Đặc điểm thuật ngữ đông y tiếng việt tt tiếng anh

It is expected that the results of the research on the structural and identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese would serve as a useful source of refe

1

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN

LINGUISTICS

HANOI - 2019

This dissertation has been completed at:

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

HỘI VIỆT NAM

Supervisors:

Argumentant 1: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem

Argumentant 2: Prof Dr Vu Duc Nghieu

Argumentant 3: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Tat Thang

The dissertation will be defended at the Board of Examiners of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi

At ………, on ……… , 2019

The dissertation will be available at:

- National Library of Vietnam;

- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

INTRODUCTION

1 RATIONALE

1.1 It is necessary to study the scientific terminology to systematize and standardize the terminology system of any sciences, especially in the context of international integration that requires each science has its own terminology system which is modern and consistent with the practice of sciences and international standard terminology systems Researching, developing a system

of terms, compiling and publishing specialized terminology dictionaries are essential needs towards the strong development trends of all sciences in the world, including that in Vietnam The results of researches on the terminology system of specific scientific disciplines will contribute practically to the development of science and technology of the country

1.2 Terminology in Oriental medicine is one of the significant terms of the lexical system, which was recognized and used early by people A large number of Oriental medicine terminologies have been recorded and these terms all reflect the process of mankind self-seeking herbs, the diagnotic methods and medical examination for themselves and for community Thereby, Oriental medical terminologies also clearly reflect the national cultural characteristics and the diversity of word meaning The study of Oriental medical terminology is not only valuable in terms of linguistics but also has great significance in understanding ethnicity and cultural identity of the countries with the development of traditional medicine

However, from the perspective of linguistics, Oriental medicine terminology has not been much interested by the linguists Therefore, it is still a large gap when there has not been any comprehensive, systematic and intensive survey in this field so far

Because of the above reasons, we have chosen the title “The characteristics of Oriental Medicine Terminology in Vietnamese” as our research topic It is expected that the results of the research on the structural and identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese would serve as a useful source of reference for teachers or/and linguists who are teaching languages for specific purposes, or/and interested in material development for traditional medicine

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2.1 Aims of the study

This study is firstly aimed at clarifying the characteristics of this terminology system in terms of formation and identitfication through survey, description, analysis methods Secondly, it is expected that the achieved results

of the study would contribute to the compilation of Chinese textbooks specialized in traditional medicine, Oriental medicine dictionary, especially serve as a useful and effective source of reference for teachers, researchers and students who are teaching or/and interested in studying and translating in the field of traditional Vietnamese medicine

2.2 Objectives of the study

The main objectives in carrying out this study are as follows:

1 To synthesize a literature review of the research situation of terminology in the world, especially the study of Chinese medicine terminology

in China and Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam, then establish a theoretical framework for the whole thesis;

2 To investigate and classify Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese; then learn about the characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology including identifying terms, describing and analyzing the formation models of the terms;

3 To indicate the identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms of expressions and distinctive characteristics of expression content as a basis for identification of the terminology system

3 SUBJECTS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

3.1 Subjects of the study

In this study, Oriental medicine erminology in modern Vietnamese serves as the research subject We conceive of the terms of Oriental medicine

as words and phrases that include fixed phrases that express the concepts used

in the field of traditional Vietnamese medicine

3.2 Scope of the study

The scope of the study is to find out the characteristics of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese in terms of formation and semantics characteristics, and identification methods Within the scale, the study aims to provide a general research framework on the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese

3.3 Research Materials

The materials of the dissertation include 8061 terms collected mainly from dictionaries, textbooks and specialized medical materials

4 APPROACHES AND RESEARCH METHODS OF THE STUDY

4.1 Approaches

To study the terms of Oriental medicine, we use the following approaches: 1) Systematic approach; 1) Synchronic approach

4.2 Methods of the study

To solve the tasks and contents of the research, the best methods to be used in this study are as follows:

- Descriptive method is to describe the characteristics of the

organization, the formation manners, the semantic perspectives of the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese

- Direct element analysis method is to identify and analyze basic units of

terminology to help understand the characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in terms of formation

- Semantic element analysis method is to find out the characteristics of

Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms of identification, thereby

to build the models of terminology identifiation and the characteristics as a basis for identifying this terminology system

- Statistical method is to collect materials from different sources On that

basis, the study conducts systematization, classification of materials and building of diagrams, tables, etc Statistical data on the number of terms, frequency of occurrence, percentage of terminology is as a basis for descriptions, analysis, comments, evaluations and conclusions of the study

5 NEW SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY

This is the first study investigating and analyzing systematically and comprehensively the characteristics of formations, semantics, methods, identification characteristics as well as their distinctions in Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese Based on the achieved results, it is hoped to help teachers who are teaching traditional medicine or/and interested in material development for traditional medicine and students get an overview of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese

6 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

6.1 Theoretical significance

The research results of the thesis are hoped to make a contribution to the study of the general theory of terminology and the clarification of general arguments about the characteristics of traditional medicine terminology; at the same time to show specific characteristics in terms of formation aspects, semantic characteristics and identification methods of Oriental medicine terminology in

Vietnamese

6.2 Practical significance

The study will become a bridge of linguistic knowledge with the scientific knowledge of traditional medicine, thus will meet and satisfy the urgent needs of professionals, scientists and users who are direct or indirect in teaching, learning, studying, examining and treating diseases with traditional medicine The study is also hoped to serve as a useful source of reference for compiling textbooks, scientific documents, dictionaries, etc related to Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese

The research results of the thesis can be used as references for research, translation, compilation of textbooks for traditional medicine and pharmacy, and teaching traditional medicine in our country The achieved results of the study have practical implications for the orientation to build, compile and revise oriental medicine terms in textbooks and specialized dictionaries; is a scientific and objective basis to propose the selection, standardization and development

of the Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese in particular, as well as the development of traditional Vietnamese medicine in general

7 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, List of published works related to the study, References and Appendices, this study is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical background; Chapter 2: Structural characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese; Chapter 3: Identifying characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese

Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Literature review of the terminology research

1.1.1 Literature review of the terminology research in the world

Since the eighteenth century, term-related activities have begun, with studies focusing primarily on the formulation and identification of principles

for specific terminology systems Although terminology has been concerned for a long time, it was not until the 20th century that the terminology was truly confirmed as a science The issues of scientific terminology were really discussed only in the 30s of the twentieth century when two large terminology research centers were established (the first one was in Austria, the second was

in the Former Soviet Union) for the purpose of refining existing terms and building new terms The Soviet terminology center is associated with the famous scientists, such as: D.S.Lotte, V.V.Vinogradov, A.I.Moiseev, A.A Reformatskij, V.P Danilenko, A.C Gerd, S.I Corsunop, T.L Kandelaki, G.O Vinokur, etc Their studies go into analyzing the nature, function and the relationship of terminology with the concepts, definitions and standards of the term At the Austria Glossary Center, È Vjuster - the head of the center emphasized the importance of introducing scientific terminology principles and lexicography when researching terms Besides, we also have to mention European - American terminologists such as E.Wuster (Germany), R.W Brown (USA), W.E Flood (USA), J.C Segen (USA), J.C.Boulanger (England) who study the term in terms of concept or definition

1.1.2 Literature review of the terminology research in Vietnam

Although appearing quite late, Vietnamese terminology has undergone different stages of development along with the different fields of terminology study For over the past half century, Vietnamese terminology has grown rapidly and strongly, with changes not only in quantity, but also in quality, and

in both appearance and content Depending on the historical period and social circumstances, the terminology of each branch has different development Basically, the Vietnamese term has the right development orientation, gradually integrated into the path of science, ethnicity and popularity, contributing to the enrichment of Vietnamese vocabulary

1.2 Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology

1.2.1 Literature review of traditional Chinese medicine terminology in China

Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history From the Qin and Han dynasties, the great Chinese medical works such as “The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine”, “Shennong's Compendium of Materia Medica”, “Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases”, etc have created a system of Chinese medicine concept of human physiology, etiology, disease mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, remedy, etc., and has also developed a Chinese medicine terminology system, laying the foundations for the theory system of traditional Chinese medicine

Since 1949, the Chinese Communist Party and Government have focused on traditional Chinese medicine, especially after President Mao

Zedong made a wise judgment that “Chinese medicine and pharmacology are

a great treasure house and efforts should be made to explore them and raise them to a higher level” The cause of Chinese medicine and pharmacy has

developed strongly, the standardization of the terminology of Chinese medicine

has also constantly developed The standardization of terminology “traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy” since 1949 has mainly been carried out in

three aspects: first is to organize the compilation of traditional Chinese medicine curriculum taught in universities nationwide; second is to compile and publish various types of books such as dictionaries and encyclopedias; third is to conduct research on standardizing the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy, to develop specialized standards and national standards on traditional Chinese medicine terminology

From the linguistics point of view, modern Chinese medicine uses modern language to describe Chinese medicine Modern language includes the language of natural sciences, modern social sciences and contemporary philosophy, using modern speech to express, to be able to dialogue with contemporary mainstream science, presenting modern science, to better serve the medical examination and treatment for humans The process of modernizing traditional Chinese medicine requires the participation of many scientific disciplines It needs the contribution of modern technology, in which the term of traditional Chinese medicine needs to be expressed by clear, standardized, unified concepts

For over the past ten years, studies on traditional Chinese medicine terminology have been relatively abundant, often focusing on the following issues: 1) Studying on Chinese medicine terminology translation; 2) Developing a Chinese medicine term database; 3) Semantics Enlargement and Development; 4) Focusing on the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine in Chinese; 5) Attaching significance to the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine in Chinese; 6) Attaching significance to the standardization of the term of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy; 7) Research Methods of traditional Chinese medicine terms

1.2.2 Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam

At the present, our observation is that very few studies have been done

on Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese and there has not been an independent and intensive scientific study on Oriental medicine terminology system in Vietnamese

1.3 Theoretical background

1.3.1 Theory of terminology

1.3.1.1 Concepts of terminology

In the first strategy, the terminology is considered in relation to the

concept: “The terms are words used to express a definite concept in the system of

concepts of a certain science The entire terminology system of the sciences constitutes the terminology of language”

In the second strategy, the terminology is considered on the basis of their function: “the term is a lexical - semantic unit with the function of defining and being strictly distinguished by characteristics” In general, scientists believe that

the terminology is the words of professional language to express the professional concepts and denote the names of people, things and phenomena in the specialized field

1.3.1.2 Roles of terminology in language system

Terminology is defined as a part of lexicology and is an independent system It is considered a scientific discipline which has its own position and recognized by all over the world

1.3.1.3 Characteristics of terminology

Based on the viewpoint of the previous linguists, we believe that the

standards of the term in general include accuracy, systematicity, internationality, popularity, ethnicity, and brevity However, in terms of Oriental medicine terminology, we recognize that the accuracy, systematicity and internationality are dominant, and are the most important and necessary

standards Due to some countries in Asia (Vietnam, Korea, North Korea, Japan,

etc.) are influenced by traditional Chinese medicine, so the internationality (regionality) in Oriental medicine terminology is shown very clearly in the

basic theory of Oriental medicine, diagnosis, treatment and acupuncture The remaining criteria such as ethnicity and popularity are found in the majority of

oriental medicine and medical formula terms The brevity is needed, but not

necessarily, and the more the term meets these standards, the better the term is

1.3.1.4 Terminology and some related vocabulary types

When defining terminology concepts, linguists have distinguished the term with a number of related concepts The term differentiation may be mentioned with the following major related concepts: a) Distinguish terms and nomenclature; b) Distinguish terms and occupational words; c) Distinguish terms and common words

1.3.1.5 The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese

Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is a very new issue and is still on the way of formation Currently, this terminology system has not been intensively studied in theory In order to introduce the concept of Oriental medicine terminology, we first need to understand the basic content of this discipline Oriental medicine is traditional oriental medicine, studying the theory

of traditional medicine, oriental medicinals, medical formula, acupuncture, clinical specialties and medical history, etc Based on the theoretical background

of terminology and basic content of Oriental medicine, we believe that Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is the term of traditional medicine to express

concepts or objects, things, phenomena, causes, symptoms of Oriental medicine field The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese is included in some deep specialized fields, such as theory of traditional medicine, diagnosis, pathology, treatment, acupuncture, Oriental herbs and medical formula

1.3.2 Theory of formation and methods of word and phrase formation

1.3.2.1 Concepts of word and types of word formation

a Concepts of word

Up to present, various discussions and concepts about "words" have still been carried out and there has been no consensus, so we do not go into depth to discuss on the definitions of "words" In this study, we choose Nguyen Tai Can’s perspective about words in Vietnamese as a basis for defining Oriental medicine terminology: “Words are the smallest units that can be independently performed in sentences”

b Types of word formation

Regarding to the types of word formation, because there has been no consensus, we choose the concept of Nguyen Tai Can to conduct an investigation of the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese According to Nguyen Tai Can, Vietnamese words are divided into single words and compound words based on the number of sounds (morphemes)

Based on the theoretical background, words are closely structured units, and phrases (except idioms) are often loosely structured In fact, words and phrases all label the name of an object, creating a distinct meaning from other objects of the same type and they have the completed identification meaning Because of this, the differentiation of words and identification phrases is a very complex, difficult and confusing matter Therefore, within the scope of the study, we do not go into depth to discuss the boundary between words and phrases, but we rely on the classification and arrangement of dictionaries In conclusion, in terms of "word", there will be four types of formation: single words, compound words (dependent (subordinate) compounds and coordinate compounds), alliterative words and fortuitous concurrence words

c Elements of word formation

* Basic elements

Based on Nguyen Tai Can’s perspective, we perceive that each

“morpheme” is a basic element of terminology at the word level

Morphemes or basic elements are divided into two types The first type

is the non-independent element (bổ,ích, tư, phế, dưỡng, huyết,…) For example,

bổ ích, tư phế, dưỡng huyết, etc These terms are composed of two basic

elements, each of which has meaning or is obscured but not capable of performing independently They are often of Chinese or pure Vietnamese origin but are old words The second type is able to operate independently as a

single word For example: thuốc, chích, chua, cay, đau, rêu, lưỡi, etc

* Direct elements

The concept of the direct element is presented by Nguyen Tai Can in

“Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng -từ ghép -đoản ngữ” He said “The direct element

is the element that we are able to recognize right after the first step of analysis

We can speak in other words if we follow the synthesis trend, that is the direct element is one that we use in the final synthesis step to create the combination immediately” The dissertation applies the concept of Nguyen Tai Can about

“sound/morpheme” and “direct element” in analyzing the method of word building (compound words and alliterative words)

d Models of word formation

Le Quang Thiem’ perspective has been applied as the orientation of the

dissertation Accordingly, “the formation model is the mold that can be put into different types of materials, from which to create a series of different units” Thus,

except for single word (unit with only one syllable) and based on the criterion of independence - dependent, meaning or no meaning of the factors involved in word formation (morpheme - sound), the models of word formation in Vietnamese are divided into three types as follows:

The model 1: Independent element (A) - Independent element (A)

The model 2: Independent element (A) - Dependent element (B)

or Dependent element (B) - Independent element (A)

The model 3: Dependent element (B) - Dependent element (B)

In the study, we have applied the theory of word building based on the independent-dependent criteria of the elements participating in to analyze the model of word building

1.3.2.2 Concepts of phrase and types of phrase formation

b Types of phrase formation

Also according to the concept of Nguyen Tai Can in his work “Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng -từ ghép -đoản ngữ”, Vietnamese has three common

types of free phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase and adjective phrase From the survey data of the study, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese also has three types as above

c The basic unit of phrase formation is the phrase (identification phrase) Terminology is a word or phrase that accurately expresses a concept/object of a certain scientific or professional field Like other vocabulary units, terminology is made up of certain units For terminology that is an identifier phrase, based on the fact from collected documents, the study still considers the name of the unit of phrase formation as the element (including direct element and basic element) The formation element of terminology is an identifier phrase that can express a complete concept/object or may express the partial concept or characteristics of the concept/object reflected in each term and each of these elements is the last direct formation unit of the term With such a function, each element participating in the formation of terminology in general, Oriental medicine terminology in particular must have lexical meaning

The study has applied the above perspectives in the process of collecting, investigating and analyzing the formation of Oriental medicine

terminology Therefore, the term chứng trạng is composed by one element; the term biện chứng luận trị is composed of two elements: biện chứng and luận trị; the term bệnh can thụ nhiệt biểu nhiệt involves three elements, namely bệnh can, thụ nhiệt và biểu nhiệt From the meaning content point of view, the

elements of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese can express characteristics, properties, states, movements, causes, mechanisms of performance, etc of the object, phenomena which are identified by terminology

1.3.3 Theory of identification

1.3.3.1 Concept of identification

In the simplest way, this is the function of labelling objects, characteristics or activities of things, phenomena, etc

1.3.3.2 The units of identification

From the large number of meaningful units participating in the identification, there is a distinction among them, namely simple identifier (comprehensive identifiation) created by a meaningful unit; complex identifier (analytical and descriptive identifiation) which made up of two or more meaningful units The study uses the concept of simple identification units and complex identification units to distinguish Oriental medicine terminology as identification units

1.3.3.3 Mechanism of identification

Identifying method is divided into two types: direct identification (primary identification) is the use of known or existing forms to label an object

or phenomenon in objective reality; Indirect identification (secondary identification) is the reorganization of units of language from existing elements according to a certain model or by changing the meaning to create a new unit The mechanism for identifying things and phenomena is associated with classification behaviors and consists of two stages: conceptual classification and special feature selection

1.4 Conclusion of chapter 1

In chapter 1, the dissertation has presented literature review of the terminology research in general and Oriental medicine terminology in particular in the world and Vietnam, along with some general theoretical background on the term Therefore, we evaluate the achievements and inherits, and directs further research as well

Chapter 2 FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE

TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE 2.1 Formation techniques of Oriental medicine terminology system

2.1.1 Terminalization

Oriental medicine terminology was formed by terminalization with the number of 995/8061, accounting for 12.34% This shows that Oriental medicine terminology is not created much from this way, accounting for a low proportion However, the terminalization helps Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese, especially Oriental medicinal herbs, Oriental medicinal remedies become closer to community and patients

2.1.2 Creating new terms based on the existing linguistic data

The technique of creating new Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese

on the basis of available linguistic data is performed by the following main ways: 1) Combining existing linguistic elements (common words from community, professional words of practitioners, and specialized terminologies

in other science disciplines); 2) Combining existing elements of different origins (Chinese, Vietnamese, Indo - European)

2.1.2.1 Combining the available linguistic data

First of all, the available elements are the common words in community The terminologies of the sciences in general and of Oriental medicine in particular have used common words in community in order to expand and develop their own terms Next, the available elements are the units borrowed from the professional words of medical practitioners and from Vietnamese terminology in sub-disciplines and other related disciplines of sciences

2.1.2.2 Combining existing elements of different origins

This is a technique of creating new terms by using both native and foreign vocabulary units and combining elements of different origins (pure Vietnamese, Chinese - Vietnamese, Indian - European, etc.) into Vietnamese

Of the 8061 Oriental medicinal terms surveyed, 716/8061 terms have been created according to the technique of combining elements of different origins, accounting for 8.88%, mainly those are from pure Vietnamese origin with some elements of Chinese origin and many other different combinations

2.1.3 Borrowing from the traditional Chinese medicine terminology

To develop the term of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese in the fastest and most time-saving way, it is to borrow the terms of traditional Chinese medicine through the available elements which are originated from Chinese According to statistics, there are 6425/8061 terms of Oriental medicine formed

by borrowing traditional Chinese medical terms to expand and develop the term

of Oriental medicine, accounting for the highest proportion 79,70% (6425/8061) This is also consistent with the cross-lingual language, and affirms the internationality in Oriental medicine terms in particular and scientific terms in general

2.2 Formation models of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese

Based on the theoretical background presented, of 8061 Vietnamese Oriental medicine terms, there are 5596 terms formed by words (including single words and compound words), accounting for 69,42% (5596/8061) The remaining 2465 Oriental medicine terms are formed by stable phrases, accounting for 30,58% (2465/8061)

2.2.1 Characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology formed by words

Considering the basic unit as an element to analyze Oriental medicine terminology formed by a word, we realize that there are terms only composed of one element but there are terms which are composed of many elements We base

on the number of elements participating in the terminology to classify them into single words and compound words For each type, we analyze the formation models, the number and percentage of the elements involved in terminology formation in terms of their origin Then, these terms will be statistically classified

in terms of parts of speech

2.2.1.1 Oriental medicine terminology formed by a single word

In terms of origin, there are 148 terms that are pure Vietnamese words,

for example, bụng, cay, chua, etc and 115 terms are words of Chinese origin, for example, an, dưỡng, huyết, etc In terms of parts of speech, there are 221 terms that are formed by single nouns, for example, huyệt, rêu, phế, etc., 24 terms composed of single verbs, for example, ấn, thổ, bế, etc., 18 terms that are made up of single adjectives, for example, cam, cay, đắng, etc

2.2.1.2 Oriental medicine terminology formed by a compound word

There is a large number of Oriental medicine terms that are made up of

compound words, accounting for 95.30% (5333/5596) For example, bát cương, bệnh nguyên, khí huyết, etc In addition, there are many terms composed

of two or more elements, such as cấp kinh phong, khẩn hầu phong, nga khẩu thương, etc

(1) Terms are dependent (subordinate) compounds

In the model Dependent (Subordinate) - Main (principal), there are 3362 terms which are in reverse order of Vietnamese syntax, accounting for 64.47% (3362/5215) under 7 models

* Formation models of subordinate compounds in terms of independent or non-independent elements

Model 1:

Independent element (A) - Independent element (A) Independent elements (A) are ones participating in the formation of pure Vietnamese origin, easily separated, independently performed as words There are 715 terms of this model, accounting for 13.71% (715/5215) For example,

chè vằng, cỏ tranh, nghệ đen, phèn chua, sắn dây, etc

Model 2:

Non-independent element (B) - Non-independent element (B) Non-independent elements (B) are ones participating in the formation of Chinese-derived words or pure Vietnamese words that have been blurred There are 4143 terms belonging to this model, accounting for 79.44%

(4143/5215) For example, biểu nhiệt, biểu thực, can hàn, can hư, đàm thấp, etc

Model 3:

Independent element (A) - Non-independent element (B)

Or Non-independent element (B) - Independent element (A)