AND TRAINING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY --- HOANG THI KIEU OANH Major : Physical Geography Code : 9 44 02 17 ASSESSMENT TOURISM RESOURCES AND
Trang 1AND TRAINING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
-
HOANG THI KIEU OANH
Major : Physical Geography Code : 9 44 02 17
ASSESSMENT TOURISM RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPING
TOURISM IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM
SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
Hanoi - 2019
Trang 2and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Science advisor 1: Prof Sc Dr Nguyen Khanh Van
Science advisor 2: Assoc Prof.Dr Dang Van Phan
Reviewer 1: ………
Reviewer 2: ………
Reviewer 3: ………
The thesis will be defended in Doctoral Committee, organized at:
- Location: Graduate University Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Time:
The dissertation can be found at:
- Library of Graduate University Science and Technology
- National Library of Vietnam
Trang 3INTRODUCTION
1 The relevance of the topic
The future strategy of Vietnam tourism development predition for 2020 and upto 2030 defines tourism to become spearhead economic sector with the higher percentage of GDP and create dynamics for social – economy The potential of tourism resources of Southern Vietnam is very high Its geographical position is located in the southern key economic region - the driving force of economic development of the country, on the important international route The Southern Vietnam has 3/10 national tourist cities, including 338 national monuments with 13 special national monuments, and one world intangible cultural heritage In particular, the Southern Vietnam has a lot of ecosystems with high biodiversity; 4 World Biosphere Reserves, 6/9 Ramsa World Zones, 9 National Parks, 7 Biosphere Protected Areas; 5 nature reserves, 3 species conservation zones There are also long and beautiful beaches, systems of islands on the East and West sides The climate regime of the Southern Vietnam is favorable for tourism all year round The annual temperature amplitude is not too different, rainfall does not last long, there are very few natural disasters and floods It has a huge network of rivers, streams, canals with raft houses, floating markets on the river, large lakes, waterfalls (Da Han, Mo), Binh Chau hot springs, high mountain terrain
In fact, the effectiveness of Southern Vietnam tourism is not commensurate with its potential The tourism between South-East and South-West Region are not evenly developed Tourism is mostly concentrated in a number of tourist centers such as Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho and Vung Tau with lack of regional connectivity and uneven distribution in quantity and quality Tourism products lack specificity and originality, especially in South-West Region The infrastructure is not synchronous, some projects have not been able to promote the efficiency or abandoned
At present, there are no topics to study in detail about the role of Bioclimatic Condition to development of regional tourism It is necessary to have further studies, focusing on orientation, determining the key types of tourism of the Southern Vietnam with high potential to bring higher efficiency for tourism development in the coming time, to meet the actual social needs Four types of tourism selected for
Trang 4evaluation in the dissertation are outstanding types such as sightseeing tourism, relaxation tourism, ecotourism and cultural tourism
For the above reasons, the PhD student has decided to select the topic "Assessment tourism resources and bioclimate conditions
to developing tourism in the Southern Vietnam" for her doctoral dissertation Hopefully, this dissertation can give the future orientation to develop 4 types of tourism in Southern Vietnam effectively Besides it is also a geographical instruction for tourists
to participate in sightseeing, relaxation, Ecotourism and culture tourism in the Southern Vietnam
2 Objectives of dissertation
The aim of this dissertation was to clarify the rationales for the research and evaluation of tourism resources, bioclimatic conditions for developing tourism in Southern Vietnam, and propose the orientation of developing tourism types in Southern Vietnam on the basis of evaluating tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions
3 Research tasks of dissertation
- Collecting, analyzing and systematizing documents and materials on the characteristics of tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions of the research territory
- Overview of research and evaluation issues of tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for the purpose of tourism development in the world, in Vietnam and in the Southern Vietnam
- Establishing rationales, research and evaluation methods of tourism resources, bioclimatic conditions for tourism development
- Zoning physical geographic regions in Southern Vietnam and establishing zoning map with scale of 1: 250,000; classifying tourism bioclimate of Southern Vietnam and establishing bioclimate classification map with scale of 1: 250,000; installing evaluation criteria and specification for the advantages of tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for developing potential tourism types of Southern Vietnam
- Evaluating and synthesizing tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for tourism development in every regions and proposing orientation for developing tourism types in the Southern Vietnam in every regions
Trang 5CHAPTER 1 RATIONALES, METHODS FOR EVALUATING TOURISM RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
1.1 Overview of relevant scientific researches
1.1.1 Relevant researches on over the world
In the past 9 decades, many research directions for developing tourism have been established, in which assessing territorial resources for tourism development is mentioned with many approaches such as works of Demoders, I.A Vedenhin and N.N Misonharrenco (1969), I.I Piriicic (1985), A.G Ixatsenko Today, tourism activities have been standardized, managed closely and monitored with conservation, especially in developed countries, which is published by Hu and Rit Chie.J (1993), Daniel Leung and others (2013) , Jianwei Quian et al (2019), C Lim and J.C.H Min (2008), R.Sharley and Telfer (2002)
The history of bioclimatel research has existed for a long time Many climate studies are the basis for the development of bioclimate researchs such as W Koppen (Germany), Buduco, Alixop, Yeu Am Sinh, de Freitas et al , Asgary et al Climate is the key to forming many different tourism resources, thereby assessing the role of climate for each specific tourism resource (Becken (2013), Scott & Lemieux (2009) and Gomez Martin (2005), Hamilton and Lau (2005), C Goh (2012), D Maddison (2001), Hadwen et al (2011)) Currently, many general climate parameters are established in applied bioclimate such as DI, ET, EI, and HIS, SET, PET, or CIT, TCI found by Mieczkowski (1985) The TCI index has been developed and applied in many studies in different territories such as: Amelung and Moreno, Ghislain Dubois Many researchers also combined other climate indexes with TCI, TCI and THI for assessing HCI TCI index has developed into various new concepts such as UTCI, TTCI, CIT, MCIT In the last 10 years, more and more specific and detailed studies on applied bioclimate were published, in which the general trend is the assessments of human adaption with the increasingly
Trang 6negative changes of the current climate (John Wash , Jacqueline M Hamilton, Francesco Musco)
1.1.2 Relevant researches in Vietnam
Most of research and evaluation works are based on the background of landscape with the works on physical geographic zoning, studies on landscape assessment and general assessment of natural conditions and physical resources which is typically reported
by Nguyen Duc Chinh - Vu Tu Lap, Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh, Nguyen Van Nhung, Nguyen Van Vinh, Pham Trung Luong, Dang Duy Loi, etc
Few researchers focused studying on tourism bioclimate for developing tourism, such as Vu Boi Kiem, Tran Viet Lien, Nguyen Minh Tue, Nguyen Tham and Nguyen Hoang Son, Nguyen Khanh Van Many doctoral dissertations were also followed this direction such as Nguyen Thu Nhung, Nguyen Dang Tien, Nguyen Huu Xuan Through these studies, climate resources for tourism development are analyzed in different directions In many studies, these authors also used bioclimatic condition map to help tourists choose the best time and regions for tourism
In Southern Vietnam, many planning projects, conferences and seminars for tourism have been conducted to promote tourism development in this region It is an important step of socio-economic development orientations in order to link tourism development among Southern provinces (Nguyen Minh Tue; Vu Tuan Canh and others; Bui Thi Hai Yen, etc.) Besides, there are many researches on tourism of each locality in the South, each work is the experience of culture, ethnicity, bringing diverse perspectives on tourism potentials
of specific localities
There have been a number of researches on bioclimatic conditions for tourism in Southern Vietnam However, they are still limited and coherent, not classified and established a map of the tourism bioclimate In this serie, some works can be listed such as Dang Van Phan, To Hoang Kia, Nguyen Khanh Van and others
1.2 General rationales of dissertation
1.2.1 The concepts of tourism
According to the Vietnam Tourism Law in 2017: “Tourism is
an activity related to human outside of his regular residence with the
Trang 7time under 1 year in order to meet the needs of sightseeing, study, entertainment, and relaxation in certain time period or other
landscapes, natural elements, cultural and historical relics, human creative works and other human values can be used to to meet the demand for tourism, is a basic element to form tourism zones, tourism spots, tourism routes, tourism towns Tourism resources include nature resources and cultural resources” Tourism territorial
organizations include tourism destinations, tourist area, tourism route, tourism centre
1.2.2 Tourism resource – condition for tourism development
According to the Vietnam Tourism Law in 2017: "Natural
tourism resources include elements of geology, topography, geomorphology, climate, hydrology, ecosystems, natural landscapes that can be used for tourism purpose” "Humanities tourism resources include cultural traditions, folk cultural and artistic elements, historical, revolutionary, archeological, architectural, and creative labor works of people and other physical and intangible cultural heritage can be used for tourism purposes”
1.2.3 Climatic conditions and bioclimatic resources
According to the Agriculture Encyclopedia “Bioclimate which
is a interdisciplinary science between Climate and Ecology studies the effects of climate on living organisms” In a certain environment, bioclimatic conditions which are one of an ecological condition affecting all organisms (flora and fauna, microorganisms, humans) include typical signs of weather such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc These conditions are used for the human purposes called bioclimatic resources
The research on human health for tourism purposes is the study
of climate and weather conditions impacting on human health, tourism organization, tourism activities This research needs to point out the favorable and unfavorable periods of bio-climate conditions for human health, for each kind of tourism in certain region
1.3 Research viewpoints and methods
1.3.1 Research viewpoints
The following research points are used in this dissertation: System points; General points; Historical – Perspective points
Trang 81.3.2 Research mothods
popular methods are used in this dissertation: Methods of data collection, analysis and processing; Field practical methods; Map and
GIS methods; Professional solution
1.3.2.2 Rationale of physical geographic zoning
Inheriting the results of local and world researchers about geographic zoning, studies of the natural characteristics of the Southern Vietnam, the PhD student has selected 5 principles of zoning of physical geography in the Southern Vietnam as followed: objective; incurred; systemized; relative homogeneity and same territory
The choice of zoning of physical geography in Southern Vietnam includes 3 following methods: zoning according to the key factor; linkage analysis of constituent components; comparative geography, in addition there are many other methods such as map, field practie, ancient geography, geophysics, geochemistry, mathematics
Based on the differentiation characteristics of the physical geography in Southern Vietnam, PhD student has selected to inherit the results of physical geography zoning by research group Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (1997) with
geography in Southern Vietnam
1.3.2.3 Methods for assessing resources and bioclimatic conditions
a Rationale for evaluating the systhemizing of resources
According to work of Pham Trung Luong: “Assessing natural
conditions and natural resources for tourism are used to determine the level of convenience(good, medium, poor) of natural conditions and natural resources for the whole tourism activities in general or for each tourism types, each specific activities in service of tourism in particular”
Step 1 Establishment of Evaluationt Scale: selecting
evaluation criteria, determining grades, targets, scores for each rank and coefficient of each criterion
Step 2 Evaluating Process: In the topic, the PhD student uses
the average score to evaluate the results
Trang 9Step 3: Result Evaluation ∑ (CT1)
In which: X: average score/ ki: coefficient of i criterion/ Xi: criteria: evaluation score of i criterion / i: evaluation criteria, i =
1,2,3 n
Based on the average score to classify the rating levels from
RTL to ITL Levels are determined by the formula (CT2)
(CT2) m: ratting number (m=4)
Level 3: X2 ≤ X3 < X2 + ∆X Level 4: X3 ≤ X4 <Xmax
b Evaluation of bioclimate resource using tourism climate index TCI
Tourism climate index – TCI was established by Mieczkowski
(1985)
CT3: TCI = (8*CID) + (2*CIA) + (4*R) + (4*S) + (2*W)
In which: CID: Daytime comfort index (Daytime thermal comfort index is based on average maximum temperature and average minimum relative humidity) / CIA: Daily comfort index (Daily comfort index is based on average air temperature and average humidity) R: Average daily rainfall in a month / S: Average number
of sunny hours in a month / W: Average wind speed
Trang 10CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN
VIETNAM
2.1 Nature Characteristics of Southern Vietnam
2.1.1 Geographic location of Southern Vietnam
The Southern Vietnam is located in the South of Indochina peninsula, from latitude 8o to latitude 12o N East-Southern Vietnam has an area of 23,590.7 km2, accounting for 7.1% of the whole country area West-Southern Vietnam has an area of about 40,576
km2 The position of Southern Vietnam is the premise to create motivation to attract domestic and abroad tourists
2.1.2 Geological and topographic characteristics of the Southern Viernam
In the exploitation of tourism, the terrain of East-Southern Vietnam is very diverse: mountain topography is mainly distributed
in the North, Northeast, midland terrain, selling plains of basalt soil with a height of 50-200 m West-Southern Vietnam is a relatively flat delta, divided by interlaced system of rivers and streams, middle islands, riverside, island system and sea encroachment area with many pristine islands, some low mountains with the form of limestone mountain topography along the border with Cambodia
2.1.3 Hydro-marine characteristics of Southern Vietnam
The Southern Vietnam has two large river systems, including Dong Nai - Vam Co River with 586 km in length and Mekong River with 225 km in length If East-Southern Vietnam is a region with great marine potential with beautiful beaches, West-Southern Vietnam has the potential conditions to form attractive tourism routes
on the rivers
2.1.4 Biological characteristics and territorial biodiversity
Forest is the most prominent natural resource in Southern Vietnam East-Southern Vietnam has 6 special forests, including 4 national parks, 01 nature reserve and 2 cultural-historical forests, Can Gio mangrove forest and Cat Tien National Park are the world biosphere reserves West-Southern Vietnam has 2 world biosphere reserves, 5 national parks, 4 nature conservation zones, 3 species
Trang 11conservation zones, 7 habitat protection zones and 1 forest area for scientific experimental research, Minh Hai mangrove forest research and application center (Ca Mau)
2.1.5 Characteristics of bioclimate resources of Southern Vietnam
Southern Vietnam climate is characterized by the equatorial tropical climate with humid monsoon, high solar radiation, large number of sunshine hours, high annual average temperature, low annual temperature amplitude and abundant rainfall However, there are still differences among regions as well as among localities in the region That difference has affected production and business activities as well as tourism seasonality, the ability to develop tourism types
2.2 Characteristics of humanitarian tourism resources of Southern
Shouthern Vietnam is the most abundant land of religious belief in Vietnam, with many particularly important relics and high values for tourism East-Shouthern Vietnam has 156 cultural and historical relics of cultural heritage ranked nationally, including 1 intangible cultural heritage of the world, 7 special national monuments West-Shouthern Vietnam has 182 cultural and historical relics ranked nationally, including 6 special national monuments Artistic architectural monuments include many types such as pagodas, temples, shrines, cathedrals and ancient houses associated with the spiritual life and indigenous people's culture
2.2.2 Folk culture festival
In Southern Vietnam, the folk festivals of Vietnamese people are still unified from the North to the South, with central festivals attracting a large number of pilgrims to attend The total number of festivals in West-Southern Veitnam is 1,237 festivals
2.2.3 Traditional handicraft villages
Handicrafts in the East-Southern Vietnam are not many but quite unique East-Southern Vietnam has about 90 traditional handicraft villages with many exploiting values for tourists Besides, West-Southern Vietnam currently has 211 handicraft villages
2.2.4 Other humanitarian resources
Culinary culture: folk cuisine is unique regarded as high
cultural value for tourism development Traditional art: Southern
Trang 12Vietnam culture has two main characteristics: the characteristics of the river delta and the continuation of cultural elements of the Cham,
Khmer and Chinese into Vietnamese culture in the region
2.3 Classification of bioclimate and establishment of a bioclimatic map for Southern Vietnam
2.3.1 Determinination of the criteria for classification of bioclimate in Southern Vietnam
From the results of analysis and systemization of climate statistic data for the purpose of developing tourism types, the PhD student mainly uses two basic elements: heat and humidity to classify bioclimate of Southern Vietnam with 03 criteria presented in the form of combinational matrix: annual average air temperature, total annual rainfall, and number of rainy days
2.3.2 Results of classification of tourism bioclimate for Southern Veitnam
As a result, there are 12 types of bioclimate in the Southern Vietnam They are expressed through a set of symbols such as: IAa, IBb, ICc, IDb, etc The characterization of bioclimatic units is carried out in sequence from the types of bioclimate: III – relative hot, II - hot, to: I - very hot; From the bioclimatic type of heavy rainfall (A), moderate rain (B), little rain (C) to very little rain (D); based on the number of rainy days: high (a), moderate (b), low (c), very low (d)
2.3.3 Establishment of a map of bioclimate classification for Southern Vietnam
The establishment of bioclimatic maps must adhere to the following principles: reflecting the climate characteristics of the researched territory, their differentiation in space, reflecting favorable aspects and limitations of bioclimatic conditions for organizing tourism types and the implementation of tourism activities in the study area, reflecting the nature of the impacts of climate factors on human health and implementation of tourism activities
The methods used to establish bioclimate maps include statistical methods and data processing, field practical methods and methods of using GIS geographic information systems The mapping method to show the main contents of the map is the point sign method (meteorological stations), method of combining brush strokes with quality base (bioclimate types) The 1: 250,000 map scale is determined by contents and research territories
Trang 142.3.4 Evaluation of the characteristics of tourism bioclimate
in Southern Vietnam using TCI index
According to results of the assessment and calculation of climate data series at meteorological stations in Southern Vietnam in the period from 1980 to 2015, it is showed that TCI of Southern Vietnam mainly is in the range of 40- 54 (from the acceptable threshold to relatively good), which means that it is possible to develop tourism activities In 12 months, TCI <40 (unfavorable for tourism activities) only appears on average from 1 to 3 months There
is only 1 month with TCI unfavorable for tourism development in some places such as Vung Tau, Can Tho, Cao Lanh, Chau Doc, even Con Dao did not have any unfavorable months for tourism activities From May to November, TCI is at an acceptable threshold for implementing tourism activities TCI up to 60 - 80 points (good to very good) is popular in 4 months from December, January, February and March, which is the dry season in Southẻn Vietnam By April,
TCI begins to decrease lower at limited level for tourism activities
2.4 Zoning and zone mapping of physical geography of Southern Vietnam
Vietnam
The principles are implemented in map establishment are: ensurement of accuracy, science and updating; specific purpose; Objects and phenomena are categorized and fully expressed, scientifically from the content to the glossaries; ensure accurate geographical location
The methods are used to show the map content including: Road sign method; Quality background methods and brush strokes, based on territorial characteristics and the content shown to determine the map scale at 1: 250,000