THEME CONNECTING COHESIVE DEVICES IN HEADLINES AND LEADS OF ENGLISH ONLINE ARTICLES ABOUT OBESITY WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Theme – connecting cohesive devices in headline and leads of English online

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report

entitled “Theme – connecting cohesive devices in headline and leads of English

online articles about obesity with reference to Vietnamese equivalents”

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Linguistics Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

Hanoi, 2018

Tran Thi Thu Trang

Approved by SUPERVISOR

Assoc Prof, Dr Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong

Date:………

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

TRAN THI THU TRANG

THEME-CONNECTING COHESIVE DEVICES IN HEADLINES AND LEADS

OF ENGLISH ONLINE ARTICLES ABOUT OBESITY WITH REFERENCE TO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper could not have been completed without the help, encouragement and support from a number of people who all deserve my sincerest gratitude and appreciation

First and foremost, my deepest thanks are due to my supervisor Assoc Prof, Dr Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong for her invaluable advice, generous assistance and continual encouragement in completion of this study Her continual encouragement, careful reading, critical comments and patient guidance made my work more enjoyable and easier

My thanks also go to all lecturers of the Faculty of Graduated Studies, Hanoi Open University who taught me valuable lessons

I would also like to send my thanks to all my informants for their willing participation in the study I greatly appreciate their generosity with their time and efforts in filling in the questionnaire Without them this paper could not have been possible

Last but not least, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family members who have constantly supported, inspired and encouraged me to complete the graduation paper

CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

ABSTRACT viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 Rationale for the research 9

1.2 Aim of the study 10

1.3 Objective of the study 10

1.4 Research question 10

1.5 Scope of the study 10

1.6 Methods of the study 10

1.7 Design of the study 11

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1.Review of previous studies 12

2.1.1.Previous studies overseas 12

2.1.2 Previous studies in Vietnam 13

2.2 Review of theoretical background 13

2.2.1 The concepts of headline and lead 13

2.2.2 The relationship between the headline and lead 15

2.3 Theoretical framework 17

2.3.1 Concepts of Cohesion 17

2.3.2 Concepts of cohesive devices 19

2.3.3 Classification of cohesive devices 19

2.3 Thematic cohesion 31

2.3.1 Theory of Reiteration 31

2.3.2 Theory of Collocation 32

2.3.3 Theory of Substitution 32

2.3.4 Theory of Ellipsis 32

2.3.5 Theory of Conjunction 33

2.4 News 33

2.4.1 Definition 33

2.4.2 Characteristics of news 33

2.4.3 Health news 34

2.4.4 General introduction to English newspaper agencies 34

2.5 Summary 35

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 36

3.1 Subjects 36

3.2 Instruments 36

3.3 Procedures 36

3.4 Statistical Analysis 37

3.5 Summary 37

CHAPTER 4 TYPICAL THEME-CONNECTING COHESIVE DEVICES IN HEADLINES AND LEADS OF ENGLISH ONLINE ARTICLES ABOUT OBESITY AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 39

4.1 Theme – connecting cohesive devices in headline and leads of selected articles with reference to Vietnamese equivalents 39

4.1.1 Topic-maintaining cohesive devices in headlines and leads of selected English articles and Vietnamese equivalents 39

4.1.2 Topic-developing cohesive devices in headlines and leads of selected English articles and Vietnamese equivalents 50

4.2 Similarities and differences between theme-connecting cohesive devices in headlines and leads of selected English articles and Vietnamese equivalents 64

4.2.1 Similarities between theme-connecting cohesive devices in headlines and leads of selected English articles and Vietnamese equivalents 64

4.2.2 Differences between theme-connecting cohesive devices in headlines and leads of selected English articles and Vietnamese equivalents 65

4.3 Implication for teacher and leaner when reading and translating health news in English and Vietnamese 67

4.4 Summary 68

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 69

5.1 Summary of Findings 69

5.2 Conclusions 70

5.3 Limitations of the study 70

5.4 Recommendations for Further Study 71 REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX 74

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Diagram 2.2 : The function and the relationship between the headline and lead 16

Table 2.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion 20 Table 4 1: Repitataion exact words/ phrases 36 Chart 4.1: Repetition changing word order in the sentence of the elements 37 Table 4.2: Repetition and abbreviation of name 38 Chart 4.2: Meaning expressions of compound or string of words in the headline

Chart 4.3 : Repetition in headlines and leads 40 Table 4.3: Synonym in selected articles 44 Table 4.4 :Meronym in selected articles 47 Chart 4.4 : Superordinate in selected articles 48 Chart 4.5: Antonym in selected articles 49 Chart 4.6: Developing core sentences by using clause(s) 51 Chart 4.7: Developing core sentences 52 Chart 4.8: Appositive for expanding noun phrases 53 Chart 4.9: Premodifiers of expanding noun phrase 54 Chart 4.10: Relative clause of expanding noun phrase 54 Chart 4.11: Adding words of expanding noun phrase 56 Chart 4.12: Frequency of occurrence of topic-maintaining devices 57 Chart 4.13: Frequency of occurrence of lexical cohesive devices in topic-

Chart 4.14: Frequency of occurrence of grammatical cohesive devices in

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Adj Adjective Compar/super Comparative/ superlative

Pre.P Preposition Phrase Proper N Proper Noun Sent Sentence

VP Verb Phrase

ABSTRACT

In this research, the writer analyzes theme-connecting cohesion devices between the headlines and the leads in some article about obesity This research is aimed to know kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion appear in news text, to know the dominant cohesion devices which are used, and to know the degree of cohesiveness

The writer uses a qualitative method in this research He uses Halliday and Hasan‟s theory of cohesion to find out the grammatical and lexical cohesion device utilized in the text, then he counts the dominant cohesion devices which appear in the text, finally he measures the degree of cohesiveness The writer intends to find out what grammatical cohesive devices (reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction) and lexical cohesive devices (repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym, meronym, and collocation) are in the article and their contribution in making the article coherent and unified The data in this study is collected from three sources: BBC, The Guardian and Reuters with 150 articles and translated Vietnamese versions in order to discover general and particular characteristics of these newspapers‟ style The result of this research shows that cohesion devices both grammatical and the lexical has the highest and lowest occurrence, The cohesion through the grammatical cohesive which has the highest occurrence is superordinate.Apart from grammatical cohesion, for the lexical cohesion, the writer found some repetition of the identical word is used at the same number of article on three source and it is the highest occurrence lexically The study recommends further studies on conducting a comparative analysis of English and translated Vietnamese version

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale for the research

Nowadays, the widespread use of the Internet has made it possible for people to update news anywhere and anytime through online newspapers Apparently, online newspaper is a crucial part of our life as it keeps us well-informed about what is happening around us within one click An enormous amount of news on daily newspapers provides us with the latest national and international events on a wide range of topics such as: health, business, sports, education, society, politics, culture, etc News not only helps to increase our knowledge but also serves as a source of entertainment With this in mind, the author has made an attempt to do research concerning with news, staying focus

on online news due to the ubiquitous of the Internet

Additionally, as an English teacher at Nam Dinh University of Nursing, the author has many chances to approach health English and takes interest in teaching health English to students in general and English majors in particular In an effort to improve health English to students, the author has adopted authentic materials including health online news which proves to be very effective and convenient in class Besides, students are also encouraged to spend time reading health online news at home as it is very beneficial to them in many ways The most recognizable benefits involve the increased knowledge and extended vocabulary in health However, students often encounter a lots

of troubles in comprehending the news Thus, understanding cohesive devices between headlines and leads give students more insight into how writes organize what they want

to say

Furthermore, the writer has the ambition to make a distinction of the cohesive devices used in health news between English and Vietnamese online newspapers with the aim to figure out the similarities and differences of health news in both languages Thus,

the study entitled “ Theme – connecting cohesive devices in headline and leads of

English online article about obesity with reference to Vietnamese equivalents” was

conducted to achieve this aim The findings of the study will hopefully lay a solid foundation to both teachers and learners in the mastery of health English news; more importantly, create background for translation between the two languages and consequently, enhance the teaching and learning of health English

1.2 Aim of the study

To help learners understand the connection in headlines and leads on English and Vietnamese online articles about obesity and give some implications for language teaching, learning and translating cohesive devices in headlines and leads of English and Vietnamese online articles about obesity

1.3 Objective of the study

To figure out the types of cohesive devices on English and Vietnamese online articles about obesity

To identify the roles and the connection between headlines and leads in English and Vietnamese online articles about obesity

To give some implications for language teaching, learning and translating cohesive devices in headlines and leads of English and Vietnamese online articles about obesity

1.5 Scope of the study

Currently, online newspapers offer a large amount of sections namely: Politic, Technology, Health, Business, Sport, Entertainment, etc However, within the framework

of this thesis, the author‟s aim is only to focus on the use of cohesive devices in Health section, particularly those about one of the most dangerous diseases of modern society, obesity This study investigates 150 articles selected from typical English online newspapers and translated Vietnamese versions in order to discover general and particular characteristics of these newspapers‟ style As stated above, the focus of the study work towards the similarities and differences of cohesive devices used in health news on English and Vietnamese online newspapers

1.6 Methods of the study

In the completion of the study, a variety of methods has been adopted, among which the main methods are qualitative and quantitative In this particular study, the researcher used the qualitative approach owing to its suitability in social research and the fact that it

can be applied in the subjects In addition, the rationale behind the choice of the qualitative approach is centered in its strengths It is flexible and emphasizes people‟s lived experiences, their perceptions, their assumptions and their presuppositions as connected the world around them ) In qualitative research, the researcher collects data right from the participants In this study, the researcher collected data from documentary study

1.7 Design of the study

Within the scope mentioned above, the study consists of five chapters:

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION presents rationale, aims, scope, method, research

questions, organizational structure of the study

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW discusses the theoretical background of the

study, in which the definition of headline, lead, cohesion and coherence as well as cohesive devices are presented

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY concentrates on detail of the research questions and

research approach with various methods and techniques employed for conducting the whole thesis

Chapter 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION describes and analysis the cohesive

devices in headline and leads of English online article about obesity with reference to Vietnamese equivalents

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION summarizes the main points presented in the thesis, the

limitations of the study as well as suggestions for further research

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review serves two main purposes Firstly it gives a review of previous studies related to discourse analysis in general and cohesive devices in particular Secondly it presents and discusses the theoretical background which guide and inform this research

Cohesive devices which are an important factor in discourse analysis by English as well as a foreign language speaker have attracted the great attention of linguistics all over the world Hence, it is no surprise that a large number of studies on English cohesive devices in terms of various fields of language have been undertaken

2.1.1 Previous studies overseas

There are some researches analyzing cohesion using theory from Halliday and Hasan (1976) The first is a work by Morley He presents about the lexical cohesion and rhetorical structure This article looks at this argument-structuring function of lexical cohesion first by considering single text using the techniques of classical discourse analysis and then by using the methodology of corpus linguistics to examine several million words of text In his research, he analysis the lexical cohesion in several headlines newspaper and point out the register before analyze the lexical cohesion He also uses the theory by Halliday and Hassan (1976)

Another study that relates to this research is a study done by Abdul Rohim (2009), entitled “Cohesion Analysis on the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial”, concludes the result of the research that reference is the highest occurrence for grammatical cohesion, especially personal reference and repetition is the highest occurrence for lexical cohesion

Another study that relates to this research is a study done by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin (2011), entitled “An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on The Journalistic Text of VoAnews.com”, describes the result of the research that found grammatical device; reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction, and lexical device; repetition, synonym, near synonym, superordinate, general word and collocation

Another study that relates to this research is a study done by Anna Khoirunnisa (2011), entitled “An Analysis of Cohesion on Editor‟s Note in U.S News and World Report Magazine”, shows the differences in using grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion

devices and degree of cohesiveness in each text Text one is the fewer cohesive than text three and text three is fewer than text two

2.1.2 Previous studies in Vietnam

In Vietnam, a number of linguists and researchers have made great contributions to the study of discourse analysis Nguyen Thien Giap (2000) mentions a set of different aspects as context and semantics, information structures, especially discourse and discourse analysis He particularly emphasizes the necessity of coherence and cohesion in creating a clear and comprehensible discourse/text Do Huu Chau (2001) points out some

of the communicative factors deciding the successful communication, they are situational context, language and its varieties, and discourse

The next research conducted by Nguyen Thi Hoa (2011) “A contrastive study of grammatical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese” has pointed out the similarities and differences in grammatical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese The results

of this research help teachers of English and students avoid making mistakes in using grammatical cohesive devices and translating between these two languages

The last research is M.A thesis by Le Thi Mai Hien (2004) entitled “An Analysis of Cohesive Devices in English Application Letter” The process of researching on twenty English application letters has enables her to reach the results of the frequency of occurrence of lexical cohesive device The data present repetition in English application letter also occupies the first position among the four kinds of reiteration with up to 53.4% Different from English sales letters, super ordinates rank the second with a considerably higher percentage, 24.9% compared with 11% Synonyms and Near-synonyms account for nearly the same portion, which is respectively 10.4% and 11.3%

2.2 Review of theoretical background

2.2.1 The concepts of headline and lead

2.2.1.1 The concepts of headline

The headline is an integral part of the news story It is meant to arouse the reader‟s interest and make him read the whole article In a way, the headline has to ”sell” the story

to the reader Since the headline is usually the first thing that a person reads in a news article, it provides a framework for the reading process and steers the reader in a certain direction As Fries (1987) notes, the reader begins to read the text with the headline Thus, after reading a headline such as ”Houseprices up”, he has some expectation of what

the following lines will be about, and he will do everything possible to connect these lines to the headline [11, 61]

Headlines are somewhat different from the rest of newspaper language Mårdh classifies headlines as belonging to block language, which is characterised by heavily modified noun phrases by grammatical units lower than the sentence and by the omission

of words that have low information value, such as articles and the finite forms of the verb

be Werlich (1976) disagrees with the second point, asserting that sentence headlines are common in news stories [29, 27] As far as readability is concerned, a headline must be short enough to be read quickly but still long enough to give the facts comprehensibly (Mårdh 1980) [20, 87] According to Mårdh‟s study, the average length of a newspaper headline is about seven words [20, 88] Mårdh states that the fact that passive constructions are longer and less lively than the active are reasons for avoiding them However, the principle of putting the most important information first may overrule the use of the active voice Mårdh illustrates this with the headlines.[20, 176]

The headline summarises the most important and relevant information of the story Van Dijk (1988a) states that the headline, along with the lead, expresses the main topics

of the text Together they signal a preferred general meaning of the text to the reader) [9;

36, 40, 53] In Bell‟s view, the headline, unlike the lead, is an independent unit: ”It simply abstracts the story, it does not have to begin it While the lead may carry new information which does not recur in the story proper, the headline is entirely derivable from the story In most cases it can be derived from the lead alone” [3, 187]

It should be noted that the headline reflects the writer‟s perspective, and the reader may instead pay more attention to another aspect of the story which he finds more relevant (Bülow- Møller 1989) [6, 42] Brown & Yule (1983) aver that there are several possible headlines for any text [5, 73] Consequently, the headline of a piece of text should not be equated with the topic but viewed as one possible expression of it [4,139] Some headlines may express secondary topics (Bell 1991, 189; van Dijk 1987b, 209) When this happens, Bell says that the news values of the story are re-weighted Van Dijk calls headlines of this kind ”biased” Headlines expressing the main topic and headlines expressing a secondary topic correspond to Mårdh‟s terms summary head and connotative head, respectively A summary head is a neutral summary of the news story, whilst a connotative head focuses on one interesting or sensational aspect of the

story [20, 16] Bülow-Møller (1989) remarks that the headline does not have to be a summary of the text, even if it reflects the main topic [6, 42]

2.2.1.2 The concepts of lead

The most important information of the news article is supposed to lie at the beginning The lead paragraph formulates the most important points of the story

Like the headline, the lead is supposed to attract the reader‟s interest so that he goes

on reading the text This is why Pape & Featherstone (2005) consider the lead to be the most important paragraph in a news article [23,28-29] Just as the most important facts are raised into the lead, within the lead itself the most important information is put at the beginning, not at the end of the paragraph (Bell 1991) [3, 176]

As for the structure of leads, Werlich (1976) asserts that, in its strictest form, only the very first sentence of the news article summarises the whole story [29.70] It can be said, however, that the lead need not always be expressed in a single sentence, but may also consist of more than one sentence Nevertheless, Werlich receives support from van Dijk (1988a) who characterises the lead sentence as one complex sentence the function of which

is to express the macrostructure of the story

Therefore, the syntax of lead sentences has several tasks: to give the summary of the story, to express a number of schematic categories and to organise this information so that it is syntactically well-formed Bell lists brevity, clarity and newsworthiness as the values of the lead, which conflicts with van Dijk‟s view to some extent In Bell‟s opinion, leads should be full on information, yet as short as possible and easily comprehended [3, 176]

As Brown & Yule (1983) observe, the beginning point is the initial textual context for all that follows in the text and will, accordingly, have an effect on the reader‟s interpretation of what comes next [5, 125] Bell (1991) regards the lead as a directional summary, meaning that it is also part of the story The lead has a dual function: ”It must begin to tell the story as well as summarizing it It must provide a springboard for telling the whole story, not just a summary” [3, 183] According to Bell, the lead often contains information that is not repeated in the rest of the article [3,184]

2.2.2 The relationship between the headline and lead

Headlines and leads share some important similarities The following chart illustrates this:

Chart 2.2: The relationship between the headline and lead

As chart 2.2 shows, the task of the headline and lead in a prototypical news story is

to give the most central, essential and relevant information of the story Since the headline

is practically always the shorter of the two, it cannot convey as much information as the lead, so it can only express the very core of the important information Thereby, the headline might be described as the ultimate summary or ”super-summary” of the story As Bell puts it, ”The headline is an abstract of the abstract The lead pares the story back to its essential point, and the headline abstracts the lead itself” [3, 150] This means that the information in the headline is usually contained in the lead, too, as can be seen from Chart The lead can also include other central pieces of information besides the absolute most important information

Due to their summary-like nature and their position as the initial elements in the news article, the headline and lead orient the story in a specific direction Again, the headline, being the shorter item, orients the story in a stricter way than the lead Bell concurs with this view:

“The lead focuses the story in a particular direction It forms the lens through which the remainder of the story is viewed This function is even more obvious for the headline.” [3, 152]

In the final analysis, the lead summarises the story and focuses it in a specific direction, and the headline summarises and focuses the story even more

LEAD

HEAD- LINE

I N F O R M A T I O N

2.3 Theoretical framework

2.3.1 Concepts of Cohesion

Cohesion, based on Halliday and Hasan (1976) “cohesion theory as the major characteristic of coherence considering linguistic properties of the language, gives a sequence of sentences a coherent texture Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another” Halliday and Hasan (1976) pointed out that cohesion is one of the linguistic system's major resources for text construction In fact, cohesion represents the presence of explicit cues in the text that allow readers/listeners to find semantic relations within it as part of linguistic system enhancing the semantic potentials of text A text is meaningful only when elements referring to each other in the text set up a relation The relation can be set up through reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction as grammatical and lexical cohesion So, the grammar and lexicon are two forms of cohesion These cohesive devices used by speakers and writers in order to express meaning based on the interpretations of the listeners and readers provide semantic relations for the semantic units whose interpretations they facilitate Cohesion depicts how meaning-based relationship is set up

by lexical and syntactic features These explicit lexical and syntactic features are known

as cohesive devices, signaling the relationship in sentences and paragraphs Halliday and Hasan (1976) introduced five different types of cohesive devices in order to provide a guideline for studying and judging the cohesion and coherence of writing:

1) reference (i.e., the indication of information from elsewhere such as personals, demonstratives, and comparatives),

2) substitution (i.e., the replacement of one component by another),

3) ellipsis (i.e., the omission of a component),

4) conjunction (i.e., the indication of specific meaning which presupposes present items in the discourse, such as additive, adversative, casual, and temporal), and finally

5) lexical cohesion (i.e., the repetition of the same or relative lexical items) They contended that through analyzing the use of cohesive devices, one could evaluate or assess writing quality from the perspective of coherence

Cohesion is the term used to describe the structural, grammatical and lexical means

by which sentences and paragraphs in the texts are linked and relationships between them established The basic concept that is employed in analyzing the cohesion of a text on the

basis of the presented framework of cohesion by Halliday & Hasan is that of the tie It is a complex notion which comprises not only the cohesive element by itself but also that which is presupposed by it The notion is interpreted as a relation between these two elements The relation may be anaphoric, with the presupposed element preceding, or cataphoric, with the presupposed element following

According to Halliday &Hasan (1976), other cohesive relations are:

1) Exophoric relation is found outside the text, i.e in the situation

2) Paraphoric relation points to the information that is in the other text

3) Homophoric relation is a self- interpreting relation Entities are unique under

certain circumstances

While analyzing cohesion, two facts about ties have to be taken into consideration In the first place, any sentence may have more than one tie in it In the second place, the distance between cohesive items may be immediate, i.e the presupposed item may be in the immediate preceding sentence; or remote, i.e the presupposed item may be not in the immediately preceding sentence Also, the presupposed item may include a mediated tie Distance between ties is relevant in terms of analysis of cohesion (Halliday & Hasan 1976)

In English, the basic means of establishing cohesion are through the use of pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and adverbials to substitute, repeat, refer or omit items across a text and others, and lexical cohesive devices Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the text is dependent on that of another The one presupposes the other,

in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by shift to it When this happens,

a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text (Halliday &Hasan 1976) [12, 4]

According to Halliday & Hasan in their book Cohesion in English, language can be expressed through the concept of cohesion The concept of cohesion is a semantic one, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text and that define it as a text Cohesion is a semantic relation between an element in the text and some other element that is crucial to the interpretation of it

A text should be a unified whole; it is not just a collection of unrelated sentences Therefore, to make a text as a unified whole, there should be a device to tie it together The device is cohesive devices

2.3.2 Concepts of cohesive devices

Cohesive devices are the tool of cohesion to create unity of meaning within atext Millward in Muslimah‟s thesis (2007) says that cohesive devices are certain words or phrases and their location within the discourse will activate a set of assuptions to the meaning of what has gone beforehand or will generate a set of expectations to what may follow (Muslimah, 2007) From that statement, it can be concluded that cohesive devices are words or phrases which their meaning are dependent on the other words or phrases either precede them In another word, their meaning are related to each other

Connor (1984) defines cohesion as the use of explicit cohesive devices that signal relations among sentences and part of a text (Rahman, 2013) This means that the use of cohesive devices enables readers and listeners to capture the connectedness orthe meaning between what precedes and what follows It also shows that cohesive device is important Cohesive devices are the ones used to stick one clause to another in a sentence and one sentence to another in a paragraph and make the text communicative According to M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, there are two main types of cohesion: grammatical, referring to the structural content, and lexical, referring to the language content of the piece Five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts can be identified are: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunction

Logical cohesion is on the border-line of the grammatical and lexical, the set of conjunctive elements can probably be interpreted grammatically in terms of systems

2.3.3 Classification of cohesive devices

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), the classification of cohesion is based on the linguistic form The types of cohesion depend either on semantic relation in the linguistic system or on lexico-grammatical relations In other words, the cohesive relation can be interpreted as being either lexico-grammatical in nature or semantic It can be made clearer in the following description:

Table 2.1: Type of Cohesion

Relatedness of form Relatedness

to put it in the group of grammatical cohesion as it is mainly grammatical with a lexical component inside Consequently, we can refer to grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion as follows:

Table 2.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion

2.3.3.1 Grammatical cohesive devices

Grammatical cohesion is constructed by the grammatical structures, each component tie each other Halliday and Hasan (1976) classify grammatical cohesion into 4 major classes: Reference, Substitution, Ellipsis and Conjunction

1) Reference

Reference is one of the most extensively used cohesive devices in texts Therefore, we will have a closer look at the definition of reference and what characterizes this particular type of cohesion

Reference is a well-researched area within linguistics According to Lyons (1969), “this term was introduced into linguistics to name the relationship which holds between words and things, events, actions, and the qualities they stand for” [18, 424] The development of linguistics has broadened the meaning of reference Salkie (1995) claimed that it includes “a relation between the meaning of a word and its environment, which can be either a real world or the text”

Every language has particular items which have the feature of reference They make reference to something else for their interpretation In English it is personals, demonstratives and comparatives These items show that information indicates something else It shows the relationship between a word and what it points to in the real world (Baker, 1992) [1, 181] The main feature that characterizes reference is that the information signals for retrieval The identity of particular thing that is being referred to has a referential meaning and cohesion is found then the same thing occurs a second time Reference has the semantic feature of definiteness or specificity Because

of that there has to be reference to the context of situation Referencing items do not have to match the grammatical class they must have semantic properties (Halliday and

Hasan, 1976) [12, 31]

There is referential cohesion in every language, they are in their own right, they make reference to something else for their interpretations” (Haliday and Hasan, 1976) There are three types of reference in English They are personal, demonstrative and comparative items which have the property of reference (…), instead of being interpreted semantically

Haliday and Hasan (1976) make a clear distinction between situational and textual reference by contrasting Exophora, or Exophoric reference with Endophora or Endophoric reference as a general name for reference within the text

Exophoric reference looks outside the text to the situation in which the text

occurs for the item which is being refer to

E.g

We are at the supermarket and we‟ll be here for about another hour

In this example, “The” and “here” are only instances of exphoric reference if the name of the restaurant has not already been referred to earlier in the text

Endophoric reference is textual reference referring to an item which is

identified in the text

E.g

"If a man has talent and can't use it, he's failed." "If a man has talent and can't use

it, he's failed." In this example, “he” “it”

A reference item may be either exophoric or endophoric If it is endophoric, it may be anaphoric or cataphoric

Anaphoric reference signifies a word or phrase that refers to another or phrase

used earlier in a text

E.g

"No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother."

In this example, “herself” & “she” is woman

Cataphoric reference describes the use of a word or phrase that refers to

another word or phrase which is used later in a text

E.g

When I told them I got the first prize, my parents smiled happily

In this example, “them” refers to my parents

Halliday and Hasan (1976) divide referential cohesion into three sub- types: personal, demonstrative and comparative

When characterizing reference, “It is often considered important in formal semantics that the expression used to refer to an entity must, in its description, be true of the entity That is, if an individual is referred to by the expression must be true of the individual in order for correct reference to take place” (Brown & Yule 1996) [5, 205] However, when we analyse discourse, we are interested not in the correct reference but in the success of reference Successful reference can only be achieved if three conditions are

met In the first place, the speaker must have linguistic competence, i.e the speaker and the addressee must know the language in which they communicate In the second place, the speaker must have the cognitive ability That is she/ he must have enough factual knowledge about the reference Thirdly, the speaker must have pragmatic willingness to communicate the total knowledge he has about the referent But this of course may not always be the case; the speaker may wish to keep some information from us (Yule 1996) [31, 17]

Nevertheless, Halliday & Hasan (1976) define reference as a case where the information to be retrieved is the referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing

or class of things that is being referred to The cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into the discourse a second time Reference is

a semantic relation It includes language elements that refer to something else for interpretation They are different from lexical ties by their directionality Lexical cohesive patterns do not depend on each other for their interpretation They belong to open systems while reference and, at the same time, substitution items entirely depend

on their items for their interpretation and have no definitional meaning in themselves They are members of closed system

There are certain items in every language which have the property of reference Reference is realized by personal pronouns, demonstratives, and the definite article (Ellis 1992; Toolan 2002; Halliday & Hasan 1976; Nunan 1993) In order to get a better view

of reference, different types of reference will be defined below:

Personal references are reference by means of function in the speech situation,

through category of person in form of personal pronouns and determiners Here is the table showing the system of personal reference

Speaking of morphological features of the personal and possessive pronouns, it is important to notice that “such forms as I, you, we have no noun antecedents at all; only

he – him, she – her, it –it, they – them have The same holds for my, your, our; only his, her, its, their have noun antecedents” (Valeika & Buikiene 2003) As a result, the personal pronouns I, you and we are exophoric and fulfill deictic function They make reference to the roles of listener and speaker which are outside the text References made outside the text are exospheric while reference made within the text are endophoric (Halliday & Hasan 1976) [12, 48]

In many languages, pronoun usage encodes deixis Traditionally, pronouns are

thought of being as noun substitutes But most subclasses of pronouns perform quite a different function, i.e deictic function From an etymological point of view, the term

„deixis‟ originates in the notion of gestural reference (Lyons 1996) [18, 303]

Demonstrative references are references by means of location, on a scale of

proximity, through determiners and adverbs

According to Halliday & Hasan (1976), demonstrative reference is defined as a form

of verbal pointing It is made on the basis of proximity The referent is identified by locating it on the scale of proximity [12, 57]

Nunan (1993) states that “various referential devices enable the

writer or speaker to make multiple references to people and things within a text” [21, 23] Consequently, demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on the scale of proximity Here belong determiners or adverbs that refer to locative or temporal proximity (here, now, this, these) or distance (there, then, that, those)

E.g

The clerks in the office jumped about like sailors during a storm [ ]

There was a self-possessed young lady connected with these access

The demonstrative there refers back to in the office and indicates the location of an

object that is participating in the process

The demonstrative here, there, now, and then point directly to the location of a process or time As regards the remaining demonstratives (this, that, these, those), they refer to the location of person or object that is participating in the process

An interesting point about the demonstratives this and that have to be mentioned

“These items can represent a single word or phrase, much longer chunks of text- ranging across several paragraphs or even several pages” (Nunan 1993; Toolan 1998; Halliday & Hasan 1976)

Patterns of demonstrative reference as well as other cohesive devices constitute part

of the research of the present paper Similarities and differences of the usage of demonstrative reference are presented in the following parts of the research

Comparative references are indirect references by means of identity or similarity

They are expressed through adjectives and adverbs and serve to compare items within a text

2) Substitution

Substitution is a process within a text as the replacement of one item by another

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), since substitution is a grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather than in the meaning, the different types of substitution is defined grammatically rather than semantically [12, 88] There are three types of substitution:

a) Nominal Substitution

In English the most typical cases of nominal substitutes are: one, ones and the same The nominal substitutes one/ ones always function as Head of a nominal group and can substitute only for an item which is in itself Head of a nominal group Moreover, they presuppose a particular noun, usually the one that is found in the preceding text

The same can also function as a nominal substitute The main difference between the substitutes one/ ones and the same is that the latter presupposes an entire nominal group including any modifying elements

E.g

He never really succeeded in his ambitions He might done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature

c) Clausal Substitution

In clausal substitution the entire clause is presupposed, and the contrasting element

is outside the clause The clausal substitutes may take positive form so or negative no E.g

Is there going to be an earthquake? – It say so

3) Ellipsis

One more way of establishing cohesion is through the use of ellipsis

According to Nunan (1993; 25); ellipsis is when some essential structural element is omitted from a sentence or clause and can be recovered by referring to an element in the preceding text

Ellipsis occurs when an element which can be recovered by referring a preceding

element in the text is omitted

Haliday and Hasan (1976) claim that “Ellipsis can be interpreted as that form of substitution in which the item is replaced by nothing”

The scholars claim that an elliptical item is one which, as it was, leaves specific structural slots to be filled from elsewhere This is very similar to presupposition by substitution The only difference is that in substitution the slot is occupied by some substitutes whereas in the ellipsis the slot is empty This is the reason why we often say that ellipsis is substitution by zero

Like in substitution, the presupposed item is present in the preceding text in ellipsis, i.e ellipsis is an anaphoric relation

Likewise substitution, ellipsis is of three types (Halliday & Hasan) Nominal ellipsis

is ellipsis within the nominal group The structure, as Halliday & Hasan (1976) claim is that of Head with optical modification; the modifying elements include some which precede the head and some which follow it, referred to as Premodifier and Postmodifier Head is usually a common noun, proper noun or pronoun expressing the thing

Verbal Ellipsis is ellipsis within the verbal group An elliptical verbal group

presupposes one or more words from a previous verbal group In the verbal group, there is only one lexical element, and that is the verb itself

E.g

They haven’t finished the pictures If it had been, I would have bought it

In this sentence, the word „finished‟ that is supposed to be placed after „it had been‟ has been eliminated There is verbal ellipsis relation since the eliminated word is verb

Clausal Ellipsis is the omission of the whole clause This type of ellipsis prevails in

dialogues or in other rejoinder sequences, i.e where more than one speaker is involved The attention is paid to the response According to Quirk et al (1982), ellipsis in dialogue occurs in various combinations

E.g

Do you come back today? This evening

In this sentence, the clause „I come back‟ has been eliminated There is clausal ellipsis relation since the eliminated item is clausal group

According to Halliday & Hasan (1976), conjunction is based on the assumption that there are in the linguistics system form of systematic relationship between sentences [12, 320] They are a number of possible connected to one another in meaning Conjunction consists of four types, namely:

Additive Conjunction expresses a continuous explanation of the statements or

preceding sentence It is signaled by and, or, further, in addition, furthermore, additionally, alternatively, for insurance, or else, etc

Adversative Conjunction expresses a contrary meaning between preceding

sentences and following sentences It is signaled by but, only, instead, yet, in fact, though, anyhow, nevertheless, on the contrary, however, in any either case, etc

E.g

I’m afraid I’ll be home late tonight However, I won’t have to go until late tomorrow

In this sentence, „however‟ in the second sentence expresses adversative conjunction since it shows contradictive meaning with the first sentence

Causal Conjunction reflects cause relation between preceding and following sentences It is signaled by because, hence, thus, consequently, for this reason, so from this appears, etc

Temporal Conjunction reflects to the relation between two sentences There is one

sequence in time, the one is subsequent to the other It is signaled by then, finally, soon, afterward, at last, at once, since, after that, an hour later, etc

According to Halliday and Hasan, the relation between the theses of two successive sentences may be simply one of sequence in time: the one is

subsequent to the other This temporal relation is expressed by words such as„then‟,

„and then‟, „next‟, „afterwards‟, „after that‟,„sequentially‟ and a number of other expressions Halliday and Hasan believe that the temporal relation may be mademore specific by the presence of an additional component in the meaning, as well as that of succession in time

According to Halliday and Hasan, the simple form of causal relation is expressed

by the words „so‟, „thus‟, „hence‟, „therefore‟,„consequently‟, and a number of expressions like „as a result (of that)‟,„because of that‟, „inconsequence (of that)‟ All these words and expressions regularly combine with initial „and‟ Under the heading of causal relations, Halliday and Hasan include the specific ones of result, reason and purpose These are not distinguished in the simplest form of expression; „so‟, for example, means „as a result of this‟, „for this reason‟, and „for this purpose‟ When expressed as prepositional phrases, on the other hand, they tend to be distinct

Halliday and Hasan believe that the distinction between the external and internal types of cohesion tends to be a little less clear-cut in the context of causal relations than

it is in the other contexts, because the notion of cause already involves some degree of interpretation by the speaker The simple forms „thus‟, „hence‟, and „therefore‟ all occur regularly in an internal sense, implying some kind of reasoning orargument from a premise; in the same meaning we find expressions like „arising out of this‟, „following from this‟,„it follows that‟, „from this it appears that‟

2.3.3.2 Lexical cohesive devices

Lexical cohesion determines the instantial meaning or text meaning of the item, a meaning that is unique to each specific instance It provides great deal of hidden information that is relevant to the interpretation of the item concerned (Halliday &

Hasan, 1976) [12, 289] Lexical cohesion occurs when two words in a text are semantically related in some way They are related in terms of their meaning

"In order to complete picture of cohesive relations it is necessary to take into account also lexical cohesion This is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary", (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) [12, :274] It means that cohesion in a text composed by selection vocabulary and lexical cohesion is part of cohesion that concerns with connection word used Based on Halliday and Hasan explanation, they divide the lexical cohesion into two categories, reiteration and collocation

1) Reiteration

Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of lexical item, at one end of scale; the use of a general word to refer back to a lexical item, at the other end of the scale and a number of things in between use of a synonym, near synonym, or superordinate (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) [12, 278]

b) Synonyms and near synonyms

Synonymy is the experiential meaning of the two lexical items which is identical; this does not mean that there is total overlap of meanings, simply that so far as one kind

of meaning goes, they „mean the same‟

For example: You could try reversing the car up the slope The incline is not all that steep, (Nunan,1993)

Synonym is a broad category According to Cruse (2000), words whose semantic similarities are more salient than their differences are synonyms For Saeed (1997) synonyms are different phonological words which have the same or very similar meanings For examples, couch/ sofa, toilet/ lavatory, large/ big, etc

According to Lyon, synonym means two or more form are be associate with the same meaning In above sentence The word „slope‟ and „incline‟ has the some meaning

The author used different words but has some meaning in order to makes the variation in the text

c) Superordinate

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976) superordinateis a name for more general class It is used to refer to a word which has general properties, not the specific one [12, 278]

For example: I said there's someone I'm waiting for if it's a day, a month, a year

The relation between the word “a day” , “a month”, “a year” in this sentence can be classified as superordinate In this case, “ a year” is the superordinate of “a day” and “a month” Because “a day” and “a month” are parts of “a year”

be text as well as context-bound, which means that words and phrases related in the text

do not necessarily relate in any other texts as well

Halliday and Hasan (1976) recognize collocation as an important part of creating cohesion in connected text They argue the case of collocation as follows: The cohesive effect depends not so much on any systematic relationships on their tendency to share the same lexical environment, to occur in collocation with one another In general, any two lexical items having similar patterns of collocation – that is, tending to appear in similar context - will generate a cohesive force if they occur in adjacent sentences (Halliday & Hasan 1976) [12, 286]

According to Renkema (1993), "Collocation deals with the relationship between words on the basis of the fact that these often occur in

the same surroundings." Furthermore added by Halliday and Hassan (1976), “A word that is in some way associated with another word in the preceding text, because it

is a direct repetition of it, or is in some sense synonymous with it, or tends to occur in the some lexical environment, coherence with that word and so contributes to the texture.” Example: “sheep and wool”, “collage and study”, or “congress and politician” [12, 319] For Nunan (1993), collocation includes all those items in a text that are semantically related [21, 29]

As it can be seen, lexical items are analyzed with the meaning relation between them, which “tend to occur in similar lexical environments because they describe things that tend to occur in similar situations or contexts in the world” (Morris & Hirst 1991) Most linguists who have written about cohesion agree that lexical collocation is a problematic category because in some cases it is difficult to decide for certain whether a cohesive relationship exists or not

Patterns of lexical association play an important role for cohesion and coherence In the first place, they help us to interpret a text rapidly In the second place, they contribute

to our sense of the text as coherent

Due to the low frequency of collocations in the opening paragraphs of selected short stories, this type of cohesive device is not taken into account in the study

2.3.1 Theory of Reiteration

Tran Ngoc Them defines reiteration as a type of cohesive devices which involves the repetition of elements that had before He classifies reiteration into lexical reiteration, grammatical reiteration and phonetic reiteration Lexical reiteration is taken into consideration in this thesis Lexical reiteration, according to him, is the case in which the lexical item in the latter occurrence is repeated as the same first occurrence

He also adds that if one sentence contains a lexical item repeated from the latter sentence it means two sentences have the same theme Thus lexical reiteration is a cohesive device used to cohere the theme within the text He also supposes that lexical reiteration can be categorized based on different criteria With regards to the length of the lexical item and the repeated item, reiteration can be divided into word repetition and phrase repetition As far as the phrase repetition is concerned, partial repetition and complete repetition are two sub-divisions Based on the part of speech of the lexical item and repeated item, lexical reiteration can be categorized into the repetition preserving part of speech and the repetition converting part of speech In respects of the function of

the lexical item and repeated item, there are two types of lexical reiteration: the repetition preserving the function of the lexical item and the repetition converting the function of the lexical item

Besides,grammatical reiteration is rather complex The grammatical reiteration, from Tran Ngoc Them‟s points of view, is a type of cohesive device in which the structure of the first occurrence is repeated in the latter Them also states that grammatical reiteration consists of two levels: structural repetition and morphological repetition Of two levels, structural repetition is the basis Structural repetition involves the repetition of the first structure in general but not the main structure Structural repetition itself can be complete, different, odd or missing

2.3.2 Theory of Collocation

According to Tran Ngoc Them, in his book “Hệ Thống Liên Kết Văn Bản Tiếng Việt” published in 1985, collocationis defined in terms of phép liên tưởngas a type of cohesion that takes place through the fact that a pair of lexical items is related to each other by sharing a certain semantic relation Obviously, the two linguistic terms have much in common however it is not the case that there is no difference between the two terms at all This opens up the possibility of identifying the collocation with phép liên tưởng

As for Tran Ngoc Them, collocation can be categorized according to the characteristics of the pairs of lexical items and the relation between them

2.3.3 Theory of Substitution

According to Tran Ngoc Them, substitution can be defined as a cohesive device in which the substitute used have the same meaning or share the same referent with the presupposition in main speech (chủ ngôn) and cohesive speech (kết ngôn) In his theory, synonym substitution is mainly mentioned He states that synonym substitution has two cohesive items which are called main items and substitute items He also says that the identity of meaning (denotative meaning or connotative meaning) of main item and substitute one is the foundation for the function of cohering utterance Besides, synonym substitution has the functions of giving extra information and avoiding word repetition

2.3.4 Theory of Ellipsis

From Tran Ngoc Them‟s point of view, ellipsis is one kind of cohesive relation which relates to the omission of an element in the elliptical group According to him, there are two types of ellipsis: weak ellipsis and strong ellipsis He also states that

ellipsis is used to avoid repetition Thus, it is simple called “substitution by zero” At this point he shares the same point of view with Halliday

2.3.5 Theory of Conjunction

According Tran Ngoc Them, with the aim at connecting two sentences together via conjunctive elements, conjunction appears In his theory he mentions to two types of conjunction: Phép nối lỏng and Phép nối chặt In addition, its function is also given: cohesive function and semantic function [28, p.169]

With respect to classification, conjunction is divided into three types: locational relation (spacial and time relation), logical speech relation (ordered speech, additive and confirmative) and logical thing relation (causal and adversative)

2.4 News

2.4.1 Definition

According to Richard Campbell (2013), news was defined as follows:

“News is the communication of selected information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience.”

Oxford Advanced Learners‟ dictionary explains that news is “reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television or radio”

Another noteworthy definition specifies that news is all of the following:

- information, especially information you haven‟t heard before,

- something interesting or important to you,

- something that has or will have an impact on you and others,

- what the media report

Putting it all together, we say news is information we haven‟t had before that is delivered through a mass medium and has some impact on our lives

People, events and information that are newsworthy share common identifiable characteristics Not all characteristics are present in every news story, but every item that is newsworthy will have one or more of these characteristics: timeliness, prominence, proximity, conflict, impact and human interest

• Timeliness: an event is reported as soon as it happens An accident, a fire, the signing of a peace treaty or the result of an election is news when it happens

• Proninence: is about someone whose name or job (such as the president of the United States) is well known and easily recognized by the public

• Proximity: refers to a news story that happens close to home

• Conflict: involes two sides engaged in a “battle” from which one will emerge the winner, such as a story about war, an athletic competition or an election

• Impact: is based on the effect or cosequence the story will have on the audience

• Human interest: refers to story that satisfies your curiosity about other people and what happens to them

In modern sociecty, most people are interested in their own health and that of their family and friends And, medical health news is important, as this is how most of us first hear about the latest research, interventions, devices, drugs, surgical techniques and risks It can influence us to change attitudes and behaviours It can catapult scientists into the public eye with many benefits for them

In English newspaper, there are many news agencies but this study focuses on three online English newspaper agencies: BBC.com, Theguardian.com and Reuters.com In three online newspapers, this study focuses on the use of cohesive devices in Health section, particularly those about one of the most dangerous diseases of modern society, obesity

2.4.4 General introduction to English newspaper agencies

2.4.4.1 BBC Com

BBC.com is the largest broadcast news gathering operation in the world (founded

in 1920), providing services to BBC domestic radio as well as television networks such

as the BBC News, BBC Parliament and BBC World News The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport It is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees

2.4.4.2 Theguardian.com

TheGuardian.com, formely known as Guardian.co.uk and Guardian Unlimitted, is

a British news and media website owned by the Guardian Media Group Founded in

1999, TheGuardian.com include web-only work produced by its own staff, including a rolling news service Varieties of section, and a huge amount of readers worldwide has made TheGuardian.com be the second most popular online newspaper in the UK

2.4.4.3 Reuters

Reuters is the news and media division of Thomson Reuters Reuters provides trusted business, financial, national, and international news to professionals via Thomson Reuters desktops, the world‟s media organizations, and directly to consumers

at Reuters.com Reuters‟ news was transmitted in English, French, Italian, Russian, Chinese,ect Reuters in general, and reuters.com in special, is known as the world‟s largest international multimedia news provide reaching more than billion people veryday

2.5 Summary

The first section of this chapter has given a brief description of previous studies related

to the research area, which have been done overseas and in Vietnam These are considered as a valuable source of reference In the second section, the review of the theoretical background concerning text, discourse, cohesion and other issues related to the matter of this thesis has been presented Basing on such a foundation, all the features of theme-connecting cohesive devices between the headlines and leads in 150 selected article will be described and analyzed in the chapter 4

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Subjects

The subjects of the study comprise 150 randomly articles come from English online newspapers With regard to English news, three world-wide prestigious news agencies, namely BBC, The Guardian and Reuters are fully exploited Specifically, the author gathered news in health section on 3 websites: bbc.co.uk, theguardian.com and reuters.com

3.2 Instruments

The cohesive devices for the study have been collected from the most online newspapers In collecting the cohesive devices a large number of cohesive devices between headlines and leads in general have been found In brief, 150 selected articles are useful instruments to collect data Google search should be accounted because a large number of relevant journals, newspapers, reference materials have been taken thanks to this tool Tables are also helpful for stating the results of analysis and the percentage as well Moreover, frequent talks with the supervisor, lecturers and experts on the field have proved to be a very useful way for the completion of the study Also, the study is carried out on the basis of the author's personal experience

3.3 Procedures

To attain the contrastive analysis of theme-connecting cohesive devices used in health news on 150 article, the thesis adopts the following steps and corresponding methods:

Step 1 - Qualitative method: description and interpretation of some notions based

on the works of gurus and outstanding authors related to cohesion, cohesive devices, headline and lead, English newspapers agencies are revealed Alongside, the author‟s observation through a number of articles on newspapers also helps to envision the overall features of online news in general and the use of cohesive devices in both the headlines and the leads in particular

Step 2 - Quantitative method: Each type of cohesive devices between the headlines and the leads are discovered, then counted separately, and finally calculated into the form of percentage for comparison

Step 3 - A combination of Qualitative and Quantitative methods: the percentage of each type of cohesive devices are categorized in groups for comparing and contrasting It

is through this process that the significant level of each cohesive devices used in health news is explored thoroughly

3.4 Statistical Analysis

In this study, the collected data will be processed to investigate some linguistic features of cohesive devices Therefore, after being collected, the selective material is sorted out to serve as illustration examples for the analysis of cohesive device used and its function Basing on this, the author has tried to find out the prevailing cohesive devices in the selected articles so as to apply in teaching and learning English

The data collected from the reliable resources is put under a process of statistical analysis using descriptive method They are first computed and analyzed by statistical procedures to find the answers to the question of the research questions

The data are collected by conducting documentary technique The sources for the analysis are from materials and references written by linguists in English The steps for analyzing the data are started from classifying the data into each type of cohesive devices, counting the percentage, and describing the findings of cohesive device used and its functions

In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the study as stated in chapter 1, the process of doing this research has come through three major stages Writing the thesis proposal was the first stage in the process which lasted nearly two months from February

to April 2018 After the proposal with draft outline having been approved, a material selection from different sources related to main topic of the study was implemented In order to gather useful materials, this second stage was a long process to collect, sort out all the needed data and took more than four months The last stage began from July to October for analyzing and discussed the results from data collection This was also the time that the thesis was completed both in form and content

selected carefully from reliable sources to make the study reliable and valid The data is analyzed based on the theoretical background presented in this chapter

CHAPTER 4 TYPICAL THEME-CONNECTING COHESIVE DEVICES IN HEADLINES AND LEADS OF ENGLISH ONLINE ARTICLES ABOUT OBESITY AND VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

In general, a headline can present the topic of an article, the readers get the condensed information from omitted words in headlines After that, series of question related to headline‟s information-following 5W and 1H pattern may arouse in reader‟s mind To carry out the thematic cohesion‟s function between the headline and the lead, topic-maintaining and topic-developing devices are used

This study focuses on topic-maintaining and topic-developing devices including lexical and grammatical devices in the headlines and the leads of 150 selected articles published on three English online newspaper: BBC, The Guardian and Reuters

In term of thematic cohesion, topic is not only maintained by lexical repetition and synonym/near synonym, but also develop by superordinate, antonym, meronym, developing core sentences and extending noun phrase

reiteration-4.1 Theme – connecting cohesive devices in headline and leads of selected articles with reference to Vietnamese equivalents

4.1.1 Topic-maintaining cohesive devices in headlines and leads of selected English articles and Vietnamese equivalents

Since the lead and the headline have the function of thematic cohesion, it is important to identify the headline inside the lead, to complete the lead.by other words, the lead can be created by adding hook, supporting details to the headline which is considered as frame Lexical reitation is one of the simplest topic-maintaining devices

4.1.1.1 Topic-maintaining lexical cohesive devices

1) Repetition

Repetition of the identical word is considered as the easiest relation to identify Repetition of the identical word occurs when an item(s) is (are) repeated in an identical form In general, the lead often contains at least one or two words from the headline However, repetition of both the structure and the vocabulary is rare in the headline and the lead on the news article, repetition of the identical word is presented in other forms such as repetition words/phrases, repetition changing word-order in the sentence of the elements, repetition of full name and synonym expression of compound or string of nouns

(1) Repetition of exact words/phrases

E.g

Headline Severe obesity rates surging in rural America

(Tỷ lệ béo phì nghiêm trọng tăng ở nông thôn Mỹ)

Lead Severe obesity rates have been on the rise nationwide since the turn

of the century, … in rural communities, [ Art.101]

(Tỷ lệ béo phì nghiêm trọng đã gia tăng trên toàn quốc kể từ đầu thế

kỷ, ở các cộng đồng nông thôn,…)

Other cases are:

Headline Obesity tied to … in rheumatoid arthritis

(Béo phì… trong viêm khớp dạng thấp) Lead People with rheumatoid arthritis and obesity may be more likely

… [Art.126]

(….mắc bệnh viêm khớp dạng thấp và béo phì…) Headline Obesity-related cancers rising, threatening gains…

(Ung thƣ có liên quan đến béo phì… đe dọa…)

Lead The rates of 12 obesity-related cancers rose … that is threatening

[Art.147]

(….bệnh ung thƣ liên quan đến béo phì … một sự gia tăng…)

Table 4 1: Repitataion exact words or phrases

As show in table 1, repetition of exact words/ phrases is most frequently used in selected article of all three sources, as it is considered to be the simplest and safest solution to maintain the topic

(2) Repetition key words with structural changes:

a) Word-order changes of the elements in the sentence

E.g

Headline Obese children may have more asthma complications

(Trẻ béo phì có thể bị biến chứng hen suyễn nhiều hơn) Lead Children with asthma who are also obese…often for asthma

complications, … [Art.144]