastingmarket demand, production capacity is not effectively exploited, stockpiles,costs and time to deliver products to hands customer Therefore, technologyapplication in the supply chain is becoming increasingly popular Especiallyinformation technology, automation technology for operations in the chain.Government policies
The impact of import-export policies, monetary and fiscal policies, supportpolicies for the industry - commodities will affect the supply chain in thefollowing aspects: Exploiting, cultivating, processing, consumption ofproducts, logistics services, product consumption markets, raw material prices
1.2.4 Criteria for assessing supply chain of tuna products
- Performance of supply chain of tuna products
- Flexibility of the chain
- Quality of goods
1.3 International experience on tuna product supply chain
Trang 101.3.1 Experience of Indonesia
In order to well meet the requirements of Japanese seafood import markets,Indonesia has implemented (i) Managing aquaculture and processing activitiesclosely and uniformly from the Central to local Reduce risks to the supplychain, Indonesia performs four steps: risk identification, risk analysis, riskassessment and risk handling Complete the cold chain system in terms offunction, there are three elements integrated in the cold chain system: product,origin, distribution
Government agencies must strengthen fisheries management andimprove working conditions for fishermen In addition, supportingbusinesses and fishermen to access new standards at the request of themarket
Organize the product supply chain: After being caught, products will beclassified into different groups There is a group for processing, the group
is transported by air to the Japanese market Importers in the Japanesemarket distribute this product through channels: Auction center, retailrestaurant or supermarket system
1.3.2 Philippine experience
- Pay close attention to exploitation, port system and processing activities
- Implementing quality standards to meet export markets
- Clearly identify potential risks, in order to provide risk mitigationmeasures
- Pay attention to the logistics in the chain, as well as other activities of thechain
1.3.3 Lessons learned from the experiences of other countries for Vietnam and enterprises in the supply chain of aquatic products for export
a About enterprise fees: Attention should be paid to the exploitation,processing and market development and branding activities
b On the State side: Focusing on building linkages in the chain, managingthe chain, well performing the inspection and control of fisheries, building acommon brand for Vietnam's exported seafood products environment,applying standards in quality management for ocean tuna products in line withinternational trends
Trang 11Chapter 2 REAL SITUATION OF VIETNAMESE OCEAN FISH SUPPLY CHAIN
FOR JAPANESE MARKET 2.1 Overview of the Japanese market for ocean tuna products
2.1.1 Scale and price fluctuation of Japanese tuna market
Japan is world famous for its traditional consumption of fish and seafood
products Seafood products from Japan such as sushi, sashimi, tempura have
become popular in the global market due to healthy nutrition, low fat, low
Import value 2011
Import value 2012
Import value 2013
Import value 2014
Import value 2015
Import value 2016
Total value 6,416,87
5
7,223,76 0
7,402,51 0
5,987,06 6
5,638,50 1
5,160,83 5
5,418,80 0
Source: www.trademap.org
Although there is a decline, but the seafood market of Japan is a large
potential market, large-scale, high demand for aquatic products in general and
also a big market for products Tuna in particular
2.1.2 Japanese market characteristics
As of December 31, 2017, the Japanese population is estimated at
127,333,662 people, decreasing -264.063 people compared to the population
of 127,615,396 people last year The sex ratio in the total population is 0.955
(955 men per 1,000 women) higher than the global sex ratio Japan is a country
associated with mountains and the sea, so the main food is marine products,
especially marine fish On the other hand, due to cultural practices, it is very
picky in eating Stemming from these factors, Japanese people consume 5
times more fish than other countries
Trang 12Japanese food safety regulations are also very strict, requiring high qualityfor food products circulating in the market Relevant laws such as: Food safetyand hygiene law, product liability law, special trade transactions, foodingredients, shelf life, food preservation
Import policy for agricultural goods: Japan still maintains many measures
to restrict or prohibit the import of foreign goods into this country
2.2 Supply chain model of Vietnam tuna products meets the Japanese market
2.2.1 Model of Vietnam's tuna supply chain
For the supply chain of unprocessed tuna products to meet the Japanesemarket, the source of raw materials (fresh tuna products) is directly exploited
at Vietnamese fishing grounds Male On the basis of the order andrequirements of importers, processing enterprises perform the procurement andimport of goods from fishermen exploiting ocean tuna products In the supplychain model of whole tuna products, the relationship between processing andexporting enterprises with importers in this model, is established on the basis
of partners
Supply chain of processed products: Processing enterprises purchasing rawmaterials in the country can do so directly to ocean tuna operators or throughbuying agents Implementation of the supply of qualified output products ofthe import market The linkage between the processor and the exporter and theagent of "wholesaler" is merely a buyer of raw materials and an input supplier.However, the link between processors and importers is tight
2.2.2 Characteristics of Vietnam's tuna supply chain for the Japanese market
- Members in the supply chain of tuna products are relatively independent
- High supply chain costs
- The supply of input materials for processing activities depends on manyintermediaries purchasing "barley owners"
2.2.3 Operation of Vietnam's tuna supply chain for the Japanese market
Tuna fishing: Fishing ground is Hoang Sa and Truong Sa fishing grounds,leading to long exploitation time, usually over 10 days Use ships with