Encyclopedia of entomology 2nd ed j capinera (springer, 2008) 1

xii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of EntomologyCoreid Bugs and Relatives: Coreidae, Stenocepahidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae, and Hyocephalidae Hemiptera: Coreoidea Crane Flies Diptera: Ti

Encyclopedia of Entomology

Professor John L Capinera

Dept Entomology and Nematology

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Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-6359-6 and

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Editor: Zuzana Bernhart, Dordrecht/ Sandra Fabiani, Heidelberg

Development Editor: Sylvia Blago, Heidelberg

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Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 11757993 2109 — 5 4 3 2 1 0

This project is the labor of many people, including some who labored diligently behind the scenes Among those to whom I am greatly indebted for their ‘behind-the-scenes’ assistance are Pam Howell and Carole Girimont (first edition) and Pam Howell (second edition) for document processing and editing assistance; Mike Sanford, Pat Hope, and Jane Medley (first edition) and Hope Johnson (second edition) for assistance with the images, and Marsha Capinera for compiling the list of contributors Ron Cave, Andrei Sourakov, and Lyle Buss helped greatly by supplying numerous photographs for the second edition

Howard Frank deserves special mention for his editing acumen and assistance Drion Boucias tributed the lengthy unattributed sections on insect pathology The unattributed biographic sketches with last names beginning with A to J were contributed by Howard Frank All other unattributed sections were contributed by John Capinera

spe-Insects are remarkable biological organisms They are small enough to escape the detailed scrutiny

of most people, but I have yet to meet anyone whom, once provided the opportunity to examine insects closely (through a microscope) is not completely amazed by the detail and complexity of these exqui-sitely designed (by natural selection) beasties They are fascinating in function as well as form Insects are the only invertebrates to fly, they are disproportionately strong, and their ecological adaptability defies belief For example, some insects produce their own version of anti-freeze, which allows them to be fro-zen solid yet to regain normal function upon thawing Their sensory abilities are beyond human com-prehension; a male insect can sometimes locate a female by her ‘perfume’ (pheromone) from several kilometers distance Although not normally considered intelligent, insects display surprisingly complex behaviors, and altruistic social systems that could well serve as models for human societies

Insects and their close relatives are important for many reasons besides their sheer diversity Their effect on humans is profound Insects are our chief competitor for food and fiber resources throughout the world Annual crop losses of 10 to 15% are attributed to insects, with both pre-harvest and post-harvest losses considerably more at times Insects also are the principal vector of many human, animal, and plant diseases, including viruses, mollicutes, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes The ability to transmit diseases magnifies their effect, and makes it more difficult to manage injury Over the course of human history, insect-transmitted disease has caused untold human suffering For example, introduction of flea-transmitted bubonic plague to Europe centuries ago killed millions of people and caused severe disruption to western civilization Though less dramatic, mosquito-transmitted malaria kills thousands annually throughout the world, and unlike plague, which is now mostly a historical footnote, the toll continues to mount

Advances in technology, particularly the introduction of chemical insecticides, have done much to remove the threat of insect-related damage from the consciousness of most humans Insecticides are applied preventatively to avoid pre- and post-harvest damage to crops, to our dwellings, and to our land-scape This is an oft-overlooked but remarkable achievement that has increased stability in the supply and price of resources, and in the lives of resource producers No longer are people faced with starvation

or economic ruin due to the ravages of insects; in almost all parts of the world, the ready availability of insecticides can be used to prevent massive insect population outbreaks However, we realize increas-ingly that this approach is not without its own set of health, environmental and economic costs, and alleviating dependency on insecticides, or making alternatives to insecticides more readily available, has assumed greater priority

x Preface

We are faced with an interesting dichotomy There is a wealth of information about insects, but it is known mostly to ‘insect scientists’ (entomologists) The public (non-entomologists or 99.99% of all peo-ple) has little knowledge about insects, and poor access to vital information about these important organisms So this encyclopedia is presented to bridge the gap – to better enable those with a need to know to find fundamental information provided by more than 450 experts in the field of entomology

We provide a broad overview of insects and their close relatives, including taxonomy, behavior, ecology, physiology, history, and management Importantly, we provide critical links to the entomological litera-ture, much of which presently is unavailable for search electronically The contributors are distinguished entomologists from around the world They hope that the availability of this encyclopedia will help oth-ers to reap the benefits of centuries of discovery, and to discover the wonders that make the study of insects so compelling It was constructed with college and university students in mind, but others may find it a handy reference

Highlights of the Encyclopedia of

Entomology

Major Taxa of Insects and Their

Near Relatives

Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera)

Angel Insects (Zoraptera)

Bark-Lice, Book-Lice, or Psocids (Psocoptera)

Pillbugs and Sowbugs, or Woodlice (Isopoda)

Praying Mantids (Mantodea)

Other Groups

Anagrus Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)Apoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea:

Spheciformes)Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae)Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Bark Beetles, Dendroctonus spp (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae: Scolytinae)Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes)Bess Beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Biting Midges, Culicoides (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae)Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

Bulb Mites, Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae)

Burnet Moth Biology (Lepidoptera:

Zygaenidae)Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae)Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)Carpenter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae:

Xylocopinae)Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea)Clearwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

xii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Coreid Bugs and Relatives: Coreidae,

Stenocepahidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae, and

Hyocephalidae (Hemiptera: Coreoidea)

Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae and Others)

Dance Flies, Balloon Flies, Predaceous Flies

(Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of

Dolichopodidae)

Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Earwigflies (Mecoptera: Meropeidae)

Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae:

Alticinae)

Four-Legged Mites (Eriophyoidea or Tetrapodili)

Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae and

Others)

Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Giant Water Bugs (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)

Greater Fritillaries or Silverspots, Speyeria [=

Argynnis] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae):

Taxonomy

Harvester Ants, Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae)

Horse Flies and Deer Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera:

Stenopelmatidae)

Jumping Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae)

June Beetles, Phyllophaga spp (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae: Melolothinae: Melolothini)

Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)

Lace Bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)

Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae:

Attini)

Leaf-Miner Flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Longicorn, Longhorned, or Round-Headed

Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Long-Legged Flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Mantidflies (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Marine Insects and the Sea-Skater Halobates

(Hemiptera: Gerridae)Metalmark Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

Microdon spp (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Minute Pirate Bugs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera)Nuttalliellidae (Acari)

Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)Parasitic Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Parasitica)

Paederus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae:

Paederinae)Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae)

Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp (Hemiptera:

Cicadidae)Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Lyctinae)

Pine Tip Moths, Rhyacionia spp (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae)Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Lyctinae)

Predatory Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae)

Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae)Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae)Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)Sac Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Tengellidae, Zorocratidae, Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, Clubionidae, Liocranidae, and Corinnidae)Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)Scale Insects and Mealybugs (Hemiptera:

Coccoidea)Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Skin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths, Calyptra

spp (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)Soil Mites (Acari: Oribatida and Others)Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea)Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)Stilt Bugs (Hemiptera: Berytidae)

xiii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae),

Emphasizing Economic Importance

Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)

Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp (Lepidoptera:

Lasiocampidae)

Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Collyrinae

and Cicindelinae)

Termites (Isoptera) in South America

Tiphiid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)

Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

Underwing Moths –Catocala (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae)

Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Water Penny Beetles (Coleoptera: Psephenidae)

Weevils, Billbugs, Bark Beetles, and Others

(Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)

Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae,

Rhaphidophoridae)

Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Morphology and Anatomy

Abdomen of Hexapods

Antennae of Hexapods

Head of Hexapods

Internal Anatomy of Insects

Alimentary Canal and Digestion

Eyes and Vision

Integument: Structure and Function

Nygma

Wing Coupling

Physiology

Accessory Pulsatile Hearts

Adipokinetic and Hypertrehalosemic

Neurohormones

Alarm PheromonesAlary MusclesAlimentary Canal and DigestionBiological Clock of the German Cockroach,

Blattella germanica (L.)

Chordotonal Sensory OrgansCorazonin

CryptobiosisDiapauseDorsal Vessel: Heart and AortaEcdysone Agonists, a Novel Group of Insect Growth Regulators

EcdysteroidsEmbryogenesisEndocrine Regulation of Insect ReproductionEyes and Vision

Fatty Acid Binding ProteinsFireflies: Control of FlashingHemocytes in Insects: Their Morphology and Function

H-OrganImmunityIntegument: Structure and FunctionEntomopathogenic Fungi and Their Host CuticleJuvenile Hormone

Learning in Insects: Neurochemistry and Localization of Brain FunctionLocomotion and Muscles

MetamorphosisMidgut and Insect PathogensMultifunctional SemiochemicalsNervous System

Neurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect Nervous System

Nutrition in InsectsOogenesis

PheromonesPolyphenism in Insects and Juvenile Hormone (JH)

Prothoracicotropic HormoneReflex Bleeding

Regulation of Sex Pheromone Production in Moths

ReproductionReselin

xiv Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Sex Attractant Pheromones

Social Insect Pheromones

Sound Production in the Cicadoidea

Storage Proteins

Storage Protein Receptors

Stress-Induced Host Plant Free Amino Acids and

Insects

Taste and Contact Chemoreception

Tracheal System and Respiratory Gas Exchange

Ultrastructure of Insect Sensilla

Venoms and Toxins in Insects

Venoms of Ectoparasitic Wasps

Venoms of Endoparasitic Wasps

Behavior: Molecular Genetic Analyses

Genetic Modification of Drosophila By P

Elements

Genetic Sexing

Genetic Transformation

Genomes of Insects

Homeotic Genes in Coleoptera

Honey Bee Sexuality: A Historical Perspective

Meiotic Drive in Insects

Acoustic Communication in Insects

Acoustical Communication in Heteroptera

(Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Arthropod-Associated Plant Effectors (AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of Crop DefenseAttraction of Insects to Organic Sulfur Compounds in Plants

Blister Beetle Antennal Twisting BehaviorConstruction Behavior of Insects

CrypsisCycloalexyDeflection MarksDeimatic BehaviorDrumming Communication and Intersexual Searching Behavior of Stoneflies

(Plecoptera)Environmental Influences on Behavioral Development in Insects

Facultative PredatorsFlash Colors

GlowwormsGregarious Behavior in InsectsHilltopping

Host Location in Parasitic WaspsHost Plant Selection by InsectsInverted Copulation

Learning in InsectsMarking Insects for Studying Ecology and Behavior

Mosquito OvipositionMultifunctional SemiochemicalsMyrmecomorphy

MyrmecophilesParental Care in Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Puddling Behavior in ButterfliesRed Imported Fire Ant Territorial BehaviorReflex Bleeding

Sociality of InsectsSound Production in the CicadoideaSphragis

Spider Behavior and Value in Agricultural Landscapes

Thermoregulation in InsectsVibrational CommunicationVisual Mating SignalsWalking Stick Defensive Behavior and Regeneration of Appendages

xv Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Ecology and Evolution

Adaptation of Indigenous Insects to Introduced

Crops

Allelochemicals

Ant-Plant Interactions

Aposematism

Arthropod-Associated Plant Effectors

(AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of

Cave Adapted Insects

Cave Habitat Colonization

Chemical Ecology of Insects

Cold Tolerance in Insects

Food Habits of Insects

Fossil Record of Insects

Furanocoumarins

Gall Formation

Galápagos Islands Insects: Colonization,

Structure, and Evolution

Geological Time

Glowworms

Gregarious Behavior in Insects

Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

MimicryMosquito Larval Feeding EcologyMosquito Overwintering EcologyNatural Enemy Attraction to Plant Volatiles

Night Blooming Plants and Their Insect Pollinators

Nutrient Content of InsectsOutbreaks of InsectsOverwintering in InsectsPhase Polymorphism in LocustsPhylogenetics

PhytotelmataPlant Extrafloral NectariesPlant Secondary Compounds and Phytophagous Insects

Pollination and Flower Visitation

Pollination by Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera:

Megachilidae)Pollination by Yucca MothsPollution and Terrestrial ArthropodsPolyphenism

Polyacetylenes and Their Thiophene Derivatives

Predation: The Role of Generalist Predators

in Biodiversity and Biological Control

Pyrophilous InsectsPyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Retournement and Deversement of the Aedeagus in Coleoptera

Rhythms of InsectsSeed Predation by InsectsSexual Selection

Sociality of InsectsSpecies ConceptsSpeciation Processes Among InsectsSymbiosis Between Planthoppers and Microorganisms

Trichomes and InsectsTritrophic InteractionsWater Pollution and Insects

xvi Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Microbiology and Pathology

Microbial Control of Insects

Microbial Control of Medically Important

Insects

Symbionts of Insects

Symbiosis Between Planthoppers and

Microorganisms

Symbiotic Viruses of Parasitic Wasps

Fungal Pathogens in Insects

Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Host Cuticle

Midgut and Insect Pathogens

Immunity

Pathogens of Whiteflies (Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae)

Diseases Of Grasshoppers and Locusts

Nematode Parasites of Insects

Microsporidia (Phylum Microsporidia)

Nosema locustae (Protozoa: Microsporidia)

Nosema disease

Nomuraea Orcytes virus and other Nudiviruses Paecilomyces

Paenibacillus

ParvovirusesPolydnavirusesReovirusesRhabdoviruses

Septobasidium Serratia entomophila

Small RNA viruses of invertebrates

Sorosporella Trichomycetes

Humans and Insects

Apiculture (Beekeeping)Aquatic Entomology and FlyfishingButterfly Counts

Butterfly GardeningCareers in EntomologyCollecting and Preserving InsectsCommon (Vernacular) Names of InsectsConservation of Insects

Costs and Benefits of InsectsCultural EntomologyEntomodeltiologyEntomophagy: Human Consumption of InsectsForensic Entomology

History and InsectsHoneybee Sexuality: An Historical PerspectiveIdentification of Insects

Insects as AphrodisiacsInvasive SpeciesLacquers and Dyes From InsectsLiterature and Insects

Maggot TherapyMarking Insects for Studying Ecology and Behavior

Midges as Human FoodMythology and InsectsNative American Culture and InsectsPopularity of Insects

xvii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms

Psychiatry And Insects: Phobias and Delusions of

Insect Infestations in Humans

Teaching Entomology: A Review of Techniques

Notable and Pioneer

Entomologists

Abafi-Aigner, Lajos (Ludwig Aigner)

Abbott, John

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe

Aldrovandi, Ulisse (Ulysse, Ulysses)

Alexander, Charles Paul

Amerasinghe, Felix P

Andrewartha, Herbert George

Arnett, Jr., Ross Harold

Audinet-Serville, Jean-Guillaume

Audouin, Jean-Victor

Barber, Herbert Spencer

Bates, Henry Walter

Bates, Marston

Beck, Stanley Dwight

Beklemishev, Vladimir NikolayevicH

Blackwelder, Richard Elliot

Blaisdell, Frank Ellsworth

Blatchley, Willis Stanley

Bodenheimer, Friedrich (Frederick) Simon

Bohart, Richard M

Boheman, Carl Heinrich

Boisduval, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour

Bokor, ElemérBonnet, CharlesBorgmeier, ThomasBøving, Adam GiedeBrauer, Friedrich MoritzBroun, Thomas

Bruch, CarlosBrues, II, Charles ThomasBrullé, Gaspard AugusteBrunner von Wattenwyl, CarlBuffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (Comte de)Burgess, Albert Franklin

Burmeister, Carl Hermann ConradBuxton, Patrick Alfred

Calvert, Philip PowellCameron, MalcolmCandèze, Ernest Charles AugusteCarpenter, Frank Morton

Carter, Herbert JamesCasey, Thomas LincolnCaudell, Andrew NelsonChagas, Carlos Justiniano RibeiroChaudoir, Maximilien Stanislavovitch deChampion, George Charles

Chapman, Reginald FrederickChevrolat, Louis Alexandre AugusteChiang, Huai C

China, William EdwardChittenden, Frank HurlbutChristophers, (Sir) Samuel RickardCockerell, Theodor Dru AlisonComstock, John Henry

Coquillett, Daniel WilliamCraw, Alexander

Cresson, Ezra TownsendCriddle, NormanCrotch, George RobertCrowson, Roy AlbertCsiki, Erno (Ernst Dietl)Curran, Charles HowardCurtis, John

Cushman, Robert AsaCuvier, (Baron) Georges Léopold Chretien Frédéric Dagobert

Dahlbom, Anders Gustav

xviii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Darlington, Jr., Philip J

Darwin, Charles

Davis, William Thompson

Debach, Paul

Degeer, Carl (Carolus, Karl, Charles)

Dejean, Pierre François Marie Auguste

Dethier, Vincent Gaston

Dobzhansky, Theodosius Grigorievich

Donisthorpe, Horace St John Kelly

Douglas, John William

Drake, Carl John

Dudich, Endre

Dufour, Léon Jean Marie

Duponchel, Philogène August-Joseph

Dyar, Harrison Grey

Edwards, William Henry

Eickwort, George C

Emerson, Alfred Edwards

Endrödi, Sebö (Sebastian Endrödi)

Endrödy-Younga, Sebastian (Sebestyén

Endrödy-Younga, Sebestyén Endrödy)

Erichson, Wilhelm Ferdinand

Esaki, Teiso

Evans, Howard Ensign

Fabre, Jean-Henri Casimir

Fabricius, Johann Christian

Fairchild, Alexander Graham Bell

Fairmaire, Léon

Fall, Henry Clinton

Fauvel, Charles Adolphe Albert

Felt, Ephraim Porter

Fenichel, Sámuel

Fennah, Ronald Gordon

Fernald, Charles Henry

Ferris, Gordon Floyd

Fischer Von Waldheim, Gotthelf

Fitch, Asa

Fletcher, James

Foote, Richard H

Forbes, Stephen Alfred

Ford, Edmund Brisco

Forel, Auguste Henri

Fourcroy, Antoine-François (Comte de)

Frisch, K von

Frivaldszky, Imre

Frivaldszky, JánosFroggatt, Walter WilsonGahan, Arthur BurtonGanglbauer, LudwigGermar, Ernst FriedrichGhilarov, Mercury SergeevichGirault, Alexandre ArsèneGlover, Townend

Gmelin, Johann FriedrichGoeldi, Emil (Emilio) AugustGorgas, William CrawfordGraham, Marcus William Robert de VereGrassi, Giovanni Battista

Gravenhorst, Johan Ludwig ChristianGressitt, Judson Linsley

Grote, Augustus RadcliffeGuenée, Achille

Guérin-Méneville, Félix EdouardGundlach, Johannes (Juan) ChristopherGyllenhal, Leonhard

Haddow, Alexander JohnHagen, Hermann AugustHagen, Kenneth SverreHahn, Carl WilhelmHale Carpenter, Geoffrey DouglasHaliday, Alexander Henry

Handlirsch, AntonHansen, ViktorHarris, Thaddeus WilliamHatch, Melville HarrisonHeer, Oswald

Henneguy, Louis FélixHennig, Willi

Herman, OttóHerrich-Schäffer, Gottlieb AugustHewitt, Charles Gordon

Hinton, Howard EverestHobby, Bertram MauriceHocking, Brian

Hogstraal, Harry O

Holland, William JacobHope, Frederick WilliamHopkins, Andrew DelmarHorn, George HenryHorn, Hermann Wilhelm Walther

xix Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Horsfall, William R

Howard, Leland Ossian

Hübner, Jacob

Huffaker, Carl Barton

Hungerford, Herbert Barker

Ihering, Hermann Von

Imms, Augustus Daniel

Jacquelin du Val, Pierre Nicolas Camille

Jeannel, René

Johannsen, Oskar Augustus

Jordan, Heinrich Ernst Karl

Kaszab, Zoltán

Kellogg, Vernon Lyman

Kennedy, John S

Kershaw, John Crampton Wilkinson

Kevan, Douglas Keith McEwan

Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth von

Kirby, William

Klee, Waldemar G

Knipling, Edward Fred

Koebele, Albert

Kraatz, Ernst Gustav

Kring, James Burton

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste

Latreille, Pierre André

Lea, Arthur Mills

Lea, H Arnold

LeConte, John Lawrence

Leech, Hugh Bosdin

Lefroy, Harold Maxwell

Leng, Charles William

Lepeletier, Amédée Louis Michel

Lindroth, Carl H

Linnaeus, Carolus (Linné, Carl von)

Linsley, Earle Gorton

Loew, Hermann

Lorguin, Pierre Joseph Michel

Lugger, Otto

Macleay (Sir) William John

Macquart, Pierre Justin Marie

Mallis, Arnold

Mann, William M

Mannerheim, Carl Gustav von

Marlatt, Charles Lester

Marx, George

Maskell, William MilesMasters, GeorgeMatheson, RobertMatsumura, ShonenMcdunnough, James HallidayMcglashan, Charles FayetteMeigen, Johann WilhelmMellanby, KennethMelander, Axel LeonardMelsheimer, Frederick ValentineMénétriés, Edouard

Metcalf, Clell LeeMetcalf, Zeno PayneMeyrick, EdwardMiller, DavidM’lachlan, RobertMorgan, Thomas HuntMorrison, Herbert KnowlesMorse, Albert Pitts

Motschulsky, Victor IvanovichMüller, Johann Friedrich TheodorMüller, Josef

Mulsant, EtienneNeedham, James GeorgeNewell, Wilmon

Newman, Edward

Newsom, Leo DaleOlivier, Guillaume AntoineOrmerod, Eleanor AnneOsborn, Herbert

Osten Sacken, C.R

Packard, Alpheus SpringPainter, Reginald HenryPalm, Thure

Pass, Bobby CliftonPatch, Edith MarionPaykull, GustafPeairs, Leonard MarionPeck, William DandridgePetrunkevitch, AlexanderPickett, Allison DeforestPomerantsev, Boris IvanovichPotter, Charles

Prokopy, Ronald J

Provancher, (l’abbé) Léon

xx Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Putzeys, Jules Antoine Adolphe Henri

Rabb, Robert Lamar

Radoshkowsky, Octavius John

de Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault

Richards, Owain Westmacott

Riley, Charles Valentine

Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean Baptiste

Schneiderman, Howard Allen

Schwarz, Eugene Amandus

Scudder, Samuel Hubbard

Selys-Longchamps, Michel Edmond de

Sharp, David

Shelford, Victor Ernest

Signoret, Victor Antoine

Silvestri, Filippo

Sylveira Caldeira, João da

Smirnoff, Vladimir A

Smith, John Bernhardt

Smith, Harry Scott

Smith, Ray F

Snodgrass, Robert Evans

Snow, Francis Huntington

Thomson, Carl GustavThunberg, Carl PeterTillyard, Robin JohnTorre-Bueno, José Rollin De LaTownes, Jr., Henry K

Treherne, John EUhler, Philip ReeseUsinger, Robert LeslieUvarov, (Sir) Boris PetrovichVan Den Bosch, RobertVan Duzee, Edward PaysonVarley, George C

Viereck, Henry LorenzWalker, FrancisWaloff, NadejdaWalsh, Benjamin DannWalsingham, (Lord) Thomas de GrayWasmann, Erich

Wesmael, ConstantinWestwood, John ObadiahWheeler, William MortonWiedemann, Christian Rudolph WilhelmWigglesworth, (Sir) Vincent BrianWilliams, Carroll Milton

Williston, Samuel WendellWirth, Willis WagnerWolcott, George N

Wollaston, Thomas VernonYoung, Jr., David A

Zeller, Philipp ChristophZetterstedt, Johann WilhelmZachvatkin (Jasykov), Aleksei Alekseevich

Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Threshold (ET) Concepts in Pest Management

xxi Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Costs and Benefits of Insects

Methods for Measuring Crop Losses by Insects

Sampling Arthropods

Traps for Capturing Insects

Scale and Hierarchy in Integrated Pest

Regulations Affecting the Implementation of

Regulatory Entomology Practices

Invasive Species

Pest Risk Analysis

Mechanical Protection of Humans from

Arthropod Attacks and Bites

Repellents of Biting Flies

Physical Management of Insect Pests

Kaolin-Based Particle Films for Arthropod

Control

Controlled Atmosphere Technologies for Insect

Control

Cultural Control of Insects

Plant Resistance to Insects

Resistance of Solanaceous Vegetables to Insects

Cover, Border and Trap Crops for Pest and

Disease Management

Polyculture

Microbial Control of Insects

Visual Attractants and Repellents in IPM

Push-Pull Strategy for Insect Pest Management

Area-Wide Insect Pest Management

Sterile Insect Technique

Filter Rearing System for Sterile Insect

Technology

Weeds in Crop Systems for Pest Suppression

Biological Control of Weeds

Weed Biological Control in Australia

Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin

America

Host Specificity of Weed-Feeding Insects

Foreign Exploration for Insects that Feed on

Culture of Natural Enemies on Factitious Foods and Artificial Diets

Classical Biological Control of Chestnut Gall Wasp in Japan

Conservation of Ground Beetles in Annual Crops

Filth Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae) in North AmericaCarabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Parasitoids

History of Biological Control of Wheat Stem Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)Parasitism of Lepidoptera Defoliators in Sunflower and Legume Crops, and Adjacent Vegetation in the Pampas of ArgentinaTransmission of Plant Diseases by InsectsPlant Viruses and Insects

Management of Insect-Vectored Pathogens of Plants

Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Bacteria by

Xylem-Feeding InsectsVectors of Phytoplasmas

Pesticides and Pesticide Application

Acaricides or MiticidesBoric Acid

DDTInsecticidesInsecticide Application: The Dose Transfer Process

Food-Based Poisoned Baits for Insect ControlSoil Fumigation

Structural FumigationInsecticide BioassayInsecticide FormulationInsecticide ResistanceInsecticide Toxicity

xxii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Pesticide Hormoligosis

Synergism

Chronotoxicology

Detoxification Mechanisms in Insects

Enhanced Biodegradation of Soil-Applied

Pesticides

Pesticide Resistance Management

Natural Products Used for Insect Control

Botanical Insecticides

Chinaberry, Melia azedarach, a Biopesticidal Tree

Pyrethrum and Persian Insect Powder

Regulations Affecting Use of Pesticides

Pests Groups and Their

Management

Agricultural Crop Pests in Southeast Asia

Including South China

Alfalfa (Lucerne) Pests and Their Management

Apple Pests and Their Management

Banana Pests and Their Management

Bark Beetles in The Genus Dendroctonus

Cassava Pests and Their Management

Citrus Pests and Their Management

Coffee Pests and Their Management

Crucifer Pests and Their Management

Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål

(Orthoptera: Acrididae) Plagues

Grasshoppers and Locusts as Agricultural Pests

Grasshoppers of the Argentine Pampas

Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Africa

Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Australia

Grasshopper Pests in North America

Gramineous Lepidopteran Stem Borders in

Africa

Mahogany Pests and Their Management

Maize (Corn) Pests and Their ManagementMite Pests of Crops in Asia

Musk Thistle Suppression Using Weevils For Biological Control

Palm InsectsPests and Their Natural Enemies (Parasitoids and/or Predators) in The Middle EastPotato Pests and Their ManagementSchool IPM, or Pest Management on School Grounds

Shade Tree Arthropods and Their ManagementSmall Fruit Pests and Their ManagementStored Grain and Flour Insects and Their Management

Sugarcane Pests and Their ManagementSweetpotato Weevils and Their Eradication Programs in Japan

Tropical Fruit Pests and Their ManagementTurfgrass Insects of the United States and Their Management

Urban EntomologyVegetable Pests and Their ManagementVeterinary Pests and Their ManagementWheat Pests and Their ManagementWhitefly Bioecology and Management in Latin America

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp.) Biting Midges, Culicoides spp (Diptera:

Bovine Hypodermosis: Phenology in Europe

Brown Dog Tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus

(Latreille) (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)

xxiii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché

(Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

Chagas, Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro

Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas Disease: Biochemistry of the Vector

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Horse Flies and Deer flies

House Fly, Musca domestica L (Diptera:

Mechanical Protection of Humans from

Arthro-pod Attacks and Bites

Microbial Control of Medically

Important Insects

Mites (Acari)

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mosquitoes as Vectors of Viral Pathogens

Pathogen Transmission by Arthropods

Piroplasmosis: Babesia and Theileria

Reed, Walter

Repellents of Biting Flies

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae)

Rodent Trypanosomiasis: A Comparison

Between Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi

Simulium spp Vectors of Onchocerca volvulus

Skin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths,

Calyptra spp (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae:

Calpinae)Sleeping Sickness or African Trypanosomiasis

St Louis EncephalitisSugar-Feeding in Blood-Feeding Flies

Taiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari:

Ixodida: Ixodidae)Tick Paralysis

Ticks (Ixodida)Ticks as Vectors of PathogensTrypanosomes

Tsetse Flies, Glossina spp (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Types of Pathogen Transmission by ArthropodsVector Capability of Blood-Sucking Arthropods:

A Forecasting MatrixVenoms And Toxins in InsectsWest Nile Fever

Yellow Fever

Arthropods of Economic Importance

African Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)African Honey Bee, Africanized Honey Bee, or

Killer Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier

(Hymenoptera: Apidae)African Mahogany-Feeding Caterpillar,

Heteronygmia dissimilis Aurivillius

(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

African Pine-Feeding Grasshopper, Plagiotriptus pinivorus (Descamps) (Orthoptera:

Eumastacidae)

Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata

Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Allegheny Mound Ant, Formica exsectoides Foretl

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

xxiv Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

American Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana

(Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Almond Seed Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali

Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza

trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr),

Asparagus Aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi

(Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus

Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina

Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp.)

Bee Louse, Bee Fly, or Braulid, Braula coeca

Nitzsch (Diptera: Braulidae)

Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera citricida

(Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)

(Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Cabbage Maggot or Cabbage Root Fly, Delia

radi-cum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

Cluster Fly, Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) and

P pseudorudis Rognes (Diptera:

Calliphoridae)

Coconut Mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari:

Eriophyidae)

Coffee Berry Borer, Hypthenemus hampei

(Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae:

Corn Leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Delong And

Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis

(Boisduval)

Crapemyrtle Aphid Sarucallis kahawaluokalani

(Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Date Palm Stem Borer, Pseudophilus testaceus Gah (= Jebusea hammershmidti Reiche)

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella

(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Diaprepes Root Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus

(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

xxv Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis

(Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Douglas-Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae

pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Driver Ants (Dorylus Subgenus Anomma)

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Dubas Bug (Old World Date Bug), Ommatissus

binotatus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae)

Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera

(Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca (= Pyrrhalta)

luteola (Müller) (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae)

Eri Silkworm, Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera:

Saturniidae)

Eurasian Spruce Bark Beetle, Ips typographus

Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,

Scolytinae)

European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi

(Linnaeus) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)

Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E

Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes

formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera:

Rhinotermitidae)

Fruit Stalk Borer, Oryectes elegans Prell

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Gamagrass Leafhopper Dalbulus quinquenotatus

Delong & Nault (Hemiptera:

Cicadellidae)

Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca

vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

(Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea:

Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

(Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

(Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)Large Cabbage White Butterfly,

Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera:

Pieridae)

Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus

(Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae:

Attini)

Lesser Date Moth, Batrachedra amydraula

Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterygidae)

Lettuce Root Aphid, Pemphigus bursarius

(Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Locust Borer, Megacyllene robiniae (Forster)

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

xxvi Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera:

Bibionidae)

Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams

(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera:

Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestris

Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes

(Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and

Their Biological Control

Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus

(Lepidoptera: Danaidae)

Mormon Cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman

(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae

Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,

Scolytinae)

Myndus crudus (Van Duzee) (Hemiptera:

Cixiidae)

Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus

heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera:

Pentatomidae)

Neotropical Soybean Budborer, Crocidosema

aporema (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae)

Northern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica barberi

Smith & Lawrence (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae)

Olive Fruit Curculio, Rhynchites (= Coenorrhinus)

cribripennis Desbrochers (Coleoptera:

Attelabidae)

Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (= Dacus

oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Olive Psyllids, Euplyllura spp (Hemiptera:

Pea Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis

(Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)

Pistachio Seed Wasps, Eurytoma plotnikovi

Nikol’skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

and Megastigmas pistaciae Walker

(Hymenoptera: Torymidae)

Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)

(Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella

(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

(Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Rhammatocerus schistocercoides Rehn

(Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae)

xxvii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Roundheaded Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus

adjunc-tus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,

Scolytinae)

Seedcorn Maggot or Bean Seed Fly, Delia platura

(Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera:

Saturniidae)

Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows

and Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Small Green Stink Bug, Piezodorus guildinii

(Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera:

Small Rice Stink Bug, Oebalus poecilus (Dallas)

(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.)

(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura

(Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Spined Soldier Bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say)

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Spotted Cucumber Beetle or Southern

Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica

undecimpunc-tata Mannerheim (Coleoptera:

Sweetpotato Flea Beetle, Chaetocnema confinis

Crotch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de

Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Taro Caterpillar or Rice Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp (Lepidoptera:

Lasiocampidae)Termites (Isoptera) in South America

Timarcha Latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae,

Chrysomelinae)

Tomato Hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata

(Haworth) and Tobacco Hornworm,

Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera:

Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae

Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Two-Spotted Stink Bug, Perillus bioculatus

(Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Twostriped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus

(Say) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor Anderson &

Truemann (Acari: Varroidae)

Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Vegetable Leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard

(Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Viburnum Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni

(Paykull) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret

(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Western Balsam Bark Beetle, Dryocoetes confusus

Swain (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae)

Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes & McDunnough

(Lepidoptera: Zyganeidae)

xxviii Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Western Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis

(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Western Thatching Ant, Formica obscuripes

(Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Wheat Stem Sawflies: Cephus cinctus Norton,

Cephus pygmaeus (L.) and Trachelus tabidus

(F.) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

White Grubs, Phyllophaga, and Others

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Its Biological Control

Wireworms, Several Genera and Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Yellowstriped Armyworm, Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae)

Department of Plant Sciences

Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences

American University of Beirut

Ajjan, Iskandar

University of TishreenP.O Box 740

LatakiaSyria

Ajlan, Aziz

Department of Plant ProtectionCollege of Agricultural and Food SciencesKing Faisal University

P.O Box 55009Hofuf, Al-Hasa 31982Saudi Arabia

Albajes, Ramon

Universitat de LleidaCentre UdL-IRTARovira Roure 177

25199 LleidaCataloniaSpain

Alborn, Hans

USDA, Agricultural Research ServiceChemistry Research Unit

1600-1700 SW 23rd DriveGainesville, FL, 32608 USA

Aldryhim, Yousif

P.O Box 2460Riyadh, 1141Saudi Arabia

Alekseev, Andrey N.

Russian Parasitological SocietyP.O Box 738

International Management Institute

127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatta

Battaramulla, 10120

Sri Lanka

Anderson, Robert

Canadian Museum of Nature

P.O Box 3443, Station D

Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4

Canada

Arif, Basil

Great Lakes Forestry Center

1219 Queen Street EastSault Ste Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7Canada

Armstrong, Earlene

Department of EntomologyUniversity of Maryland

4122 Plant Sciences BuildingCollege Park, Maryland 20742USA

Arthurs, Steven

Department of EntomologyBiological Control LaboratoryTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas 77843-2475USA

Asaro, Christopher

Department of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia

413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602-2603USA

Attathom, Tipvadee

Department of EntomologyKasetsart UniversityKamphaengsaen CampusNakhon Pathom, 73140Thailand

Baldwin, Rebecca W.

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentP.O Box 110620

University of FloridaGainesville, Florida, 32611 USA

Barbara, Kathryn A.

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

xxxi List of Contributors

Departamento de Entomología Tropical

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur

Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0315USA

Bentz, Barbara J.

Rocky Mountain Research StationForestry Sciences Lab

860 N 1200 ELogan, Utah 84321USA

Berisford, C Wayne

Department of EntomologyUniversity of Georgia

413 Biological Sciences BuildingAthens, Georgia 30602

USA

Berlinger, Menachem J.

Entomology LaboratoryAgricultural Research OrganizationGilat Regional Experiment Station

xxxii List of Contributors

Easter Bush Veterinary Centre

Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG

Boucher, Stéphanie

Lyman Entomological MuseumMcGill University, Macdonald CampusSte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9Canada

Boucias, Drion

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Bowles, David E.

Resource Protection DivisionFreshwater Conservation Branch/River Studies Program

Texas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentP.O Box 1685

San Marcos, Texas 78666USA

xxxiii List of Contributors

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Infectious Diseases

Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases

Shreveport, Louisiana 71115USA

Buss, Eileen A.

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Byers, George W.

Snow Entomological DivisionNatural History MuseumUniversity of Kansas

1460 Jayhawk BoulevardLawrence, Kansas 66045-7523USA

Cabana, Jean

AFA Environment Inc

1100, Rene-Levesque Boulevard West25th Floor

Montreal, Quebec H3B 5C9Canada

Caceres, Carlos

FAO/IAEAAgricultural and Biotechnology LaboratoryA-2444 Seibersdorf

Austria

Calabrese, Diane M.

1000 Robin RoadSilver Spring, Maryland 20901-1873USA

Cane, James H.

USDA-ARSBee Biology and Systematics LaboratoryUtah State University

xxxiv List of Contributors

5310 Old Main Hill

Universidad Nacional de La Plata

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

University of California, San Diego

Choate, Paul M.

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

Chouinard, Gérald

Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement

3300 SicotteSaint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7B8Canada

Chow, Yien-Shing

National Museum of Natural Science

1, Kuan Chien RoadTaichung 404, TaiwanRepublic of China

xxxv List of Contributors

Florida A&M University

Western Regional Plant Introduction Station

Washington State University

Horticulture Research International

Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF

Cresswell, James

School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Exeter

Hather LaboratoriesPrince of Wales RoadExeter, EX4 4PSUK

Crist, Thomas O.

Department of ZoologyMiami UniversityPearson Hall Room 212Oxford, Ohio 45056-1400USA

Crooker, Allen

Biology DepartmentHartwick CollegeOneonta, New York 13820 USA

Cuda, James P.

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

xxxvi List of Contributors

2001 Colorado Boulevard

Denver, Colorado 80205-5798

USA

Cusson, Michel

Natural Resources Canada

Canadian Forest Service

Dam, Nicole M van

Netherlands Institute of Ecology

Centre for Terrestrial Ecology

Davidson, Diane W.

Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Utah

257 South, 1400 EastSalt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840USA

Denell, Robin E.

Division of BiologyKansas State University

9 Anderson HallManhattan, Kansas 66506USA

Devorshak, Christina

USDA-APHIS-PPQCenter for Plant Health Science and Technology

xxxvii List of Contributors

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Raleigh, North Carolina

Center for Biodiversity

Illinois Natural History Survey

607 East Peabody Drive

College of Arts and Sciences

Black Hills State University

1200 University StreetSpearfish, South Dakota 57799-9003USA

Dunford, James, C.

Department of Entomology and Nematology

University of FloridaGainesville, Florida, 32611 USA

Dyby, Susanne D.

Res Le Rambouillet Bat B

1 Allée des LuciolesBeaulieu-sur-Mer, 06310France

Edmunds, Malcolm

Department of Environmental Management

University of Central LancashirePreston, PR1 2HE

UK

xxxviii List of Contributors

Subtropical Horticulture Research Station

13601 Old Cutler Road

Miami, Florida 33158

USA

Farag, Mohamed A.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Texas Tech University

Viale delle Piagge n° 2, 56100 Pisa Italy

Feng, Qili

Great Lakes Forestry Center

1219 Queen Street EastSault Ste Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7Canada

Finch, Stan

Horticulture Research InternationalWellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EFUK

Finke, Mark D.

6811 Horned Owl TrailScottsdale, Arizona 85262-8519USA

Fishel, Fred

University of Florida,Pesticide Information Office

PO Box 110710Gainesville, Florida 32611-0710 USA

Fitzgerald, T.D.

Department of BiologyState University of New York at CortlandCortland, New York 13045

xxxix List of Contributors

Flowers, R Wills

Center for Biological Control/Entomology

Division of Agricultural Sciences

Florida A&M University

Galante, Eduardo

CIBIOUniversity of Alicante

03080 San Vicente del RaspeigAlicante

Gangwere, Stan K.

Department of Biological SciencesWayne State University

Detroit, Michigan 48202USA

37071 SalamancaSpain

Gerberg, Eugene J.

Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620USA

State University of New York at Albany

Albany, New York 12222

Mount Edgecombe, 4300South Africa

Goettel, Mark

Lethbridge Research CentreAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada

5403 1st Avenue SouthP.O Box 3000

Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1Canada

Gold, Clifford S

CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture)

P.O Box 6247Kampala Uganda

Goodman, Katie

Department of Biological SciencesWestern Illinois UniversityMacomb, Illinois 61455 USA

Goula, Marta

University of BarcelonaBarcelona

Spain

Greco, Nancy M.

CEPAVEUniversidad Nacional de La PlataConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

2 No 584 (1900)

La PlataArgentina

Grewal, Parwinder S

Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State University