Giới thiệu về Giải phẫu và Sinh lý học, Cấp độ tổ chức hóa học, Cấp độ tổ chức tế bào, Cấp độ tổ chức, Hệ thống tích hợp, Cấu trúc xương và xương, Bộ xương trục, Bộ xương ruột thừa, Khớp, Mô cơ, Hệ thống cơ bắp , Mô thần kinh, Tủy sống, Thần kinh cột sống và Phản xạ cột sống, Thần kinh não và sọ, Đường dẫn truyền cảm giác và Hệ thần kinh Somatic, Hệ thần kinh tự chủ và Chức năng bậc cao, Các giác quan đặc biệt, Hệ thống nội tiết, Máu Tim, mạch máu và tuần hoàn, hệ thống bạch huyết và miễn dịch, hệ hô hấp, hệ tiêu hóa, trao đổi chất, dinh dưỡng và năng lượng, hệ thống tiết niệu, chất lỏng, chất điện giải và cân bằng axit, hệ thống sinh sản The Chemical Level of Organization, The Cellular Level of Organization,The Tissue Level of Organization,The Integumentary System,Bones and Bone Structure,The Axial Skeleton,The Appendicular Skeleton,Joints, Muscle Tissue,The Muscular System,Nervous Tissue,The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes,The Brain and Cranial Nerves,Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System,The Autonomic Nervous System and HigherOrder Functions,The Special Senses, The Endocrine System,Blood, The Heart,Blood Vessels and Circulation,The Lymphatic System and Immunity,The Respiratory System, The Digestive System,Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics,The Urinary System,Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance, The Reproductive System
Trang 1Multiple Choice Questions
Trang 729) Howȱdoesȱblockingȱretrogradeȱaxoplasmicȱtransportȱinȱanȱaxonȱaffectȱtheȱactivityȱofȱaȱneuron?A) Theȱneuronȱbecomesȱunableȱtoȱproduceȱneurotransmitters.
Trang 1462) RegionsȱofȱtheȱCNSȱwithȱanȱabundanceȱofȱmyelinatedȱaxonsȱconstituteȱtheȱ ȱmatter.A) gray
LearningȱOutcome: 12-3
BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding
Trang 1984) Ifȱacetylcholineȱ(ACh)ȱcausesȱinhibitionȱofȱaȱpostsynapticȱneuron,ȱtoȱwhatȱtypeȱofȱmembranechannelȱdidȱtheȱAChȱbind?
Trang 2192) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱstatementsȱaboutȱtheȱactionȱpotentialȱisȱfalse?
A) Theȱrapidȱdepolarizationȱphaseȱisȱcausedȱbyȱtheȱentryȱofȱpotassiumȱions
B) Duringȱtheȱrepolarizationȱphase,ȱsodiumȱchannelsȱcloseȱandȱpotassiumȱchannelsȱopen.C) Duringȱtheȱdepolarizationȱphase,ȱmembraneȱpotentialȱbecomesȱpositive
Trang 23E) Repolarizationȱofȱtheȱaxonȱdueȱtoȱsodiumȱionsȱleavingȱtheȱaxonȱisȱoccurring.Answer: D
LearningȱOutcome: 12-5
BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying
Trang 25106) Whichȱpointȱofȱtheȱgraphȱshowsȱwhenȱpotassiumȱionȱoutflowȱexceedsȱsodiumȱionȱinflow?A) 1
Trang 27116) Theȱperiodȱduringȱwhichȱanȱexcitableȱmembraneȱcannotȱrespondȱtoȱfurtherȱstimulationȱisȱthe ȱperiod.
Trang 29124) Theȱfollowingȱareȱtheȱstepsȱinvolvedȱinȱtransmissionȱatȱaȱcholinergicȱsynapse.ȱWhatȱisȱthecorrectȱsequenceȱforȱtheseȱevents?
1.ȱChemically-gatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱonȱtheȱpostsynapticȱmembraneȱareȱactivated.2.ȱCalciumȱionsȱenterȱtheȱsynapticȱterminal
3.ȱAcetylcholinesteraseȱhydrolyzesȱacetylcholine
4.ȱAnȱactionȱpotentialȱdepolarizesȱtheȱsynapticȱterminalȱatȱtheȱpresynapticȱmembrane.5.ȱTheȱpre-synapticȱterminalȱreabsorbsȱcholine
Trang 33142) WhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱtheȱprimaryȱsecondȱmessengerȱinȱG-proteinȱcoupledȱpost-synapticcells?
B) moreȱcalciumȱionsȱthanȱusualȱdiffuseȱintoȱtheȱneuron
C) chemicallyȱregulatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱareȱopenȱandȱsodiumȱisȱdiffusingȱintoȱtheȱcell.D) theȱneuronȱisȱhyperpolarized
Trang 35150) Inȱ ,ȱactivityȱatȱanȱaxoaxonicȱsynapseȱincreasesȱtheȱamountȱofȱneurotransmitterreleasedȱwhenȱanȱactionȱpotentialȱarrivesȱatȱtheȱaxonȱterminus.
Trang 36Answer: Whenȱtheȱskinȱisȱbrokenȱbyȱanȱanimalȱbiteȱsomeȱcutaneousȱreceptorsȱareȱphysically
damaged.ȱItȱisȱthroughȱtheseȱdamagedȱaxonsȱthatȱtheȱvirusȱgainsȱentranceȱtoȱtheneuron.ȱRetrogradeȱaxoplasmicȱtransportȱcarriesȱtheȱvirusȱtoȱtheȱcentralȱnervousȱsystem,whereȱitȱcanȱreproduceȱandȱspread
LearningȱOutcome: 12-2
BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding
2) Theȱmyelinationȱofȱcentralȱandȱperipheralȱaxonsȱoccursȱrapidlyȱthroughȱtheȱfirstȱfewȱyearsȱoflife.ȱHowȱcanȱthisȱdevelopmentalȱprocessȱexplainȱtheȱimprovedȱmotorȱabilitiesȱofȱinfantsȱandtoddlers?
Answer: Withoutȱfullȱmyelination,ȱinformationȱaboutȱlimbȱmovementȱandȱbodyȱpositionȱmoves
slowlyȱtoȱtheȱCNS,ȱandȱmotorȱcommandsȱmoveȱslowlyȱandȱerraticallyȱtoȱtheȱmuscles.ȱBytheȱtimeȱtheȱbrainȱisȱawareȱofȱmovementȱorȱpositionȱandȱcanȱissueȱaȱmotorȱcommand,theȱlimbȱhasȱalreadyȱmoved.ȱWhenȱtheȱmotorȱcommandȱreachesȱtheȱskeletalȱmuscle,ȱtheresponseȱisȱnoȱlongerȱappropriate.ȱAsȱtheȱneuronsȱbecomeȱfullyȱmyelinated,ȱinformationprocessingȱspeedsȱup,ȱsoȱweȱobserveȱimprovedȱbalance,ȱcoordination,ȱandȱmovement
LearningȱOutcome: 12-3
BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding
Trang 373) AȱdrugȱthatȱblocksȱATPȱproductionȱisȱintroducedȱintoȱanȱisolatedȱaxonȱpreparation.ȱTheȱaxonisȱthenȱrepeatedlyȱstimulated,ȱandȱrecordingsȱareȱmadeȱofȱtheȱresponse.ȱWhatȱeffectsȱwouldyouȱexpectȱtoȱobserve?
Answer: Initially,ȱtheȱrecordingȱwouldȱshowȱnormalȱactionȱpotentialsȱinȱresponseȱtoȱthe
repetitiveȱstimulation.ȱAfterȱ50,000ȱtoȱ100,000ȱactionȱpotentialsȱhaveȱpassed,ȱtherecordingȱwouldȱstartȱtoȱindicateȱlessȱresponsivenessȱfromȱtheȱaxon;ȱultimately,ȱtheaxonȱwouldȱfailȱtoȱrespond.ȱBecauseȱveryȱfewȱionsȱactuallyȱmoveȱacrossȱtheȱmembraneduringȱanȱactionȱpotential,ȱaxonsȱcanȱcarryȱthousandsȱofȱactionȱpotentialsȱbeforeȱtheconcentrationsȱofȱsodiumȱandȱpotassiumȱionsȱmustȱbeȱreestablishedȱbyȱthe
sodium-potassiumȱpump.ȱWithoutȱATPȱproduction,ȱtheȱsupplyȱofȱATPȱwouldȱbeconsumed,ȱtheȱpumpȱwouldȱshutȱdown,ȱandȱsoȱtheȱcellȱcouldȱnotȱrestoreȱtheȱsodiumandȱpotassiumȱionȱgradients.ȱTheȱresultingȱslowȱdepolarizationȱwouldȱinactivatevoltage-gatedȱsodiumȱchannels,ȱleadingȱtoȱaȱpersistentȱabsoluteȱrefractoryȱstate.ȱThelossȱofȱtheȱelectrochemicalȱgradientsȱdeniesȱtheȱaxonsȱtheirȱmeansȱofȱgeneratingȱanactionȱpotentialȱandȱtransmissionȱwouldȱstop
LearningȱOutcome: 12-6
BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying