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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE NGUYEN THE ANH LIVELIHOODS OF MUONG PEOPLE IN CAM LUONG COMMUNE, CAM THUY DISTRICT, THANH HOA PROVINCE TODAY Speciality: A

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

NGUYEN THE ANH

LIVELIHOODS OF MUONG PEOPLE IN CAM LUONG COMMUNE, CAM THUY DISTRICT, THANH HOA PROVINCE TODAY

Speciality: Anthropology Reference: 9 31 03 02

ANTHROPOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS

HANOI - 2019

The work has been completed at:

INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

Science Instructor: 1 Assoc.Plof Dr Bui Xuan Dinh

2 Assoc Plof Dr Tran Van Thuc

Reviewer 1: Plof Dr Nguyen Chi Ben

Reviewer 2: Assoc Plof Dr Khong Dien

Reviewer 3: Assoc Plof Dr Bui Van Dao

The thesis is defense against the Doctoral Thesis Council, held at the Institute of Social Science

At …: , date / /2019

The thesis can be found at:

National Library Institute of Social Science Library

LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS OF THE AUTHOR

RELATED TO THE THESIS

1 Nguyen The Anh (2015),“ Belief of snake gods worshiping of Muong people in Luong Ngoc village, Cam Luong commune, Cam

Thuy district, Thanh Hoa province”, Art and Culture Review, (367),

4 Nguyen The Anh (2016), “Impact of Program 135 on the livelihood

of Muong people in Cam Thuy district, Thanh Hoa province”, Social Science Information Review, No 406, page 42-48

5 Nguyen The Anh (2018), “Impact of population and ethnic factors on the livelihood of Muong people in Thanh Hoa”, Art and Culture Review, No 406, page 14-18

INTRODUCTION

1 The emergency of the topic

1.1 Livelihoods (means of living) of resident communities and ethnic groups are familiar topics of Ethnology/Anthropology Livelihoods show human’s adaptation to the living environment; reflect the social relations in production; are the basis for forming the customs, beliefs, psychology, and personality of the resident community Livelihood is a top important factor of ethnic culture Livelihood research plays an important role in studying ethnic groups and resident communities

1.2 The mountain valleys in Son La, Phu Tho, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces, where the Muong people live, have a very diverse topography, so their livelihoods are very distinctly different, and should be studied in order to see the diversity of livelihoods as well as ethnic culture

Cam Luong is one of the highland communes of Cam Thuy district, Thanh Hoa province, where Muong people, who have been living for a long time, making a living mainly by cultivating rice fields, are the majority Since the implementation of Doi Moi, thanks

to the policies of the Party and the State, thanks to the acquisition of scientific and technical advances, livelihoods of Muong people here have changed drastically, especially, they have gradually integrated into tourist activities Cam Luong commune with the famous Fish Stream, located in the community tourism development area in the mountainous districts in the west of Thanh Hoa province, has been zoned However, the process of changing the livelihoods of the people as well as the development zoning by the authority branches and levels in Thanh Hoa province, Cam Thuy districts are posing

many problems to be addressed Studying the livelihoods of Muong people in Cam Luong commune is to not only understands Muong cultural characteristics but also create a scientific basis to devise solutions to help people develop towards sustainability

With the above scientific and practical significance, I choose the

topic of the Livelihoods of Muong people in Cam Luong commune, Cam Thuy district, Thanh Hoa province today to make this

Anthropology Doctoral Thesis

2 Research purposes and missions

2.1 Research purposes of the thesis

- To clarify the current livelihood status of Muong people in the research area, on the basis of comparison with traditional livelihoods;

- To identify the issues that are posed to the livelihoods of Muong people in Cam Luong commune now in relation to sustainable development; to create a scientific basis for the formulation of socio-economic development plans of Muong and local people

2.2 Research mission

- To collect materials related to the current livelihood activities

of Muong people in Cam Luong commune, including agriculture, handicrafts, types of services

- To interpret the aspects related to current livelihood activities

of Muong people in the study area These are the forms of livelihoods (agriculture, handicraft, trade - service) associated with the livelihood capital, the factors affecting livelihoods and the impact of livelihoods

on life aspects of Muong people

- To state some issues raised for the current livelihood of Muong people in Cam Luong commune, creating a scientific basis for the Party Committee and local authorities to consult in proposing socio-economic development solutions towards sustainability in terms of market economy development, industrialization, modernization and integration

3 Research objects and scope

3.1 Research objects

The research object of the thesis is the current forms of livelihood associated with the living environment of Muong people in Cam Luong commune, as mentioned in 2, section 2 2 above

3.2 Research scope

The thesis researches in villages of Cam Luong commune, in which, two villages have been focused on researching more is Luong Thuan - the village which has many positive and outstanding changes

in crop and village restructuring, and Luong Ngoc - the place with a famous Fish Stream, which has shifted to tourist services for many years

The thesis researches livelihoods of Muong people today; materials and data on livelihoods collected mainly in the years of

thing, phenomena, all must be placed in relation to other factors Current livelihood research is placed in dialectical relationships with factors of natural environment, social institutions, cultural characteristics, historical conditions of residents, policies of the State; placing current livelihood in relation to traditional livelihoods The thesis uses the approach of two theories which is the theory

of sustainable livelihoods and the theory of cultural change

4.2 Research methods

The thesis uses the method of document review and secondary information and document collection; interdisciplinary research method; method of studying household economic history, consulting experts, in which Ethnographic fieldwork is the main method, with familiar operations

To clarify the aspects related to the current livelihood of Muong people in the study area, the thesis uses analytical, interpretations, statistical and comparison methods The thesis focuses on using the

Anthropological/Ethnological approach; Cultural approach and system approach

5 New contributions of the thesis

The thesis is the first study on current livelihoods of Muong people in Cam Luong commune; clarifying the current livelihood situation of people in comparison with traditional factors, the relationship between livelihoods and natural, social and cultural conditions

The thesis presents scientific arguments for the Party Committee, authorities of Cam Luong commune, related departments

in Cam Thuy district and Thanh Hoa province to propose policies and

solutions to help Muong people develop their potentials, strength, overcome the limitations and weaknesses of current livelihood activities, especially the development of tourism in the Fish Stream area, for Cam Luong commune to develop economy and society towards sustainability

6 The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis

The thesis contributes materials to theorical and practical study

of livelihoods in general and the livelihoods of Muong people in particular, supporting research and teaching on this topic; at the same time, creates a scientific basis for the Party Committee and authorities of Cam Luong commune, related departments in Thanh Hoa and Cam Thuy district, to propose solutions to help Muong people in Cam Luong commune develop in a sustainable way

7 Structure of the thesis

Besides Introduction, Conclusion, Reference, the thesis content is

divided into 4 chapters:

Chapter 1 Overview of research situation, theoretical basis and

introduction of Muong people in the research area

Chapter 2 Livelihood activities of producing and exploiting

natural products

Chapter 3 Service activities

Chapter 4 Some discussions from the current livelihood

research of Muong people in Cam Luong commune

Chapter 1

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS AND INTRODUCTION OF MUONG PEOPLE IN THE RESEARCH AREA

1.1 Overview of research situation

1.1.1 Studies on livelihoods of ethnic groups

Livelihoods have been studied by foreign scholars, typically V.D.Blavaski - A.V.Nikitin, N.N.Tsebocsarop, G.G.Gromop and IU.F Novichkop, Emily A Schultz and Robert H Lavenda, mainly in the agricultural field

In Vietnam, the ethnicity's livelihoods are presented in Ethnology monographs, specialized books, scientific topics at all levels, doctoral

thesis, on the Anthropology Review Most of the works focused on

traditional livelihoods, including agriculture, handicrafts, trade and exploitation of natural products

In 20 recent years, Ethnography/Anthropology has had many studies

on the changes of traditional livelihoods of ethnic groups in the context of innovation; changes of livelihoods of ethnic minorities under the impact of hydropower projects

1.1.2 Research on Muong people and livelihood activities of Muong people

Muong people, Muong culture and Muong people's livelihoods are mentioned in studies by Jeane Cuisinier, Bui Van Ky, Nguyen Duong Binh, Nguyen Tu Chi, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh and Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Quach Thi Oanh, Tran Dang Tuan, Luong Thu Hang The livelihood topics presented are paddy fields, upland fields agriculture, handicrafts, gathering, hunting, fishing, ownership, management and usage of land; livelihood

changes in the context of market mechanisms, hydropowerization; livelihood of young people

Muong people and the Muong people's livelihoods in Thanh Hoa province were studied through the works of Vuong Anh, Hoang Anh Nhan, Cao Son Hai, Ngo Hoai Chung, Minh Hieu, Mai Van Tung, Trinh Hong Le,

and in the Thanh Hoa Monography, some monographys of the districts…

Muong people in Cam Luong commune are mentioned in the graduation thesis by Pham Thi Ly on poverty and poverty reduction

solutions; the thesis Mương Livelihoods and the Role of Education in Their

Development: A case study of a Mương Community in CamThuy District, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam by Nguyen, Viet Duc defense at Victoria

University (Welliinton, Newzeeland), 2013, referring to the livelihood and its impact on the education of the Muong community in this district

In general, until now, research works on Muong people and Muong people's livelihoods in Thanh Hoa are not many This thesis hopes to overcome the above limitation

1.2 The theoretical basis of the thesis

1.2.1 Basic concepts

The thesis presents the origins and intents of the concepts used:

"Livelihoods", "Traditional livelihoods", "Current livelihoods", "Livelihood resources", "Sustainable livelihoods", "Sustainable Development"

1.2.2 Theoretical basis

Theory of livelihoods and sustainable livelihood framework

The theory of DFID sustainable livelihood framework or livelihood approach under the sustainable livelihood framework presented in the studies of Chambers and Conway, Scoones has been used widely until

analytical framework divides the capital people use to earn livelihoods into five types of capital assets or capital forms, which are natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital

The thesis also applies the theory of cultural change to explain the

problems of livelihood of Muong people today

1.3 Introduction of Muong people in the research area

The thesis introduces Cam Luong commune on the following aspects: geographic location, traffic, natural conditions (topography, climate, hydrology (rivers, streams, especially "Divine Fish Stream"), land types area, assesses the pros and cons of the above factors with livelihoods In general, before 2005, when the suspension bridge over the Ma River was not yet built, Cam Luong commune was "isolated" with other communes in the area, especially in the rainy season, three sides bordering forests and mountains, the remaining side are separated from Ma River, which makes them facing many difficulties and disadvantages in socio-economic development

1.3.2 Muong people in Cam Luong commune

After introducing the population and ethnic composition of Cam Luong commune, the thesis presents main features of Muong people - the major population in the commune, such as origin, distribution and social characteristics (institution of family, lineages, traditional Muong institutions) and traditional culture (beliefs, customs, holidays), in relation with the administrative geography and administrative organization of the commune and in comparison with Muong people in Hoa Binh

End of Chapter 1

Chapter 2

LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES OF PRODUCING

AND EXPLOITING NATURAL PRODUCTS

2.1 Capital sources for livelihood activities of production and natural product exploitation

The thesis analyzes five capital sources related to livelihood activities of production and natural products exploitation of Muong people in Cam Luong commune, including natural capital (section 2.1.1), physical capital (section 2.1.2 ), financial capital (section 2.1.3.), social capital (section 2.1.4.) and human capital (2.1.5.) in relation to natural conditions, infrastructure, social institutions and social relationships, human characteristics

2.2 Agriculture

Cam Luong commune in the past, in which cultivation is the largest part, animal husbandry accounts for a small proportion and depends on cultivation Today, cultivation has changed drastically High-yield plant varieties are put into cultivation, especially sugarcane in Luong Thuan and Luong Hoa villages, some gardening models are effective Cultivation techniques also have changes in soil preparation, caring and harvesting stages, thanks to soil preparation machines, harvester, and chemical fertilizers As a result, food security is ensured and redundant, the income value of agriculture on one hectare of growing is constantly increasing However, effective cultivation models are not many and have not been replicated

Animal husbandry (cattle and poultry) has changes in structure and increase in the number of livestock types, farms which combines husbandry and cultivation has appeared

2.3 Forestry and exploitation of natural products

In the past, forest occuppies a very large area of the total forestry land area of Cam Luong commune; the population is also small so the forest brings many benefits However, due to indiscriminate exploitation, the forest is constantly depleted, natural resources profit from the forest declined

From 1993 onwards, the Afforestation Program (Program 327) was implemented in Cam Luong commune, followed by Project 661 (planting

5 million hectares of new forest since 1998) However, over 20 years, the forestry development of the people is still natural, following the crowd The main crops are types of bamboo plants and eucalyptus; there are no key trees with high economic value The way of taking care of the forest

is also very natural Income from forest does not constitute a significant source of income for most families

2.4 Handicrafts and working as workers in companies

The two main traditional handicrafts of Muong people are knitting and weaving, serving the requirements of family life Today, knitting is reduced, due to plastic substitutes Some families have developed crossbows, plows making, chopsticks chopping, art baskets weaving jobs to serve tourists in the area of Fish Stream Textile industry has been eroded since the early 1990s, when there are alternative industrial fabrics In general, handicrafts do not develop, due to unfavorable natural conditions, residents are accustomed to living on agriculture and forest and mountain products exploitation, the market of handicraft products is very limited

From 2005 onwards, Muong young and middle-aged people learn carpentry and construction craft, forming top carpenters and builders for