Using the word formation to develop vocablary for the grade 11 gifted students at mai anh tuan high school

mal = badly, improperly: malpractice, malinformation, malnutrition, maltreatment, to malfunction, malformed, malodorous; added to: verbs, abstract nouns, participles, adjectives, but onl

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

The purpose of teaching Word Formation, which is a necessary part of the English for Specific Purposes, is to give the students the opportunity to acquire vocabulary knowledge necessary for effective reading of their own technical and semi-technical texts It is intended to give learners an opportunity to gain first the fundamentals of words and to build from there in whatever design their needs callfor The instructor must know the needs of the students The class time may be used to more fully develop the subject matter in a way that meets the needs of thestudents

Learning English Word Formation can at least provide us with three good advantages:

1.1 Increase your vocabulary, guess the meaning of the word by analyzing the

known parts

Example:

auto- means ‘self’: autobiography, autograph (one’s own writing),

automobile, automatic

1.2 Deepen your understanding of a word by analyzing each part of the word so

that you can not only learn about the surface meaning but also the deeper

connotation of the word

Example –ard used in forming the personal nouns often has a contemptuous

connotation in English drunkard, sluggard (someone who is very sluggish), we know they are contemptuous people who have developed very bad habits

1.3 Enliven your language, create a lively style in your English writing

Bernard Shaw once wrote a famous sentence about the World War II, in it,

he used several compounds which have been formed in the same way as the wordoutwit is formed This kind of formation is very accurate in depicting thecondition of the defeated Germany then “Germany was outwitted, outprepared,outgeneralled, outfought, outflown, outgassed, outtanked, outbombed, and finallybrought to her knees.”

2 Objectives

This paper is desired to provide teachers, especially teachers of English with

information about teaching Word Formation:

- The reasons why we should learn English Word Formation

- KindS of English Word Formation

- Suggestions, strategies and exercises for teaching Word Formation

- The lists of Word Formation

- How to teach Word Formation

It is hoped that my own experiences in teaching Word Formation in Mai Anh Tuan high school can give you some ideas in teaching this difficult as well

as easy grammar - Word Formation Let’s try to make our students want to learn English, love English and be good at English, especially in items of Word

Here verbs describe what is done with an object or what a subject "does",

in short, a new noun is formed, usually referring to something concrete, and theverb defines the action related to it:

Verb + Noun = Noun Examples: hitman = a man who carries out "dirty jobs", or, who "hits".Here, the word as part of speech is the subject

walkway = people walk on the walkway

The usual rules apply to spelling More examples:

walkway (a way to walk on), filter-paper (paper used for filtering liquids orgases), driveway (a road leading to a garage or a building), payday (the day one receives his or her salary), …

1.3 Noun+Adjective

Nouns and adjectives can also be compounded in the opposite order:

Noun + Adjective = Adjective Examples: Camera + shy = camera-shy (Shy in respect of appearing or

speaking before cameras)

dirt-cheap = cheap as dirt; paper-thin = thin as paper

English-speaking; soul-destroying; frost-bitten

1.4 Adjektive+Noun

Adjective + Noun = Noun Examples: brown + bear = brownbear

These compounds usually appear as one word Examples:

blackboard (a board to write on vertically attached to a wall), blueprint

(prints of building plans, or detailes plans in general), lazybone (a lazy person), braveheart (somebody who's brave), hardcopy (something in print), software

(computer programmes), …

Note: It is as well possible to combine adjectives with participles not

originating from verbs

1 Supportive and opposing Prefixes (Prefixes of attitude)

1.1 pro = on the side of, supporting: pro-choice, pro-life, pro-market,prolibertarian; added to: nouns, adjectives of denomination

1.2 anti = against, counteracting: anti-missile, anti-social, antibody,

antiabortion, anti-regulatory; = antagonistic: anti-hero, antichrist; added to:

nouns, adverbs, denominal adjectives

1.3 counter = in opposition to: to counteract, counter-revolution,

counterexample, counter-espionage, counter-productive; added to: verbs, abstract nouns, adjectives

1.4 contra = contrasting, against: contraception, contraindicate,

contraflow, contradistinction; added to: abstract nouns, verbs

1.5 co = with, joint: cooperate, co-pilot, co-author, cooperation; added to: nouns, verbs

2 Reversative and deprivative Prefixes

These prefixes describe actions being reversed or of antonymic character

2.1 un = to reverse action, to deprive of: to untie, to unpack, to unhorse, tounscramble, to unlock, to unmask, to unhouse; added to: verbs

2.2 de = reverse action, remove something, depart or cause to depart from,remove and undo what is meant the second part of the formation: to deselect,

to decontaminate, to debug, to defrost, to delouse, to deplane, to detrain, to

2.3 dis = reversal of an action, removal of something: to disqualify, to

disinvite, to disenfranchise, to disarm, to disillusion, to disambiguate,

discoloured, disconnected, discontent, dissatisfaction; added to: verbs, participles,nouns

3.3 un = not, the opposite of; before words of french origin: in-, il-(before l), im-(before p), ir-(before r) Note: These are the most commonly used prefixes

of negation Examples: unfair, unassuming, unexpected, unproductive, insane,

injustice, intolerance, impatience, imperfect, irregular, illegal, incapable,

illogical, improper, irrelevant; added to: adjectives, participles (only un-)

3.4 non = not, not regarded as: stop, interference,

non-aggression, non-smoker, non-drip (paint), non-person, non-event; added to: variostypes of words and expressions, mainly nouns and verbs

4 Pejorative Prefixes

Pejorative prefixes are highly evaluative in the negative sense

4.1 mis = wrong(ly), astray: mismanagement, mismarriage, to

miscalculate, to mishandle, to misinform (inform wrongly; whereas

disinformationmeans the deliberate spreading of false or distorted information); added to: verbs, abstract, participles

4.2 mal = bad(ly), improper(ly): malpractice, malinformation,

malnutrition, maltreatment, to malfunction, malformed, malodorous; added to: verbs, abstract nouns, participles, adjectives, but only words of latin origin

4.3 pseudo = false, imitation: pseudo-education,pseudo-intellectual,

pseudoscience, pseudo-Elizabethan, pseudo-Gothic; added to: nouns, adjectives, also nouned adjectives

4.4 crypto = concealed: crypto-fascist, crypto-Catholic,cryptography;

added to: nouns

5 Prefixes of Place (Locative Prefixes)

Locative prefixes determine the place, or relative place, or (relative)

direction, of action or objects Also, abstract nouns and processes or relations are determined in terms of locality Perhaps a look at the following will provide a

clear picture:

5.1 ante = before (locally): antechamber, anteroom; added to: nouns

5.2 circum = around: circumnavigate, circumlocution, circumcision;

added to: verbs, nouns

5.3 extra = outside, beyond: extramarital, extracurricular, extrasensory, extra-pay; added to: adjectivs, nouns

5.4 fore = in front, front part of: forefinger, foreskin, forecourt, forehead; added to: nouns

5.5 in = inside, into: also il-, im-, ir- ingathering, indoors, in-patient (not impatient); added to: participles, nouns

5.6 inter = between, in between: interracial, international,

interdisciplinary, interrace; added to: adjectives, nouns

5.7 intra = inside: intramural, intra-uterine, intravenous; added to:

adjectives

5.8 mid = middle: midfield, mid-point, midway; added to: nouns

5.9 out = out of, outside: outdoor, out-patient, outlook; added to: nouns; =

to surpass: to outrun, to outnumber, to outgrow, to outdistance, to outbid; added to: verbs

5.10 over = above, outer: to overthrow, to overshadow, overcoat; added to: verbs, nouns; = excessive: overemphasis, overenthusiasm, over-anxious, to

overcharge, to overfish; added to: nouns, verbs

5.11 retro = backwards, reflexive: to retroflex, to retrorocket, to retroject;added to: verbs

5.12 sub = below, beneath: subway, subsoil, subconcious; added to:

nouns, adjectives; = secondary, lesser in rank: sub-editor, subdean, subleader,

sub-climax; added to: nouns; = subordinate part of: subcommittee, subplot,

sublet, subtitle; added to: nouns; = below the norm: subhuman, subzero,

substandard; added to: adjectives, nouns = to exchange: to substitute; added to: verbs

5.13 super = above: superstructure, superimpose, superterrestrial; added to: nouns, verbs, adjectives; = beyond the norm: superhuman, superman,

supergun, superstar; added to: nouns, adjectives; = excessive, excessively:

superconformity, superconfidence, supersensitive, superabundant, supercritical; added to: nouns, adjectives

5.14 supra = above: supranational, supramundane; added to: adjectives

5.15 sur = above: surtax, surcharge, surtitle; nouns, verbs

5.16 tele = at a distance: telecommunication, television; added to: nouns, verbs

5.17 trans = across: transatlantic, transnational, transsexual; added to:

adjectives, geographical names

5.18 ultra = beyond, excessively, extremely: ultra-violet, ultra-sonic,

ultramodest, ultra-thin, ultra-modern, ultra-orthodox; added to: adjectives

5 19 under = below: underground, undercarriage, underclothes; added to:nouns; = too little; undercharge, underpay, undercook, undervalue: added to:

verbs; = subordinate: under-secretary, underclass, underling; added to: nouns

Additional locative prefixes: Prepositions determining direction, both locatively and figuratively applied: to bypass, to upgrade, to downsize, to undergo, to

oversee

6 Prefixes of Size, Degree and Status

6.1 arch = highest, worst, chief: archbishop, arch-rival, archangel,

archduke, arch-enemy; added to: nouns

6.2 macro = large: macrocosm, macro-economics; added to: nouns

6.3 micro = small: microtransmitter, micro-computer, microsurgery,

microeconomics; added to: nouns

6.4 mega = very large: megastar, megastore; added to: nouns

6.5 mini = small: miniseries, minibreak, minicab, miniskirt; added to:

nouns

6.6 over/under = too much/too little: to overcook, to underheat; added to: any verb of action

6.7 hyper = extremely: hypercritical; added to: adjectives

6.8 co = joint: co-founder, co-presenter; added to: nouns, verbs

6.9 pro = deputy: procounsul, pro-vice-chancellor; added to: nouns of

latin origin

6.10 vice = deputy: vice president; added to: latin words

7 Prefixes of Time and Order

7.1 ante = before: antenatal, antedate; added to: adjectives

7.2 ex = former: ex-wife, ex-president; human nouns

7.3 fore = before: to foresee, to foretell, foregone; added to: verbs,

7.7 pre = before, arranged before the time/period of: prepay,

pre-existing, predate, preview, preschool, pre-war, pre-marital; added to: nouns,

adjectives

7.8 re = again, back: reprint, reapply, renew, re-evaluate, resettlement;

added to: verbs, abstract nouns

8 Prefixes of Number

Numeral prefixes the amount, quantity, or scope

8.1 mono = single, one: monotheism, monorail, monoplane, monotonous; added to: nouns, adjectives

8.2 uni = one: unidirectional, unidimensional, unilateral; added to:

adjectives, nouns

8.3 poly = many: polysyllabic, polytheism, polygraph; added to:

adjectives, nouns

8.4 multi = many: faith, multinational, multimillionaire,

multi-racial; added to: nouns, adjectives

8.5 semi = half, partly: semicircle, semi-automatic, semi-conscious,

semiofficial; added to: nouns, adjectives

8.6 demi = half, partly: demisemiquaver, demigod; added to:nouns in

most cases

8.7 hemi = half: hemisphere, hemistich; added to: nouns

8.8 bi = two, double: bifocal, bilingual, bilateral; added to: adjectives

8.9 di = two, double: dipole, dioxide; added to: nouns

8.10 duo, du = two, double: duologue, duplex; added to: nouns

8.11 tri = three, triple: tripartite, triangle, triennial; added to: nouns,

adjectives

9 Class-changing and converting Prefixes

The prefixes a-, be-, en- and em- have the primary effect to change the class (or type) of words, or, to convert

9.1 a = added to verbs in order to form predicative adjectives (no

synonymical explaination possible): afloat (A ships that's floating is afloat), aloft (An aircraft airborne is aloft)

9.2 be = added to nouns in order to form transitive verbs: to besiege (To surround to force into surrender), to beguile (To charm), to bewitch (To put a

magic spell on);

= added to adjectives in order to form transitive verbs: to becalm (To calm

or to make calm), to belittle (To make something or somebody seem unimportant

or of lesser value), to befoul (To make foul or dirty; to contaminate);

= added to verbs in order to form transitive verbs, and, at the same time, as

an intensifying force for verbs: to becry (To bitterly cry about), to besmear (To make dirty), to bewail (To mourn, or express sorrow over), to bespatter (To coverwith spots of dirt), to bespeak (To give evidence of);

= added to nouns in order to form participial adjectives: bespectacled

(Wearing spectacles), beribboned (Wearing ribbons), bewigged (Wearing a wig), besotted (Hopelessly in love with sb., but only in reference to men [women are infatuated])

9.3 en as well as em- (before b,p), to form verbs from nouns and

adjectives; added to nouns in order to form intransitive verbs meaning "put

oneself onto or into": to enlist (to enter or cause to enter armed forces; to

obtainhelp, support etc.), to enroll (to become or make so a member of st.), to

embark (to board a ship or plane); = added to nouns in order to form transitive verbs meaning "put in": to encode (To translate into coded language), to endanger(To put into danger), to ensnare (To catch in trap); = added to nouns in order toform transitive verbs meaning "make into": to enslave (To make a slave out of),

to ennoble (To make a noble out of); = added to adjectives in order to form

transitive verbs meaning "make": to enlarge (to increase size), to enrich (to make richer), to ensure (to make sure), to embitter (to cause bitterness for)

10 Other Prefixes

10.1 auto = self: autobiography, autopilot, auto-suggestion, autograph,

automobile; added to: nouns

10.2 bio = abbreviation of biology an biological: biodegradable,

biofeedback, biodiversity; added to: nouns, adjectives

10.3 eco = abbreviation of ecology and ecological: ecosystem,

eco-tourism; added to: nouns

10.4 euro = also Euro = abbreviation of Europe and European:

Eurocurrencies, Eurosceptic, Europhile; added to: nouns, adjectives

10.5 para = ancillary: paramilitary, paramedic, paralegal; added to: nouns,adjectives; = beyond the scope of: paranormal, parapsychology; added to:

1.1 -ify = to make, to cause: to simplify, to beautify, to classify, to

personify, to countrify, to ladify, to prettify, to Frenchify; added to: nouns (i.e

beauty) and adjectives (i.e pretty) in order to form (mainly) transitive verbs

1.2 -ize = also -ise = to make, to treat in the way of: to scandalize, to

civilize, to organize, to Americanize, to familiarize, to legalize, to nationalize, to

materialize, to popularize, to privatize; added to: adjectives and nouns of romanicorigin, but also proper names in order to form mainly transitive verbs

1.3 -en = to make, to make become: to strengthen, to blacken, to darken, todeepen, to harden, to shorten, to widen, to deafen, to sadden; added to: nouns and adjectives in order to form transitive verbs meaning: "to make something into

whatever the adjective or noun determines"

1.4 -ate = to add or provide with: to chlorinate, to dehydrate, to urinate, to ventilate; added to: nouns in order to form both transitive and intransitive verbs meaning: "to add to something whatever is expressed by the original noun"; or,

"to perform or carry out actions obviously meant by the original noun"

2 Adjective Suffixes

2.1 -able (also ible on words of Latin or French origin) words ending able have to meaning "that can or deserves to be -ed" (in which "-ed" stands for any past participle); or, "that is able to do this"; or, “that can be done with it”:

-breakable, eatable, exchangeable, pitiable, readable, reliable, available,

unthinkable, intelligible, responsible, audible; added to: chiefly verbs of action

2.2 -al (also -ial) - meaning "of the nature of", "belonging to": natural,

occasional, educational, accidental, managerial, musical, criminal, editorial,

provisional, continental; added to: nouns in order to form primarily

non-comparable adjectives

2.3 -an (also -ian) - meaning "in the tradition of", "coming from", "of the nature of": African, Indian, Elizabethan, Victorian, republican; added to: chiefly proper names, geographical names, well-know personal names (Persons defining eras, ideas, or ideologies)

24 -ed having, having been provided with, or having been "ed" (while

-ed stands for the past participle of any verb): boot-ed, spurr-ed, cultur-ed, land-ed, moneyed, talented, wooded, earthed, fashioned, one- eyed, balconied; added to: nouns or noun phrases in order to form participial adjectives

2.5 -en = being made or composed of (Materials): wooden, woollen,

leaden, earthen; added to: nouns denoting materials

2.6 -ese = coming from, being of the nature of; Chinese, Milanese,

Portuguese; added to: Some geographic names of foreign nature This also

denotes individuals (besides groups)

2.7 -esque = after the manner of (artists especially): Rembrandtesque,

picturesque (methaphorical, picture- like); added to: Proper names, nouns

denoting stylistic or art-like devices (a picturesque language)

2.8 -fold = so many times: twofold, tenfold, manyfold; added to: numeralshigher than one; "many"

2.9 -ful = being full of, having the nature of, giving: cheerful, doubtful,

powerful, careful, resentful, mindful, useful, helpful, spoonful; added to: chiefly abstract nouns

2.10 -ic = of the nature of: energetic, emphatic, systematic, comic,

domestic, laconic, phonetic, tragic, Arabic, aristocratic, dramatic, Napoleonic;

added to: nouns, proper names

2.11 -ical = of the nature of: biological, economical, comical, historical; added to: nouns, proper names "-ical" is more colloquial and less scientific than

"-ic"; but beware that sometimes meanings differ: economic (dealing with the

economy) as different to economical (as less wasteful)

2.12 -ing = something experienced like (verbs); amazing, amusing,

dazzling, trifling, shocking; added to: verbs

2.13 -ish = of the nature of: Swedish, feverish, youngish, childish,

sevenish added to: geographical names, adjectives, nouns, numerals denoting

time or age (fivish = around five; thirtyish = about 30 years of age)

2.14 -less = devoid of: careless, harmless, restless, borderless, merciless; added to: nouns (antonym of -ful)

2.15 -like = of the nature of, behaving like: childlike, gentlemanlike,

godlike; added to: nouns 16 -ly = of the nature of, periodic recurrence:

cowardly, kingly, earthly, monthly, daily; added to: nouns, denotions of time

2.17 -some = productive of: burdensome, fearsome, quarrelsome,

troublesome, tiresome, lonesome; added to: nouns,verbs,adjectives

2.18 -ward = in the direction of: upward, eastward, onward, heavenward, homeward, landward, backward, forward (as from fore); added to: locative

adverbs

2.19 -y = of the nature of: funny, rusty, smelly, sleepy, choosy, bony,

nervy, headachy, second-classy, catchy, sticky fishy, flimsy (derobitary: fishy

character); added to: every concrete noun, some verbs

3 Suffixes of concrete nouns

Noun suffixes will form nouns from every type of word

3.1 -ant (as well as -ent) = who / that carries out, agentive and

instrumental: informant, claimant, solvent, inhabitant, disinfectant, servant; addedto: verbs

3.2 -er = also -or in words of latin origin: server, dreamer, cleaner,

recorder; added to: verbs These often denote person following their profession: baker, bookseller; = device or object fulfilling the task of: container, locker,

boiler, mower; added to: verbs = object, agency or means performing the task of:fixer-upper, do-gooder; added to: verbal phrases (verb+adverb); = denotion of

origin of persons: Southerner, Londoner; added to: geographical names

3.3 -ing = agentive: the working (a definite article is mandatory); added to:verbs; = activity: swimming, gardening, manufacturing; added to: verbs; = result: building, clothing, painting; added to: verbs The result is either a gerund or a

participle, according to the context

3.4 -ee = passive, affected by: employee, interviewee, teachee, trustee,

evacuee; added to: verbs The resulting noun must denote a person

3.5 -ed = passive, affected by: the unemployed; added to: verbs The

resulting noun must denote a person Use a definite article

3.6 -eer = denoting the person carrying out a certain action: auctioneer,

sloganeer, volunteer; added to: nouns, verbs

3.7 -ery = also -ry = a location or place where to ( ): brewery, bakery;

added to: verbs of action; = overall term for various but similiar objects:

machinery, weaponry; added to: nouns

3.8 -ist = person following the befiefs of: communist, fascist, royalist;

converted from: abstract nouns ending -ism or added to certain adjectives (royal);

= person practising science or art, trade or profession: archaeologist, violinist,

tobacconist, dentist; added to: concrete nouns or converted from abstract nouns =person having the characteristics of/ thinking in terms of: racist, sexist, egoist,

antagonist; added to: certain nouns

4 Abstract Nouns

4.1 -age = an aggregate or collectivty: acreage, mileage, package, voltage; added to: nouns denoting units of measurement, verbs like to pack; = function or condition: bondage, orphanage, peerage, shortage; added to: certain nouns,

adjective "short"; = action: breakage, drainage, stoppage; added to: verbs of

action; = fee or charge: postage, percentage; added to:

certain nouns; = abode or residence: hermitage, orphanage, vicarage, heritage

4.2 -al = the event of an action: approval, arrival, denial, recital, refusal, revival, trial, bestowal, betrothal, renewal, betrayal; added to: verbs of action of Romanic origin

4.3 -ation = also -ion = state, action: exploration, objection, authorization; added to: verbs of action; = institution: organization; addes to: verbs

4.4 -dom = rank or condition: stardom, martyrdom, savagedom boredom, freedom, wisdom; added to: nouns, certain verbs and adjectives; = domain or

realm: kingdom, christendom; added to: names denoting religious domain or

titles of heads of state; = a group of persons collectively, or "the ways of ":

Christendom, schoolmasterdom, officialdom; added to: certain nouns and

adjectives

4.5 -ship = state or condition: authorship, membership, scholarship,

person, certain adjectives; = skill or art: salesmanship, craftsmanship,

workmanship; added to: nouns of profession; = action: censorship; added to:

verbs; = Others of concrete meaning: scholarship, township; added to: nouns

4.6 -cy = state of condition: accuracy, constancy, normalcy, bankruptcy, decency, truancy; added to: adjectives; = state or incumbency of: lieutenancy,

presidency, captaincy, colonelcy, chaplaincy; added to: nouns retaining to rank oroffice

4.7 -ry also -ery (as for words of only one syllable) = action or condition: pedantry, rivalry, drudgery, foolery, slavery; added to: nouns of personal qualities

or conditions; = science, occupation, trade: chemistry, dentistry, cookery; added to: professions; = colony of animals or plants; swannery, pinery; = collectivity of persons; Irishry, peasantry, yeomanry, citizenry, snobbery; = collectivity of

things: crockery, jewelry, summitry; = workplace of (profession); place to (action): bakery,brewery, fishery, pottery, refinery; added to: names of

profession; verbs of action; = abode of one or more persons: deanery, nunnery, nursery; added to: names of professions

4.8 -ness = state or condition: foolishness, narrow-mindedness,

willingness, happiness, drunkenness, carelessness, usefulness; added to:

adjectives and participles descriptive of personal ways, or conditions; or of

charac- teristicals of things; must be of germanic origin

4.9 -ility, -ity, -ty = state or condition: ability, stability, simplicity, vanity, cruelty readability, visibility, comicality; added to: adjectives of latin or french origin; or, adjectives of English origin ending -able or -ible 10 -ment = action or result of action: acknowledgement, argument, treatment, embankment,

embodiment, employment, pavement, settlement, shipment, bewilderment,

refreshment; added to: verbs of action

5 Adverb Suffixes

5.1 -ly = in that way -ly is the standard way to form adjectives: easy -

easily; important - importantly; and so on -ly is added to: adjectives not ending

ly, phrases (matter-of-factly, full-heartedly, cold-bloodedly) It is also added to some neologisms: transbroomstickally As for the aforesaid: friendly - in a

friendly manner (this applies to all adjectives ending -ly)

5.2 -wise = in terms of , as far as is/are concerned: clockwise,

notewise, moneywise; added to: nouns

5.3 - ways = in the manner of: sideways, lengthways; added to: nouns

Adverbs determine the nature of verbs (action or state) and of adjectives

(characteristics), whereas adjectives determine the nature of nouns (things or

persons)