Microbiology, an introduction 10th ed g tortora, b funke (pearson, 2010) 1

The highlights of the tenth edition can be seen in the new Foundation Figures, the new features that help studen ts check their understanding as they progress through each chapter, and t

Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman

Project Editor: Robin Pille

Development Manager: Barbara Yien

Assistant Editors: Katie Heimsoth and Kelly Reed

Managing Editor: Wendy Earl

Production Supervisor: Janet Vail

Director, Media Development: Lauren Fogel

Media Producer: Lucinda Bingham

Interior Designer: tani hasegawa

Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group

Art Coordinator: Jean Lake

Cover Photo Credit: Science Photo Library/Eric Graves

Text art, and photo credits appear after the Glossary

Art Development Editor: Lisa Torri Artists: Precision Graphics

Copyeditor: Sally Peyrefitte Proofreader: Martha Ghent Senior Art and Photo Manager: Travis Amos Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler

Image Rights and Permissions Manager: Zina Arabia Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger

Senior Marketing Manager: Neena Bali Executive Market Development Manager: Josh Frost

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, [nc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301

Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of

America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the

publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in

any form or by any means, electronic, mec hanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain

permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Ed ucation,

Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 For information regarding

permissions, call (847) 486-2635

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed

as trademarks W here those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a

trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps

Pearson Benjamin Cummings is a trademark, in the U.S and/or other countries, of Pearson

Education, Inc or its afffiliates

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tortora, Gerard J

Microbiology: an introduction / Gerard J Tortora, Berdell R Funke, Christine L Case - 10th ed

p cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN-13: 978-0-321-55007-1 (Student ed.)

ISBN-IO: 0-321-55007-2 (Student ed.)

ISBN-13: 978-0-321-58202-7 ( Professional copy)

ISBN-IO: 0-321-58202-0 (Professional copy)

I Microbiology-Textbooks I Funke, Berdell R II Case, Christine L., 1948- III Title

ISBN 10: 0-321-58202-0; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-58202-7 (Professional copy)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO-DOW-12 II 10 09 08 Manufactured in the United States of America

Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman

Project Editor: Robin Pille

Development Manager: Barbara Yien

Assistant Editors: Katie Heimsoth and Kelly Reed

Managing Editor: Wendy Earl

Production Supervisor: Janet Vail

Director, Media Development: Lauren Fogel

Media Producer: Lucinda Bingham

Interior Designer: tani hasegawa

Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group

Art Coordinator: Jean Lake

Cover Photo Credit: Science Photo Library/Eric Graves

Text art, and photo credits appear after the Glossary

Art Development Editor: Lisa Torri Artists: Precision Graphics

Copyeditor: Sally Peyrefitte Proofreader: Martha Ghent Senior Art and Photo Manager: Travis Amos Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler

Image Rights and Permissions Manager: Zina Arabia Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger

Senior Marketing Manager: Neena Bali Executive Market Development Manager: Josh Frost

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, [nc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301

Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of

America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the

publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in

any form or by any means, electronic, mec hanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain

permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Ed ucation,

Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 For information regarding

permissions, call (847) 486-2635

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed

as trademarks W here those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a

trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps

Pearson Benjamin Cummings is a trademark, in the U.S and/or other countries, of Pearson

Education, Inc or its afffiliates

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tortora, Gerard J

Microbiology: an introduction / Gerard J Tortora, Berdell R Funke, Christine L Case - 10th ed

p cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN-13: 978-0-321-55007-1 (Student ed.)

ISBN-IO: 0-321-55007-2 (Student ed.)

ISBN-13: 978-0-321-58202-7 ( Professional copy)

ISBN-IO: 0-321-58202-0 (Professional copy)

I Microbiology-Textbooks I Funke, Berdell R II Case, Christine L., 1948- III Title

ISBN 10: 0-321-58202-0; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-58202-7 (Professional copy)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO-DOW-12 II 10 09 08 Manufactured in the United States of America

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

teaches microbiology, human anatomy, and physiology at Bergen Community College in Paramus, New Jersey He received his M.A in Biology from Montclair State College in 1965 He belongs to a number of biology/microbiology organizations such as the American Society of

Microbiology (ASM) Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), National Education

Association (NEA), New Jersey Educational Association (NJEA), and the Metropolitan

Association of College and University Biologists (MAGUB) Jerry is the author of numerous biological science textbooks In 1995, he was selected as one of the finest faculty scholars

of Bergen Community College and was named Distinguished Faculty Scholar In 1996 Jerry received a National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) excellence award from the University of Texas and was selected to represent Bergen Community

College in a campaign to increase awareness of the contributions

of community colleges to higher education

Berdell R Funke Bert Funke received his Ph.D • M.S • and B.S in microbiology from Kansas State University He has spent his professional years as a professor of microbiology at North Dakota State University He taught introductory microbiology including laboratory sections general microbiology food microbiology soil microbiology clinical parasitology and pathogenic microbiology As a research scientist in the Experiment Station at North Dakota State he has published numerous papers in soil microbiology and food microbiology

professor of microbiology at Skyline College in San Bruno California

where she has taught for the past 38 years She received her Ed.D in curriculum and instruction from Nova Southeastern University and her M.A in microbiology from San Francisco State University She was Director for the Society for Industrial Microbiology (S IM) and is an active member of the ASM and Northern California SIM She received the ASM and California

Hayward outstanding educator awards In 2008 Chris received the SACNAS Distinguished CommunityfTribal College Mentor Award for her commitment to her student s several of whom have presented at undergraduate research conferences and won awards In addition

to teaching Chris contributes regularly to the professional literature develops innovative educational methodologies and maintains a personal and professional commitment to

conservation and the importance of science in society Chris is also an avid photographer and many of her photographs appear in this book

iii

PREFACE

Since the publication of the fi rst edition nearly 30 years ago,

well over one million students have used Microbiology: An

Introduction at colleges and universities around the world,

mak-ing it the leading textbook for non-majors microbiology The

tenth edition continues to be a comprehensive beginning text,

assum ing no previous study of biology or chemistry The text is

appropriate for students in a wide variety of programs, including

the allied health sciences, biological science, environmental

sci-ences, animal science, forestry, agric ulture, home economics, and

the liberal arts

HALLMARKS OF MICROBIOLOGY:

AN INTRODUCTION

We have retained in this new edition features that made the

previous editions so popular:

• An appropriate balance between microbiological

funda-mentals and applications, and between medical

applica-tions and other applied areas of microbiology As in

previous editions, basic microbiological principles are given

greater emphasis than are applications, and health-related

applications are featured

• Straightforward presentation of complex topics Each

sec-tion of the text has been written with the student in mind

Our book is known for its clear explanations and consistent

pedagogy

• Clear, accurate, and pedagogically effective illustrations and

photos Step-by-step diagrams that closely coordinate with

narrative descriptions aid student comprehension of concepts

Clear and accurate renderings of processes and structures focus

students on what they need to learn The quantity and quality

of electron and light micrographs is unmatched in the market

• Flexible organization We have organized the book in what

we thin k is a useful fas hion while recognizing that the

mate-rial might be effectively p resented in a number of other

sequences For instructors who wish to use a different order,

we have made each cha pter as independent as possible and

have included numerous cross- references The Instructor's

Guide, written by Christine Case, provides detailed

guide-lines for organizing the material in several other ways

NEW TO THE TENTH EDITION

Please see pages x- xviii for a visual introduction to the new

tenth edition

The changes in this edition address instructors' biggest

chal-lenge in the introductory microbiology course: the wide range of

student levels, including student under-preparedness The tenth

edition meets all students at their respective levels of skill and understanding

The highlights of the tenth edition can be seen in the new Foundation Figures, the new features that help studen ts check their understanding as they progress through each chapter, and the improved boxes that prepare students to start thinking like a cli nician Content and currency have also been substantially updated

Foundation Figures

In order to help students focus on and master the core concepts

of microbiology, the authors have integrated text and visuals in to twenty specially designed Foundation Figures These Foundation Figures include both a key concept statement that ensures stu-dents understand the central concept of the figure and an expla-nation of how each figure is foundational to further learning in the course In addition, throughout the entire book the illustra-tion program has been dramatically revised and updated with new art styles and a brighter color palette that has more con-trasting colors and more dimensionality

Features that Help Students Check Their Understanding

New Check Your Understanding questions encourage students to engage interactively with the material and self-assess their unde r-standing of the Learning Objectives as they progress through each chapter New Draw It questions are now included in the end-of-chapter Review Questions, asking students to sketch a rough diagram or fill in missing parts of a figure or graph The popular Figure Legend Questions have been retained and

Updates in Content and Currency

Antimicrobial resistance, biofilms, bioterrorism, and evolution receive special attention and increased emphasis The immunity chapters-Chapters 16 and 17- have received a careful and sig-

nificant update for increased currency, clarity, and accuracy, with

-out an increase in the level of detail Taxonomy, nomenclature,

and d isease incidence data are current through August 2008

Cutting-Edge Media Supplements

Turn to the inside front cover of this book for an overview of the

new MyMicrobiologyPlace website with its simple th ree-step

approach to learning Pages xiv-xv provide more details about

the exciting new student and instructor media, including the

MP3 Tutor Sessions, the 3D MicroFlix animations, and the

Instructor's Resource DVD/CD -ROM

CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER REVISIONS

Every chapter in this edition has been thoroughly revised, and

data in the text, tables, and figures have been updated through

August 2008 where possible The main changes for each chapter

are summarized below

Part One

Fundamentals of Microbiology

Chapter 1: The Microbial Wortd and You

• The table "Making Scientific Names Familiar" has been

moved to this chapter from Chapter 10

• Biofilms are introduced

• Discussion of emerging infectious diseases has been updated,

including a section on antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Chapter 2: Chemical Principles

• Definitions have been expanded, including definitions of cis

and trans fatty acids

• Figure 2.16 is now a Foundation Figure

Chapter 3: Observing Microorganisms through a Microscope

• Two-photon microscopy is included

• Several new photos illustrate microscopic images

• Figure 3.2 is now a Foundation Figure

Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic Cells

• Figure 4.6 is now a Foundation Figure

• The discussion of flagella, fimbriae, and pili has been revised,

as has the discussion of the lipopolysaccharide

• The discussion of facilitated diffusion has been revised, and a

new figure compares types of diffusion across membranes,

including aquaporins

Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism

• The section on biochemical tests has been expanded

• New renditions of enzymes are more realistic

• Figure 5.11 is now a Foundation Figure

• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the use of biochemical

tests to identify slow-growing mycobacteria

Chapter 6: Microbial Growth

• The discussion ofbiofitms previously appearing in Chapter 27

has been moved to this chapter and been significantly updated

• A new figure showing differential medium is included

• Figure 6.15 is now a Foundation Figure

• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the role of biofilms in causing nosocomial infections

Chapter 7: The Control of Microbial Growth

• The definition of sterilization has been updated and qualified

in consideration of the existence of prions

• Figure 7.1 is now a Foundation Figure

• Discussion of ultra-h igh temperature (UHT ) has been clarified

• New products and newly approved uses are included

• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the relationship between improper disinfection and nosocomial infection

Chapter 8: Microbial Genetics

• Figure 8.2 is now a Foundation Figure

• Discussion of genetic combination by crossing over has been revised for clarity

• snRNPs are defined

• Inducible and repressible operons are explained and pared in separate figures

com-Chapter 9: Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

• Figure 9.1 is now a Foundation Figure

• Gene silencing, reve rse genetics, and real-time PCR are discussed

• A new Clincal Focus box describes using reverse-transc ription PCR to track a norovirus outbreak

Part Two

A Survey of the Microbial World

Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms

• Figure 10.1 is now a Foundation Figure

• Photos of fossil and living stromatolites are included

• The use of transport media is explained

Chapter 11 : The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

• Several new bacterial groups are discussed: Pelagibacter, Acinetobacter baumallii, Planctomycetes, Gemmata

• Examples of new uses of fungi as pesticides are listed

• Discussion of the oomycotes is expanded to include introduction of Phytophthora into the United States

The oomycote life cycle is illustrated in a new figure

vi PREFACE

Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

• The chapter begins with the use of retroviridae to genetically

modify cells

• Figure 13.15 is now a Foundation Figure

• Bee colony collapse is mentioned

• The Clinical Focus box on the evolution and occurrence of

avian flu has been updated

Part Three

Interaction Between Microbe and Host

Chapter 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

• Figure 14.3 is now a Foundation Figure

• Statistics on notifiable infectious diseases have been updated

• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the emergence of

hospital-acquired and community-acquired MRSA

Chapter 15: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

• Discussion of A-B toxins has been expanded and clarified

• Figure 15.5, action of an exotoxin, has been revised and

expanded

• Figures 15.4 and 15.9 are now Foundation Figures

• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates role of biofilms and

endotoxins in postoperative infections

Chapter 16: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses

of the Host

• Treatment of several topics has been expanded and/or

reorganized and clarified: physical and chemical factors in

the first line of defense; fo rmed elements in blood; the

lym-phatic system (including additional illustrations); adherence,

acute-phase proteins, complement, iron-binding proteins,

and antimicrobial peptides

• The role of biofilms in evading phagocytosis is included

• Figures 16.7 and Figure 16.9 are now Foundation Figures

• The Applications of Microbiology box on serum collection has

been revised to include testing for complement to monitor

immune complex diseases in patients

Chapter 17: Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses

of the Host

• A new photo depicts actual antibody morphology shown by

atomic force microscopy

• Several important figures have been extensively revised for

accuracy and clarity:

• Figure 17.5 Clonal selection and differentiation of

B cells

• Figure 17.10 Activation ofCD4 + T cells

• Figure 17.11 Killing of virus-infected target cell by

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

• Figure 17.19 The dual nature of the immune system

(now a Foundation Figure}

• A new photo and illustration (Figure 17.9) show M cells

found within Peyer's patches

• Discussion of the major histocompatibility complex (M HC)

has been revised and improved

• Nomenclature conventions have been updated for T cells

(for example, T helper cell, CD4 + T cell)

• The discussions ofT cells, dendritic cells, and cytokines have been completely revised

• A new Applications of Microbiology box describes the ble use of I L-12 to treat psoriasis

possi-Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology

• Figure 18.2 is now a Foundation Figure

• Discussions of DNA vaccines and adjuvants have been updated and revised

• The tables of vaccine schedules have been updated

• A new Clinical Focus box illustrates the success of cination in eliminating measles in the U.S and highlights the importance of measles as a cause of death in developing

vac-countries

Chapter 19: Disorders Associated with the Immune System

• Coverage of blood groups includes a discussion of the tionship between certain blood groups and their relative resistance or susceptibility to certain diseases

rela-• A discussion of the autoimmune disease psoriasis and its associated arthritis has been introduced, along with the current treatments with monoclonal antibodies

• The discussion of stem cells has been updated, and a new figure (Figure 19.10 ) the derivation of stem cells and stem cell lines

• The discussion of HIV and AIDS has been revised and updated Especially important is the complete revision of Figure 19.13, which shows the sequence of attachment, fusion, and entry of the virus into the target CD4+ T cell

• Figure 19.16 is now a Foundation Figure

Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs

• Figure 20.2 is now a Foundation Figure

• The historical importance of the sulfa drugs is given more prommence

• The current methods used for the discovery of new antibiotics are discussed, including rapid throughput methods

• The discussion of antibiotics has been updated to admit new antibiotics The discussion of antivirals for the treatment

of HIV / AIDS has been especially updated and revised to include the latest developments in this constantly changing area

• The discussion of resistance to antibiotics has been pletely revised and expanded, and a new Foundation Figure (Figure 20.20) illustrates the most important target areas for resistance

com-• The concluding discussion on the future of antibiotic opment and the prospect for unconventional antibiotics has been completely revised and updated

devel-Part Four Microorganisms and Human Disease

Chapter 21 : Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes

• The discussion of Staphylococcus aurerlS has been completely rewritten to emphasize the importance of MRSA

• The discussion of impetigo and scalded skin syndrome has

been revised, and discussion of a new disease, Buruli ulcer,

has been added

• Some of the newer treatments for acne now have an expanded

discussion

Chapter 22: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

• A new figure (Figure 22.4) illustrates a spinal ta p

• The discussion of cryptococcosis has been revised to include

a newer pathogen

• A brief description of prions has been included to

supplement that given in Chapter 13

• The discussion of chronic disease syndrome has been

completely revised and now includes the CDC's

diagnos-tic definition and the alternative name of myalgic

en cep halo myel it is

Chapter 23: Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular

and lymphatic Systems

• The definitions of the similar terms septicemia and sepsis

have been revised

• Discussions of brucellosis and rat-bite fever have been

completely rewritten

• The discussion of ehrlichiosis has been revised to include the

new terminology of anaplasmosis

• Discussion of the disease chikungunya fever has been added

because of its current spread into temperate climates

• The discussion of malaria has been revised completely to

better differentiate between prophylaxis and therapy

Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

• The discussion of pertussis has been revised to better

describe some of the latest developments, especially the

recent increase in cases

• The discussion of tuberculosis has been updated and revised

to include more on extensively resistant strains of the

pathogen and some of the more recent testing methods

PREFACE vii

• Discussion of influenza has been thoroughly revised and updated, especially the means by which mutants arise and the infectiveness of the avian flu virus

Chapter 25: Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System

• The discussion of traveler's diarrhea has been rewritten to include the important pathogen enteroaggregative E coli

• Recent therapeutic drugs for HBV have been included

• The discussion of noroviruses has been updated with special attention to decontamination methods available to deal with outbreaks

Chapter 26: Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

• The discussion of vaginal microbiota has been extensively revised

• The introductory discussion of syphilis, especially relating

to recent genetic analysis on its probable origin in the New World, has been revised

• The discussion of testing for syphilis has been revised

• The TORCH panel of tests is included

Part Five Environmental and Applied Microbiology

Chapter 27: Environmental Microbiology

• The sulfur cycle figure (Figure 27.7)has been completely redrawn

• The discussion of biodegradable plastics has been revised and updated

Chapter 28: Applied and Industrial Microbiology

• The discussion of biofuels has been expanded

ACKNOWLEDG M ENTS

In preparing for this textbook, we have benefited from the guidance

and advice of a large number of microbiology the

country The reviewers listed provided cnticism and

valuable suggestions 011 various stages of the reV ISIO n We gratefully

acknowledge our debt to these individuals

TENTH EDITION REVIEWERS

Weber State University

We also thank the staff at Benjamin Cummings for their dedication

to excellence Leslie Berriman, our executlve editor, successfully

kept us all focused on where we wanted this revision to go Robin

Pille, project editor, masterfully managed the development of the book, keeping communicatlon Ilnes open and ensuring the highest quallty at every stage Sally Peyrefitte's careful attentlon to continu-ity and detall in her copyedit of both text and art served to keep concepts and information clear throughout

lanet Vail and Wendy Earl expertly guided the text through the production process lisa Torri and the talented staff at Precision Graphics effectively managed the ambitious overhaul of our large and complex beautiful new art program Jean Lake coordinated the many complex stages of the art development and rendering The photo researcher, Maureen Spuhler, wo rking closely with Senior Photo and Art Manager Travis Amos, made sure we had dear and striking images throughout the book tani hasegawa created the ele-gant interior design, and Yvo Riezebos did a wonderful job with the cover The skilled team at Progressive Information Technologies, led by Michelle lones, did an outstanding job moving this book quickly and beautifully through composition Stacey Weinberger guided the book through the manufacturing process

Ka tie Heimsoth impeccably handled the instructor ments and also was the editor for the new edition of lohnson/Case

supple-Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology Kelly Reed brought her

creativity and teaching experience to bear on the development of the student supplements including the new Get Ready for Microbiology workbook Lucinda Bingham managed the media

program, working many miracles to produce the impressive array

of resources on the website and Instructor's Resource ROM including the new MicroFlix Leslie Austin and lames Bruce managed the print and media supplements through the complex production stages

DVD/CD-Neena Ball, $enior Marketing Manager, and the entire Pearson Science sales force do a stellar job presenting this book to instruc-tors and students and ensuring its unwavering status as the best-selling microbiology textbook

We would all like to acknowledge our spouses and families, who have provided invaluable support throughout the writing process

FInally, we have an enduring appreciation for our students, whose comments and suggestions provide insight and remi nd us of their needs This text is for them

Gera rd ] Tortora Berdell R Fun ke Christine L Case

A visual approach to teaching

,

Foundation Figures core concepts in microbiology and give students the foundation they need to succeed in the course

In its Tenth Edition, this best-selling textbook addresses the #1 challenge of the microbiology course: the wide variance in student levels, including the under-preparedness of many students New and highly visual Foundation Figures get students to focus on and engage with core microbiology content

The introductory text explains how the

figure is foundational to other concepts students wilileam later

•

shows typical structures thai may be fouod In boetena Eactl of the labeled

structures WIll be dlSC\lSS :d indMdually In thiS cnapler As you will see in later chapters some 0' these

structures contnbute to bactenal wulence play 8 role ,n bactenal I(\enIJliCII\JOf1 and are Ulrge\.S of

The Key Concept box presents the big picture, helping to ensure

students understand the central concept presented by the figure

Clear and consistent TEM/SEM/lM icons appear for all micrograph images, showing at a glance which type of

microscope was used

the foundations of microbiology

A small ver510fl of this OYeMeW figure WIll be included in olher figUres througnoul Ihe

chapter to indicate the relationships 01 different reactions to the 0\IeftI11 procMses 01 respiration and fermentatIOn

o GI',coIt'!e pmdo or F 7 A TP

I NACt 10 NADH

• oxIIlaIg gluu.11 10

pyruvic acid In responllion the

WwIc acid Ie conve.1ed 10 the

:1\nI reactanlin Ih& Krebs cycle

• while IJM"V 011 CO:z

PO'" C8fTY eledrlll'l$

o In the electron pOtI

Easy-Io-find blue step numbers guide the eye through

complex processes, breaking them down into clear, manageable

pieces that make concepts easier to teach and understand

For a complete list of Foundation Figures, turn to page xxxi

Consistent use of symbols and colors enables students

to progress from familiar parts of illustrated processes to unfamiliar ones with confidence Molecules such as ATP are the same color and shape throughout the book

Frequent opportunities for students

to check their understanding

Figure-legend questions ask students

to apply concepts presented in the texL

Check Your Understanding

questions appear at the ends of major chapter sections,

encouraging students to engage interactively with the

text and self-assess their understanding of the section

•

n' cdium o f the same composition onl y those colo

o' ganisms capable of u sing phenol should grow A rem

Draw It questions give students an opportunity

to ;;;;;;;;;ct with figures and develop a deeper understanding

of the content Suggested answers to the Draw It questions are provided in the Answers section at the back of the book and replicate how an actual student's work might look

•

•

• 3 DRAW IT I ,bel the parts of the compound light microscope

in the figure below, and th.::n draw the path of light fTOllllhe

illuminat or to your eye

o

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

6·' DISbngUlSh chemcally defll'll!d 80d complex media

6·9 the use of e&Ch 01 the following: 8n&efOt)IC techniques

'IrMg host cells candle ,ars selectNe aod dlffe.-en\l81 media

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING ' ' ' Objectives and Check Your Understanding

•• • • • • questions helps students determine which

'

' • •

.r Could humans exist on chemiC1l,lJy defin ed media, at least under

laboratory conditions? 6-8

.r Could louis Pasteur, in the 1800s, have grown rabies viruses in

cell culture instead of in living animals? 6-9

.r What BSL is your laboratory? 6-10

xii

• •

•• and think like a clinician

Delayed Bloodstream Infection

Following Catheterization

• Clinical Focus boxes contain

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) modified into clinical prob- lem-solving scenarios and questions

to help students develop their cal thinking skills

boxes organize comparative

information about similar

diseases and encourage

students to think like a

clinician

Disease tables are organized ••••

around similar symptoms,

chunking information in a

way that is relevant to clinical

situations,

There are 23 Diseases in

Focus boxes in this edition,

17 of them new, For a

complete listing of topics

see page xxxi,

.' - ,,' Students are asked to stop and try to

answer questions as they walk through each clinical case, putting themselves in the place of the health care professional,

Infectionl from Animal Relervoirs Transmitted

by Direci COOl Bel

Unsurpassed online resources • • •

iology

place

will help students get ready for tests with its

simple three-step approach:

Foundation Figure quizzes

-;';;;;'e"," extra practice with core concepts

Each gradable quiz includes multiple choice

questions based on the figure as well as an essay question

o Take a Pre-Test and obtain a personalized study plan

e Learn and Practice with animations, tutoria ls, and

MP3 Tutor Sessions

Test Yourself with quizzes and a chapter post-test

See the inside front cover of this book for details

i tutor sessions i

MP3 Tutor Sessions are downloadable study guides for each chapter of the textbook,

allowing students to study on the go They include mini·

lectures about the toughest topics together with audio

Quizzes so students can self-assess their understanding

feature live-action footage of microorganisms as they move and interact with their

environments

Microbe Reviews- • • •

gradable multiple-choice quizzes about micrographs from the textbook-give students extra practice with the organisms they are studying

movie-quality animations with

self-paced tutorials and grad able quizzes that help students master the three toughest topics in

microbiology: metabolism, DNA replication, and immunology

Students can review the fundamentals

by viewing the animations, completing

the tutorial, printing a personal review sheet, and taking the quiz Students also have access to BioFlix animation- stha! help them review relevant con-

cepts from general biology_

• 115 multi-step Microbiology Animations

explain and visually demonstrate core concepts, providing an additional chance for students to learn They are accompanied by gradable quizzes References to the Microbiology Animations appear throughout the

chapters of the book

A gradebook feature allows instructors to track and record their students'

performance on website quizzes and tests

Get Ready for Microbiology

quickly prepares your students for the microbiology course, helping them brush up

on the skills they need to succeed

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Study Skills

Chapter 2 Math Basics

Chapter 3 Tenninology

Chapter 4 Chemistry Basics

Chapter 5 Biology Basics

Chapter 6 Cell Biology

Chapter 7 Microbiology Basics

Your Starting Point

Answer the (ollowing questions 10 assess yourchemistr')'

1 The most basic unit of a chemical substance is t he _ _ _ _ _ _

2 What the three SialH of maner? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3 An atom is made: orwh,1t three wb'llomic

• Chapters include textbook quality photographs and illustrations

T I"" TO T il'

"""mont thfft drawonp Mlow ones that you

ar crlls

Engaging features like Time to Try • •

provide a simple experiment or quick question that gives students a chance

xvi

to practice what they just learned

The MyMicrobiologyPlace website includes additional practice and assessment material for Get Ready for Microbiology including a Diagnostic Test to get students started

And for the

by Ted R Johnson I Christine L Case

-1- The new full-color design makes each lab exercise easier to navigate

The quick reference sections (Objectives, Materials, Cultures, Techniques Required) are clearly distinguished from the instructive and procedural sections (Background Procedure) through colored headings

H t , " •• • 11.0' " " " ' " ' ,,' IIt" 'U I " •• " O IOU , , ''''''oU' lS

Rich, vibrant micrographs and other

photographs now appear within the · •• •·

relevant exercise, right next to the narrative

allowing students to easily view the images in

the context of the exercise and to better inter·

pret their results,

Clear, colorful, and realistically rendered stepobyostep diagrams walk students through each procedure, providing visual instructions in addition to narrative ones

xvii

The best support for instructors and students INSTRUCTOR SU PPLEM ENTS

Instructors Resource OVDI

CD-ROM (with TestGen '

Computerized Test Bank CD)

978-0-321-58190-7/0-321-58190-3

This media tool has been overhauled to

make planning and presenting media easier

It includes:

• All figures from the book with and without

labels in JPEG format

• All figures from the book with the Label Edit feature

in format

• Select "process" figures from the book with the Step Edit feature

in PowerPoint format

• All tables from the book

• Multimedia, including the Microbiology Animations, Microbiology

Videos, and MicroFlix Animations

• PowerPoint lecture outlines, including figures and tables from the

book and links to multimedia

• PRS-enabled Active lecture Clicker Questions

• PRS-enabled Quiz Show Clicker Questions

• The Instructor's Guide and Testbank as editable Microsofti' Word files

• A CD-ROM of the Test Bank in format

Instructor's Visual Guide

CourseCompass™/ WebCT I Blackboard

Pre-loaded book-specific content and test item files accompanying

the text are available in several course management formats

Contact your local Benjamin Cummings sales representative for

more information To locate your rep, use the '"Find Your Rep"

search feature at: www.pearsonhighered.com/educator

FORTHE LAB

Laboratory Experiments in

Microbiology, Ninth Edition

by Ted R Johnson and Christine L Case

978-0-321-56028-5 / 0-321-56028-0

Containing 57 thoroughly class-tested exercises,

the ninth edition features a new full-color design

and art program (See previous page for details.)

xviii

STUDENT SUPPLEMENTS

MyMicrobiologyPlace Website

www.microbiologyplace.com For a full description of the website, see the inside front cover of this book

Get Ready for Microbiology

by Lori K Garrett and Judy Meier Penn

978-0-321-59250-7/0-321-59250-6

This new brief primer saves classroom time and frustration by helping students quickly prepare for their microbiology course

(See page xvi for details)

Study Guide by Berdell R Funke

978-0-321-58195-2 1 0-321-58195-4

Students can master key concepts and earn a better grade with the help of the clear writing and thought-provoking exercises found in this Study Guide which includes concise explanations of key conceps art labeling exercises and a variety of self-test questions with answers

Study Card

978-0-321-58196-9 1 0-321-58196-2

This six-panel full-color study card provides students with a quick reference to the three most challenging topics in microbiology:

metabolism genetics, and immunology

The Microbe Files: Cases in Microbiology for the Undergraduate by Marjorie K Cowan

With answers: 978-0-8053-4927-61 0-8053-4927-8

Without answers: 978-0-8053-4928-3 I 0-8053-4928-6

series of short cases that help them apply what they have learned

in the course

Scientific American: Current Issues

in Microbiology

Vol.l: 978-0-8053-4623-7 / 0-8053-4623-6 Vo1.2: 978-0-3215-3816- 1/ 0-3215-3816-1 Accessible, dynamic and relevant articles from Scientific American

magazine present key issues in microbiology, and end-of-article questions help students check their comprehension and make connections between science and society

Techniques in Microbiology:

A Student Handbook

by John M Lammert 978-0-13-224011-6/0-13-224011-4 This vivid, full-color handbook guides students

in manipulations and preparations needed in the microbiology laboratory The techniques are the ones that are used frequently for study- ing microbes in the laboratory and include those identified by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) in its recommendations for the Microbiology Lab Core Curriculum

\ "' , lI

n""",,-BRIEF CONTENTS

PART ONE Fundamentals of Microbiology

1 The Microbial World and You I

2 Chemical Principles 26

3 Observing Microorganisms through

a Microscope 54

4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic Cells 76

5 Microbial Metabolism 113

6 Microbial Growth 156

7 The Control of Microbial Growth 184

8 Microbial Genetics 210

9 Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA 246

PART TWO A Survey of the Microbial World

13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 367

PART THREE Interaction between

Microbe and Host

14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology 399

15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity 428

16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses

of the Host 449

17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses

of the Host 476

18 Practical Applications of Immu nology 500

19 Disorders Associated with the Immune

System 522

20 Antimicrobial Drugs 553

PART FOUR Microorganisms and Human Disease

21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes 584

22 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System 610

23 Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular

and Lymphatic Systems 637

24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System 674

25 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System 705

26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary

and Reproductive Systems 743

PART FIVE Environmental and Applied Microbiology

27 Environmental Microbiology 766

28 Applied and Industrial Microbiology 793

Answers to Review and Multiple Choice Study Questions AN-I

Appendix A Metabolic Pathways AP-l

Appendix B Exponents, Exponential Notation,

Logarithms, and Generation Time AP-7

Appendix C Methods for Taking Clinical

Appendix F Classification of Bacteria According

Glossary G-l

Credits C-l Index 1-1

xix

CONTENTS

PART ONE Fundamentals of Microbiology

1 The Microbial World and You 1

Microbes in OUf Lives 2

Naming and ClassifYing Microorganisms 2

Nomenclature 2

Types of Microorganisms 3

Classification of Microorganisms 6

A Brief History of Microbiology 6

The First Observations 7

The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation 8

The Golden Age of Microbiology 9

The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams

of a "Magic Bullet" 12

Modern Developments in Microbiology 13

Microbes and Human Welfare 16

Recycling Vital Elements 16

Sewage Treatment: Using Microbes to Recycle

Water 17

Bioremediation: Using Microbes to Clean Up

Pollutant s 17

Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms 17

Modern Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

Energy in Chemical Reactions 32 Synthesis Reactions 32

Decomposition Reactions 32 Exchange Reactions 33

The Reversibility of Reactions 34 IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL

MOLECULES 34 Inorganic Compounds 34 Water 34

Acids, Bases, and Salts 35 Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH 35 Organic Compounds 37

Structure and Chemistry 37 Carbohydrates 39

Lipids 40 Proteins 42 Nucleic Acids 47 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 47 Study Outline 49

Study Questions 51

3 through a Microscope 54 Observing Microorganisms

Units of Measurement 55 Microscopy: The Instruments 55 Light Microscopy 56

Two-Photon Microscopy 62 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 63 Electron Microscopy 63

Scanned-Probe Microscopy 65

Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy 68

Preparing Smears for Staining 68

Sim ple Stains 69

Differential Stains 69

Special Stains 71

Study Outline 73

Study Questions 74

4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic Cells 76

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells:

An Overview 77

THE PROKARYOTIC CELL 77

The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells 77

Structures External to the Cell Wall 79

Glycocalyx 79

Flagella 81

Axial Filaments 82

Fimbriae and Pili 83

The Cell Wall 84

Composition and Characteristics 85

Cell Walls and The Gram Stain Mechanism 87

Atypical Cell Walls 87

Damage to the Cell Wall 88

Structures Internal to the Cell Wall 89

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane 89

The Movement of Materials across

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL 98

Flagella and Cilia 98

The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx 98

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane 100

Vacuoles 104 Mitochondria 104 Chloroplasts 105 Peroxisomes 105 Centrosome 105 The Evolution of Eukaryotes ] 06 Study Outline 108

Enzyme Components I 16 The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action 117 Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity 11 8 Feedback Inhibition 120

Ribozymes 121 Energy Production 12l Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 122 The Generation of ATP 122

Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production 123

Carbohydrate Metabolism 124 Glycolysis 124

Alternatives to Glycolysis 125 Cellular Respiration 127

Fermentation 132 Lipid and Protein Catabolism 136 Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification 137

Photosynthesis 140 The Light-Dependent Reactions:

Photophosphorylation 140 The Light-Independent Reactions: The Calvin-Benson Cycle 140

Chaprer 5 continues

xxii CONTENTS

Chapter 5, continued

A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms 141

Metabolic Diversity among Organisms 142

Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis 146

Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis 147

The Integration of Metabolism 147

Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods 166

Special C ulture Techniques 167

Selective and Differential Media 168

Enrichment Culture 169

Obtaining Pure C ultures 170

Preserving Bacterial C ultures 170

T he Growth of Bacterial C ultures 17 1

Bact erial Division 171

Generation T ime 17 1

Logarithmic Representation of Bact erial

Populations 17 1

Phases of Growth I 72

Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth 174

Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect

Methods 178

Study Outline 180

Study Questions 18 1

7 The Control of Microbial Growth

The Terminology of Microbial C ontrol 185 The Rate of Microbial Death 186

Actions of Microbial Control Agents 186 Alteration of Membrane Permeability 186 Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids 187 Physical Methods of Microbial Control 187 Heat 188

Filtration 191 Low Temperatures 19 1 High Pressure 192

Desiccation 192 Osmotic Pressure 192 Radiation 192

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control 195 Principles of Effective Disinfection 195 Evaluating a Disinfect ant 195

Types of Disinfectants 195 Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control 202

Stud y Outline 205 Study Questions 207

8 Microbial Genetics 210

Structure and Function of the Genetic Material 211

G enotype and Phenot ype 21 I

D NA and Chromosomes 21 1

T he Flow of Genetic Information 2 12

D NA Replicat ion 2 12 RNA and Protein Synthesis 216 The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression 221 Repression and Induction 224

T he Operon Model of G ene Expression 224 Positive Regulation 225

Mutation: C hange in the Genetic Material 226 Types of Mutations 227

Mutagens 229

T he Frequency of Mutation 23 1 Identifying Mutants 231

Identifying Chemical Carcinogens 232

184

Genetic Transfer and Recombination 233

Transformation in Bacteria 234

Conjugation in Bacteria 236

Transduction in Bacteria 237

Plasmids and Transposons 237

Genes and Evolution 241

Study Outline 242

Study Questions 244

9 Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA 246

Introduction to Biotechnology 247

Recombinant DNA Technology 247

An Overview of Recombinant DNA Procedures 247

Polymerase Chain Reaction 25 I

Techniques of Genetic Modification 253

Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells 253

The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships 274

The Three Domains 274

A Phylogenetic Hierarchy 277

C lassification of Organisms 278 Scientific Nomenclature 278 The Taxonomic Hierarchy 279 Classification of Prokaryotes 279 Classification of Eukaryotes 281 Classification of Viruses 282 Methods of C lassifying and IdentifYing Microorganisms 282

Morphological Characteristics 284 Differential Staining 285

Biochemical Tests 285 Serology 287

Phage Typing 288 Fatty Acid Profiles 288 Flow Cytometry 288 DNA Base Composition 288 DNA Fingerprinting 289

The Polymerase Chain Reaction 290 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 291

CONTENTS xxiii

Putting Classification Methods Together 293 Study Outline 295

Study Questions 296

11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea 299

The Prokaryotic Groups 300 DOMAIN BACTERIA 302 The Proteobacteria 302

The Alphaproteobacteria 303 The Betaproteobacteria 305 The Gammaproteobacteria 306 The Deltaproteobacteria 312 The Epsilonproteobacteria 312 The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria 313 Cyanobacteria (The Oxygenic Photosynthetic

Bacteria) 313 Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria (The Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria) 315

The Gram-Positive Bacteria 3 15 Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria) 316 Actinobacteria (High G + C Gram-Positive

Bacteria) 320

Chapter II continues