76 bài tập đọc HIỂU (570 câu )từ đề cô DƯƠNG THỊ HƯƠNG image marked image marked

ĐỀ THI THỬ THPT QG 2019 – CÔ DƯƠNG THỊ HƯƠNG – MEGABOOK – ĐỀ SỐ 1 Exercise 3: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct an

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detrimental renovations over the years During the Great Depression, when fewer people could afford to

attend performances, the directors sold part of the building to commercial businesses As a result, a coffee shop was opened in one comer of the building, for which the builders replaced the brick and terra cotta walls with windowpanes A renovation in 1946 seriously damaged the acoustical quality of the hall when the makers of the film Carnegie Hall cut a gaping hole in the dome of the ceiling to allow for lights and air vents The hole was later covered with short curtains and a fake ceiling, but the hall never sounded the same afterwards

In 1960, the violinist Isaac Stem became involved in restoring the hall after a group of real estate

developers unveiled plans to demolish Carnegie Hall and build a high-rise office building on the site

This threat spurred Stem to rally public support for Carnegie Hall and encourage the City of New York to buy the property The movement was successful, and the concert hall is now owned by the city In the current restoration, builders tested each new material for its sound qualities, and they replaced the hole in the ceiling with a dome The builders also restored the outer walls to their original appearance and closed the coffee shop Carnegie has never sounded better, and its prospects for the future have never looked more promising

Question 1: What is this passage mainly about?

A Changes to Carnegie Hall

B The appearance of Carnegie Hall

C Carnegie Hall’s history during the Great Depression

D Damage to the ceiling in Carnegie Hall

Question 2: In the second paragraph, what is the meaning of the word “detrimental”?

Question 3: What major change happened to the hall in 1946?

A The acoustic dome was damaged.

B Space in the building was sold to commercial businesses.

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C The walls were damaged in an earthquake.

D The stage was renovated.

Question 4: Who was Andrew Carnegie?

Question 5: What was Isaac Stem’s relationship to Carnegie Hall?

A He made the movie “Carnegie Hall” in 1946.

B He performed on opening night in 1891.

C He tried to save the hall, beginning in 1960.

D He opened a coffee shop in Carnegie Hall during the Depression.

Question 6: What was probably the most important aspect of the recent renovation?

A Restoring the outer wall B Expanding the lobby

C Restoring the plaster trim D Repairing the ceiling

Question 7: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “unveiled” in the last paragraph?

ĐỀ THI THỬ THPT QG 2019 – CÔ DƯƠNG THỊ HƯƠNG – MEGABOOK – ĐỀ SỐ 1

Exercise 2:Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Happiness and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell

when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be

universal Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language

Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being

depicted in them Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe

that dwells in the New Guinea highlands All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in

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which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive

feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous When

they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive

What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold

so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response - as long

as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response

Question 8 The word “despondent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Question 9 The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to

A Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of its

B Support Darwin’s theory of evolution

C Provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood

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D Contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions

Question 10 The word “them” in the passage refers to

Question 11 According to paragraph 2, which of the following was TRUE about the Fore people of New

Guinea?

A They did not want to be shown photographs.

B They were famous for their story-telling skills.

C They knew very little about Western culture.

D They did not encourage the expression of emotions.

Question 12 According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that

were not expressed?

A They would become less intense B They would last longer than usual.

C They would cause problems later D They would become more negative

Question 13 According to the passage, research involving which of the following supported the

facial-feedback hypothesis?

A The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons

B The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate

C The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments

D The long-term effects of repressing emotions

Question 14 The word “rate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Question 15 According to the passage, stiffening the upper lip may have which of the following effects?

A It first suppresses stress, then intensifies it.

B It may cause fear and tension in those who see it.

C It can damage the lip muscles.

D It may either heighten or reduce emotional response.

Exercise 3: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

After twenty years of growing student enrollments and economic prosperity, business schools in

the United States have started to face harder times Only Harvard’s MBA School has shown a substantial increase in enrollment in recent years Both Princeton and Stanford have seen decreases in their enrollments Since 1990, the number of people receiving Masters in Business Administration (MBA)

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degrees, has dropped about 3 percent to 75,000, and the trend of lower enrollment rates is expected to continue.

There are two factors causing this decrease in students seeking an MBA degree The first one is that many graduates of four-year colleges are finding that an MBA degree does not guarantee a plush job on Wall Street, or in other financial districts of major American cities Many of the entry- level management jobs are going to students graduating with Master of Arts degrees in English and the humanities as well as those holding MBA degrees Students have asked the question, “Is an MBA degree really what I need to

be best prepared for getting a good job?” The second major factor has been the cutting of American payrolls and the lower number of entry-level jobs being offered Business needs are changing, and MBA

schools are struggling to meet the new demands.

Question 16 What is the main focus of this passage?

A Jobs on Wall Street

B Types of graduate degrees

C Changes in enrollment for MBA schools

D How schools are changing to reflect the economy

Question 17 The word “prosperity” in the first paragraph could be best replaced by which of the

following?

Question 18 Which of the following business schools has shown an increase in enrollment?

Question 19 Which of the following descriptions most likely applies to Wall Street?

A a center for international affairs B a major financial center

Question 20: According to the passage, what are two causes of declining business school enrollments?

A lack of necessity for an MBA and an ecorfomic recession

B low salary and foreign competition

C fewer MBA schools and fewer entry-level jobs

D declining population and economic prosperity

Question 21: As used in the second paragraph, the word “struggling” is closest in meaning to

_

Question22: Which of the following might be the topic of the next paragraph?

A MBA schools’ efforts to change

B Future economic predictions

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C A history of the recent economic changes

D Descriptions of non-MBA graduate programs

The main cause of tooth decay is acid, which is produced by bacteria in the mouth The acid removes minerals from tooth enamel, allowing tooth decay to begin; the saliva in your mouth encourages remineralization and neutralizes the acid The rate at which bacteria in the mouth produce acid depends

on the amount of plaque on the teeth, the composition of the microbial flora, and whether the bacteria of the plaque have been “primed” by frequent exposure to sugar To keep your teeth healthy, a regular dental hygiene program should be followed

Removing plaque with a toothbrush and dental floss temporarily reduces the numbers of bacteria in

the mouth and thus reduces tooth decay It also makes the surfaces of the teeth more accessible, enabling

saliva to neutralize acid and remineralize lesions If fluoride is present in drinking water when teeth are forming, some fluoride is incorporated into the enamel of the teeth, making them more resistant to attack

by acid Fluoride toothpaste seems to act in another way, by promoting the remineralization of early carious lesions

In addition to a regular dental hygiene program, a good way to keep your teeth healthy is to reduce your intake of sweet food The least cavity-causing way to eat sweets is to have them with meals and not between The number of times you eat sweets rather than the total amount determines how much harmful acid the bacteria in your saliva produce But the amount of sweets influences the quality of your saliva Avoid, if you can, sticky sweets that stay in your mouth a long time Also try to brush and floss your teeth after eating sugary foods Even rinsing your mouth with water is effective Whenever possible, eat foods

with fiber, such as raw carrot sticks, apples, celery sticks, etc., that scrape off plaque, acting as a

toothbrush Cavities can be greatly reduced if these rules are followed when eating sweets

Question 23 What does this passage mainly discuss?

C Ways to keep your teeth health D Fluoridization and cavities

Question 24 According to the passage, all of the following statements about plaque are true EXCEPT

_

A It consists of acid producing bacteria

B It is not affected by eating sweets

C It can be removed from teeth by brushing and flossing

D It reduces the positive effect of saliva

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Question 25 We can infer from the passage that one benefit of fluoride to healthy teeth is _

A It strengthens tooth enamel

B It stimulates saliva production

C It makes teeth whiter

D It is a replacement for brushing and flossing in dental care

Question 26 The word “it” in the second paragraph refers to _.

Question 27 What can be concluded from the passage about sweets?

A All sweets should be avoided.

B Sweets should be eaten with care.

C It is better to eat sweets a little at a time throughout the day.

D Sticky sweets are less harmful than other sweets.

Question 28 The word “scrape off” in line 29 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 29 According to the passage, the value of eating foods with fiber is that _.

A they contain Vitamin A

B they are less expensive than a toothbrush

C they are able to remove the plaque from your teeth

D they contain no sugar

Question 30 The author of the passage states that the amount of acid produced by the bacteria in your

saliva increases _

A with the amount of sweets you eat B with the number of times you eat sweets

C if you eat sweets with your meals D if you eat sticky sweets

Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics

to the middle and high latitudes Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat The term “latent heat” refers to the energy

that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor We know that if we warm a pan of water on a

stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature We also

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know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime, they will dry faster than in winter, when the temperature is lower The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by

heat - supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case This energy is not lost It is

stored as vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere

In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun’s energy By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun’s energy Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large - scale winds Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere

Question 31: The passage mainly discusses how heat _

A is transformed and transported in the Earth’s atmosphere.

B is transported by ocean currents.

C can be measured and analyzed by scientists.

D moves about the Earth’s equator.

Question32: The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth’s polar regions in which of the

following ways?

A The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.

B The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.

C The strength of their large scale winds.

D The strength of their oceanic currents.

Question 33: The word “convert” is closest in meaning to _

Question 34: Why does the author mention “the stove” in the passage?

A To describe the heat of the Sun.

B To illustrate how water vapor is stored.

C To show how energy is stored.

D To give an example of a heat source

Question 35: According to the passage, most ocean water evaporation occurs especially _

A around the higher latitudes B in the tropics

C because of large - scale winds D because of strong ocean currents

Question 36: According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy

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A is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes

B is transported by ocean currents

C never leaves the upper atmosphere

D gets stored as latent heat

Question 37: The underlined word “it” refers to _

Exercise 6:Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct answer to each of the questions.

Often the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation

to the center of settlement, At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek

period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the

interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot Athenian black-figure and figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.; its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperature during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized that they did not share in the concerns of the other

red-The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine

themselves to either decorated housewares like cooking pots and jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes Some sixth-and fifth-century B.C Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Tliasos

produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand Molds were used to

create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other

products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass

production There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify

Question 38: The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its

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A production techniques B similarity to other crafts

Question 39: It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were

situated _

C where clay could be found D near other potters’ workshops

Question 40: The word “marked” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to

Question 41: The word “confine” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _

Question42: It can be inferred from the passage that terra-cotta had which of the following advantages?

A It did not break during the firing process.

B It was less expensive than other available materials.

C Its surface had a lasting shine.

D It could be used for many purposes.

Question 43: The word “presumably” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

Question 44: The word “they” in the second paragraph refers to .

A molds B particular effects C products D vessels and figurines Question 45: According to the passage, all of the following are true of ancient Greek potters and vase

painters EXCEPT

A Their functions were so specialized that they lacked common concerns.

B They sometimes produced inferior ware.

C They produced pieces that had unusual color and shine.

D They decorated many of their works with human images

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing

Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered One example of such unexplained behavior:

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Honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun’s position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot,

waiting for their food No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an

ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site

Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as

rudimentary tools One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young

how to use tools to open hard nuts In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always

chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability Other chimpanzees have

learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums

Question 46: What does the passage mainly discuss?

A The role of instinct in animal behavior

B Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior

C The use of food in studies of animal behavior

D Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory

experiments

Question 47: Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?

A Selecting among choices B Anticipating events to come

C Remembering past experiences D Communicating emotions

Question48: What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?

A To determine the quantity of food at a site

B To communicate the location of food

C To increase the speed of travel to food sources

D To identify the type of nectar that is available

Question 49: The word “yet” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

Question 50: It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to _.

A be an indicator of cognitive ability B vary among individuals within a species

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C be related to food consumption D correspond to levels of activity

Question 51: Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?

A To provide that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species.

B To provide an example of tool use among animals.

C To show that animals are very good at using objects in their habitat.

D To provide an example of the use of weapons among animals.

Question 52: The phrase “the one” in paragraph 3 refers to the _

The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture

as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment In addition to their

sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world

In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close

to their children The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men Of particular importance for the native tool than did the fish gathered by the men Of particular made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells

The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men

They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter They sun - dried fish when

practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils

After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips The women also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves

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Question 53: Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the

passage mainly discuss?

A Methods of food preservation

B How diet was restricted by the environment

C The contributions of women to the food supply

D Difficulties in establishing successful farms

Question 54: The word “unique” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _.

A comprehensible B productive C intentional D particular

Question 55: It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples

is _

A more complex than that of hunters and foragers

B less efficient than that of hunters and foragers

C more widespread than that of hunters and foragers

D better documented than that of hunters and foragers

Question 56: According to the passage, what is true of the “division of labor” mentioned in paragraph 2?

A It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast.

B It rarely existed among hunting

C It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared with many other

peoples

D It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples.

Question 57: All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they

A were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish

B contributed more materials for tool making than the men did

C sometimes searched for food far inland from the coast

D prepared and preserved the fish

Question 58 The word “They” in paragraph 3 refers to _

Question 59 The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to _

A store utensils used in food preparation

B prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling

C have a place to store fish and shellfish

D prepare elaborate meals

Question 60 All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT

that it was _

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A made from fish B not actually cheese

C useful on long journeys D made in a short period of time

Foot-racing is a popular activity in the United States It is seen not only as a competitive sport but

also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like-minded people, and to donate money to a

good cause Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers

might not train at all Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply

to enjoy the fun and exercise People of all ages, from those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.The largest footrace in the world is the 12-kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco In the front are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in as little as 34 minutes Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun One year there was a group of men who dressed like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of firefighters who were tied together in

a long line and who were carrying a fire-hose There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo The bride and groom threw flowers to

bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

Question 61 The main purpose of this passage is to _.

A encourage people to exercise

B describe a popular activity

C make fun of runners in costume

D give reasons for the popularity of footraces

Question 62 The word “camaraderie” as used in the first paragraph could be best replaced by which of

the following?

Question 63 Which of the following is NOT implied by the author?

A Footraces appeal to a variety of people

B Walkers can compete for prizes.

C Entering a race is a way to give support to an organization.

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D Running is a good way to strengthen the heart.

Question 64 The word “beat” as used in the first paragraph could be best replaced by which of the

following?

Question 65 In what lines does the author give reasons for why people enter footraces?

A Foot-racing and exercise B People of all ages in length.

The largest 34 minutes D Behind them a fire-hose.

Question 66 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this passage?

A Some runners looked like Elvis Presley.

B Some runners were ready to put out a fire.

C Some runners were participating in a wedding.

D Some runners were serious about winning.

Question 67 A “bystander” as used in the last paragraph refers to which of the following?

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly

1 percent per year - 30 percent over the course of a generation Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790’s, North American entrepreneurs - even without technological improvements - had broadened

the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a

succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process For example, during the 1820’s and 1830’s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale of the outwork system Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enduring shoe This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss” and eroded workers’ control over the pace and conditions of labor However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price

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For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assemblyline techniques to

turn out large quantities of well-made goods As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver

Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the milt, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation’s largest cities, taking advantage

of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

Question 68 What is the passage mainly about?

A The difficulties of industrialization in North America

B The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers

C The rapid speed of industrialization in North America

D Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

Question 69 The word “scope” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _.

Question 70 The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of

how

A entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system

B entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output

C rural workers responded to “shoe bosses”

D changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

Question 71 All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT _.

A It involved stages of production.

B It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.

C It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.

D It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.

Question 72 The word “prolific” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _.

Question 73 According to the passage, how did later mills differ from the mills built by Oliver Evans?

A They were located away from large cities.

B They used new technology to produce power.

C They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.

D They combined technology with the outwork system.

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Question 74 The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory

machinery?

A It become easier for factory’ owners to find workers and customers.

B Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.

C The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.

D Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.

Question 75 The word “eager” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to

Exercise 11: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930

A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles The agricultural

potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood not only supplied jobs but also disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America’s greatest refining center

Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of400 square miles

It was a city without a real center The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city

as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city

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Question 76 What is the passage mainly about?

A The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900s

B The development of the Southern California oil fields

C Factors contributing to the growth of Los Angeles

D Industry and city planning in Los Angeles

Question 77 The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as

resulting primarily from _

A new economic conditions B images of cities shown in movies

C new agricultural techniques D a large migrant population

Question 78 The word “meteoric" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _.

Question 79 According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculture

around Los Angeles was the _

A influx of “new residents to agricultural areas near the city.

B construction of an aqueduct.

C expansion of transportation facilities

D development of new connections to the city’s natural harbor

Question 80 According to the passage, the initial success of Hollywood’s motion picture industry was

due largely to the _

A availability of many skilled workers

B beauty of the countryside

C region’s reputation for luxurious lifestyles

D region’s climate and good weather

Question 81 It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los

Angeles area were employed in _

C automobile manufacturing D the motion picture industry

Question 82 The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles

A was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images

B lacked good suburban areas in which to live

C had an excessively large population

D was not really a single city

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According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ubility, decades ot research

have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category ot “natural leaders” It seems that

there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs ot that particular group

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group

Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the

other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member

Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional

support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them Group members

expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members

They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group As the differences

in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect

Question 83 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A The problems faced by leaders

B How leadership differs in small and large groups

C How social groups determine who will lead them

D The role of leaders in social groups

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Question 84 The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders

EXCEPT _

C specific leadership training D traditional cultural patterns

Question 85 In mentioning “natural leaders” in the second paragraph, the author is making the point that

_

A few people qualify as “natural leaders”

B there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

C “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group

D “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

Question 86 Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?

A A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another

group

B Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.

C A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.

D Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

Question 87 The passage indicates that ‘instrumental leaders’ generally focus on _.

A ensuring harmonious relationships

B sharing responsibility with group members

C identifying new leaders

D achieving a goal

Question 88 The word “collective” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _.

Question 89 The word “them” in the third paragraph refers to _.

Question 90 A “secondary relationship” mentioned in the last paragraph between a leader and the

members of a group could best be characterized as _

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Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform Some functions result directly from the

ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the

surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods) Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes It also overlooks what is one

of the world’s finest large farming regions These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity

Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York’s location at the western end of one of the world’s most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland This account does not alone explain New York’s primacy, but it does include several important factors Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable Of course, such characteristic as slope drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to dertermine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later

Question 91 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A The development of trade routes through United States cities

B Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States

C Historical differences among three large United States cities

D The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities

Question 92 The word “ingenuity” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 93: According to the passage, a city’s situation is more important that its site in regard to the

city’s _

A long-term growth and prosperity

B ability to protect its citizenry

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C possession of favorable weather conditions

D need to import food supplies

Question 94 The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicago’s location EXCEPT

its _

C position in regard to transport routes D flat terrain

Question 95 The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to _.

A summarize past research and introduce a new study

B describe a historical period

C emphasize the advantages of one theory over another

D define a term and illustrate it with an example

Question 96 According to the passage, Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in

_

Question 97 The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to _.

Exercise 14:Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low temperatures, and stone ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high temperatures, were produced from two different native clays These kinds of pottery were produced to supplement imported European pottery When the American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods Stoneware, which

had been simple utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century, and

in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, threedimensional molded relief decoration became popular Representational motifs largely replaced the earlier abstract decorations Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other subjects -lions, flags, and clipper ships -are found Some figurines, mainly of dogs and lions, were made in this medium Sometimes a name, usually that of the potter, was die-stamped onto a piece

As more and more large kilns were built to create the high-fired stoneware, experiments revealed that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware could produce a stronger, paler pottery if fired at a hotter temperature The result was yellow ware, used largely for serviceable items; but a further

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development was Rockingham ware -one of the most important American ceramics of the nineteenth

century (The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze to the fired clay, usually

giving the finished product a mottled appearance Various methods of spattering or sponging the glaze

onto the ware account for the extremely wide variations in color and add to the interest of collecting

Rockingham An advanced form of Rockingham was flint enamel, created by dusting metallic powders onto the Rockingham glaze to produce brilliant varicolored streaks

Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in Rockingham ware: dishes and bowls, of course; also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp bases, doorknobs, molds, picture frames, even curtain tiebacks All these items are highly collectible today and are eagerly sought

A few Rockingham specialties command particular affection among collectors and correspondingly high prices

Question 98 The word “ornate” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 99 The passage suggests that the earliest stoneware _.

A was decorated with simple, abstract designs

B used three-dimensional decorations

C was valued for its fancy decorations

D had no decoration

Question 100 How did yellow ware achieve its distinctive color?

A By sponging on a glaze B By dusting on metallic powders

Question 101 The phrase “derived from” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 102 The word “It” in paragraph 2 refers to _.

Question 103 The phrase “account for” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 104 What was special about flint enamel?

A Its even metallic shine B Its mottled appearance

Question 105 Which of the following kinds of Rockingham ware were probably produced in the greatest

quantity?

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A Picture frames B Dishes and bowls

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate Com production increased by four and a half times, hay

by five times, oats and wheat by seven times The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in

productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers By 1850 drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with

horse-grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment

In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items-running from $ 1,000

to $4,000 - they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to

farm during the harvest season “Combines” were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest These ponderous machines - sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses - reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation

The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states-allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much com

as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before

Question 106 What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage

mainly discuss?

A How labor-saving machinery increased crop production

B Why southern farms were not as successful as northern farms

C Farming practices before the Civil War

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D The increase in the number of people taking up farming

Question 107 The word “crucial” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 108 The phrase “avail themselves of” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 109 According to the passage, why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?

A The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.

B Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.

C It was hoped that harvesting more grain would lower the price of grain.

D Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.

Question 110 Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each _.

A could perform more than one function

B required relatively little power to operate

C was utilized mainly in California

D required two people to operate

Question111 The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to _.

Question112 It can be inferred from the passage that most fanners did not own threshing machines

because _

A farmers did not know how to use the new machines

B farmers had no space to keep the machines

C thresher owners had chance to buy the machines before farmers did

D the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own

In the early 1800s, to reach the jump-off point for the West, a family from the East of the United States could either buy a steamboat passage to Missouri for themselves, their wagons and their livestock

or, as happened more often, simply pile everything into a wagon, hitch up a team, and begin their overland trek right in their front yard

Along the macadamized roads and turnpikes east of the Missouri River, travel was comparatively fast, camping easy, and supplies plentiful Then, in one river town or another, the neophyte emigrants

would pause to lay in provisions For outfitting purposes, the town of Independence had been preeminent

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ever since 1827, but the rising momentum of pioneer emigration had produced some rival jump-off points Westport and Fort Leavenworth flourished a few miles upriver St Joseph had sprung up 55 miles

to the northwest; in fact, emigrants who went to Missouri by riverboat could save four days on the trail by staying on the paddle wheelers to St Joe before striking overland

At whatever jump-off point they chose, the emigrants studied guide books and directions, asked

questions of others as green as themselves, and made their final decision about outfitting They had

various, sometimes conflicting, options For example, either pack animals or two -wheel carts or wagons could be used for the overland crossing A family man usually chose the wagon It was the costliest and slowest of the three, but it provided space and shelter for children and for a wife who likely as not was pregnant Everybody knew that a top-heavy covered wagon might blow over in a prairie wind or be overturned by mountain rocks, that it might mire in river mud or sink to its hubs in desert sand, but maybe

if those things happened on this trip, they would happen to someone else Anyway, most pioneers, with

their farm background, were used to wagons

Question 113 The word “preeminent” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 115 The expression “green” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 116 All of the following were mentioned in the passage as options for modes of transportation

from the Missouri River to the West EXCEPT _

Question 117 All of the following features of the covered wagon made it unattractive to the emigrants

EXCEPT _

Question 118 In paragraph 3, the phrase “those things” refers to

A the belongings of the pioneers B the problems of wagon travel

C the types of transportation D the overland routes

Question 119 The author implies in the passage that the early emigrants

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A preferred wagon travel to other types of travel

B left from the same place in Missouri

C knew a lot about travel

D were well stocked with provisions when they left their homes

Question 120 What is the topic of this passage?

C Choosing a point of departure D The advantages of travelling by wagon

The main difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter In Europe they grew over a period of

centuries from town economies to their present urban structure In North America, they started as

wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism’s in little more than a century

In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada This was natural because these areas were nearest England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located

in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water highway.When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large

as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning and weaving

industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms Such migration was particularly

rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865)

Question121 What does the passage mainly discuss?

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A Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

B The evolution of cities in America

C Trade between North American and European cities

D The effects of the United Sates’ independence on urban growth in New England.

Question 122 The word “they” in paragraph 1 refers to _

Question 123 According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic

coastline of North America due to

A an abundance of natural resources

B financial support from colonial governments

C proximity to parts of Europe

D a favorable climate

Question 124 Which of the following did the Atlantic coastline cities prepare for shipment to Europe

during colonial times?

Question 125 According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced

the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the _

A location of the plantations

B access of plantation owners to shipping

C relationships between plantation residents and city residents

D economic self-sufficiency of the plantation

Question 126 It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern, cities, most southern

cities were _

Question 127 The word “drawing” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _.

Most desert animals will drink water if confronted with it, but many of them never have any

opportunity All living things must have water, or they will expire The herbivores find it in desert plants

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The carnivores slake their thirst with the flesh and blood of living prey One of the most remarkable adjustments, however, has been made by the tiny kangaroo rat, who not only lives without drinking but subsists on a diet of dry seeds containing about 5% free water Like other animals, he has the ability to manufacture water in his body by a metabolic conversion of carbohydrates But he is notable for the

parsimony with which he conserves his small supply by every possible means, expending only

minuscule amounts in his excreta and through evaporation from his respiratory tract

Investigation into how the kangaroo rat can live without drinking water has involved various experiments with these small animals Could kangaroo rats somehow store water in their bodies and slowly utilize these resources in the long periods when no free water is available from dew or rain? The simplest way to settle this question was to determine the total water content in the animals to see if it decreases as they are kept for long periods on a dry diet If they slowly use up their water, the body should become increasingly dehydrated, and if they begin with a store of water, this should be evident from an initial high water content Results of such experiments with kangaroo rats on dry diets for more than 7 weeks showed that the rats maintained their body weight There was no trend toward a decrease in

water content during the long period of water deprivation When the kangaroo rats were given free

access to water, they did not drink water They did nibble on small pieces of watermelon, but this did not change appreciably the water itent in their bodies, which remained at 66.3 % to 67.2 % during this period.This is very close to the water content of dry-fed animals (66.5 %), and the availability of free water, therefore, did not lead to any “storage” that could be meaningful as a water reserve This makes it reasonable to conclude that physiological storage of water is not a factor in the kangaroo rat’s ability to live on dry food

Question 128 What is the topic of this passage?

Question 129 The word “expire” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 130 Which of the following is NOT a source of water for the desert animals?

A Desert plants

B Metabolic conversion of carbohydrates in the body

C The blood of other animals

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B living without drinking water.

C breathing slowly and infrequently.

D manufacturing water internally.

Question 132 The word “parsimony” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 133 It is implied by the author that desert animals can exist with little or no water because of

_

A less need for water than other animals

B many opportunities for them to find water

C their ability to eat plants

D their ability to adjust to the desert environment

Question 134 The word “deprivation” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 135 According to the passage, the results of the experiments with kangaroo rats showed that

A kangaroo rats store water for use during dry periods

B kangaroo rats took advantage of free access to water

C there was no significant change in body weight due to lack of water or accessibility to water

D a dry diet seems detrimental to the kangaroo rat’s health

Exercise 19: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Very few people in the modem world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment surrounding their homes This method of harvesting from nature s provision is the oldest subsistence strategy, and has been practiced for at least two million years It was, indeed, the only

way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and the domestication of animals were introduced about

10,000 years ago

Because hunter-gathers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins, their numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal environments such as deserts forests or arctic wasteland In higher latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted the availability of plant life Such conditions have caused a greater independence on hunting, and along the coasts and

waterways, on fishing The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other

hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants In short, the environmental differences have restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the development of subsistence

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societies Contemporary hunter-gathers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors We know from observation of modem hunter- gathers in both Africa and Alaska that society based on hunting and gathering must be very mobile While the entire community camps in a central location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp When the food in the area is exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site We also notice a seasonal migration on pattern evolving for most hunter gathers, along with a restrict division of labor between sexes These patterns of behavior may

be similar to those practiced by mankind during the Paleolithic Period

Question 136 With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?

Question 137 The word “rudimentary” is closest in meaning to _.

Question 138 The word “abundance” is closest in meaning to _.

Question 139 When was hunting and gathering introduced?

Question 140 What conditions exist in the lower latitude?

A Greater dependence on hunting B More coasts and waterways for fishing

C A shorter growing season D A large variety of plant life

Question 141 How cun we know more about the hunter- gathers of prehistoric time?

A By studying the remains of their camp sites

B By studying similar contemporary societies

C By studying the prehistoric environment

D By practicing hunting and gathering

Question 142 Which of the following is not true according the passage?

A More and more people in the modern time live on the food they gather in the natural environment

around their homes

B The more vegetable in the lower latitude in the tropics there is, the greater opportunity for gathering

plants there are

C Because of the shorter growing season in higher latitude, the availability of plants is limited

D The environmental differences result in restricted diet.

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It may seem as if the art of music by its nature would not lend itself to the exploration and expression of reality characteristic of Romanticism, but that is not so True, music does not tell stories or paint pictures, but it stirs feelings and evokes moods, through both of which various kinds of reality can

be suggested or expressed It was in the rationalist 18"1 century that musicians rather mechanically attempted to reproduce stories and subjects in sound These literal renderings naturally tailed, and the

Romanticists profited from the error Their discovery of new realms of experience proved communicable

in the first place because they were in touch with the spirit of renovation, particularly through poetry What Goethe meant to Beethoven and Berlioz and what Gennan folk tales and contemporary lyricists meant to Weber, Schumann, and Schubert are familiar to all who are acquainted with the music of these men

There is, of course, no way to demonstrate that Beethoven’s Egrnont music or, indeed, its overture

alone corresponds to Goethe’s drama and thereby enlarges the hearer’s consciousness of it; but it cannot

be an accident or an aberration that the greatest composers of the period employed the resources of their art for the creation of works expressly related to such lyrical and dramatic subjects Similarly, the love of nature stirred Beethoven, Weber, and Berlioz, and here too the correspondence is felt and persuades the fit listener that his own experience is being expanded The words of-the creators themselves record this new comprehensiveness Beethoven referred to his activity of mingled contemplation and composition as

dichten, making a poem; and Berlioz tells in his Memoires of the impetus given to his genius by the music

of Beethoven and Weber, by the poetry of Goethe and Shakespeare, and not least by the spectacle of nature Nor did the public that ultimately understood their works gainsay their claims

It must be added that the Romantic musicians including Chopin, Mendelssohn, Glinka, and had at their disposal greatly improved instruments The beginning of the 19th century produced the modem piano, of greater range and dynamics than theretfore, and made all wind instruments more exact and powerful by the use of keys and valves The modem full orchestra was the result Berlioz, whose classic treatise on instrumentation and orchestration helped to give it definitive form, was also the first to

Liszt-exploit its resources to the full, in the Symphonic fantastique of 1830 This work, besides its technical

significance just mentioned, can also be regarded as uniting the characteristics of Romanticism in music,

it is both lyrical and dramatic, and, although it makes use of a “story,” that use is not to describe the scenes but to connect them; its slow movement is a “nature poem” in the Beethovenian manner; the second, fourth, and fifth movements include “realistic” detail of the most vivid kind; and the opening one

is an introspective reverie

Question 143: Music can suggest or express various kinds of reality by _.

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A telling stories or minting pictures B stirring feelings and evoking moods

C exploring and expressing reality D depicting nature and reality

Question 144: The word “error” in paragraph 1 refers to _.

A the feelings and moods of the Romanticist musicians

B the exploration and expression of reality of Romanticism

C the works of the Romanticist musicians in the 18th century

D musicians’mechanica! reproduction of stories and subjects

Question 145: It is stated in the passage that the Romanticists were influenced by _.

A the works of the rationalist musicians in the 18th century

B Goethe, German folk tales and contemporary lyricists

C the thoughts of Beethoven, Weber, and Berlioz

D the art of music by the rationalist musicians

Question 146: The passage indicates that the Romanticist composers were inspired not only by lyrical

and dramatic subjects but also by _

Question 147: The Romantic musicians also made use of modem technologies such as _.

A improved wind instruments B powerful keys and valves

C greater range and dynamics D instrumenation and orchestration

Question 148: Romanticism in music is characterized as being _.

Question 149: All of the following are true about the Symphonic fantastique EXCEPT _.

A It is both lyrical and dramatic.

B It was composed by Beethoven.

C It was issued in 1830.

D It unites the characteristics of Romanticism.

Question 150: According to the passage, Romanticism in music extended over _.

A the 18th and 19th centuries B the late 18th century

C the early 19th century D the beginning of the 20th century

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Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language It was created more than a century ago

by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof Zamenhof believed that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures

In Zamenhof’s first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was as uncomplicated as possible This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end

in o, as in the noun amiko, which means “friend”, and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means “pretty” Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means “enemy”, and the word malbela therefore means “ugly” in Zamenhof’s language

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it He used a pen name, Dr Esperanto, when signing the book He selected the name Esperanto because this word means “a person

who hopes” in his language Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1950,

Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I Today, years after it was

introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today’s world Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen

Question 151: The topic of this passage is _.

A how language can be improved

B a language developed in the last few years

C one man’s efforts to create a universal language

D using language to communicate internationally

Question152: According to the passage, Zamenhof wanted to create a universal language _.

A to create one world culture B to resolve cultural differences

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C to provide a more complex language D to build a name for himself

Question 153: It can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word malespera means _.

Question 154: The expression “popping up” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by _.

Question 155: According to the passage, what happened to the Tenth World Esperanto Congress?

A It had attendees from 20 countries B It never took place

C It had 4,000 attendees D It was scheduled for 1915

Question 156: The expression “ups and downs” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 157 Which paragraph describes the predecessor to Esperanto?

Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials It can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque It is lightweight impermeable

to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful Glass can be

decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional In all its myriad forms - as table ware, containers, in architecture and design - glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments

Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C., glass has been used for making various kinds of objects It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century When heated, the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow

Why glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture, and why glassware must be

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slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven

cooling

Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold

substance into a hot, ductile liquid Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials

Question 158: Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in paragraph 1?

A To demonstrate how glass evolved

B To show the versatility of glass

C To explain glassmaking technology

D To explain the purpose of each component of glass

Question 159: The word “durable” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 160: What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass?

A They were the same for centuries B They are liquid.

Question 161: According to the passage, how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from

most other rigid substances?

A It has an interlocking crystal network.

B It has an unusually low melting temperature.

C It has varying physical properties.

D It has a random molecular structure.

Question 162: The words “exposed to” in paragraph 2 most likely mean _.

A hardened by B chilled with C subjected to D deprived of

Question 163: What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during

manufacture?

A The glass must be reheated and evenly cooled.

B The glass must be cooled quickly.

C The glass must be kept moist until cooled.

D The glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately

Question 164: The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to _.

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Question 165: According to the passage, why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than

can metals

A It resists breaking when heated

B It has better optical properties.

C It retains heat while its viscosity changes.

D It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises.

It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct What causes

extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish The exact

causes of a species' death vary from situation to situation Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting

in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species

The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time - a mass extinction One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with

the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one

that occurred 225 million years ago When approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the

plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living

in the oceans Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction

One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events

Question 166 The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to _

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Question 167 What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth’s history?

A They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.

B They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

C They have caused rapid change in the environment.

D They are no longer in existence.

Question 168 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid

ecological change?

A Temperature changes B Availability of food resources

C Introduction of new species D Competition among species

Question 169 The word “demise” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

Question170 Why is “plankton” mentioned in paragraph 2?

A To demonstrate the interdependence of different species

B To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.

C To illustrate a comparison between oiganisms that live on the land and those that live in the ocean

D To point out that certain species could never become extinct.

Question 171 Which of the following can be inferred from the theory of periodic extinction mentioned in

paragraph 3?

A Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it

B Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.

C The theory is no longer seriously considered.

D Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.

Question 172 In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species’

survival?

A It reflects the interrelationship of many species.

B It may depend on chance events.

C It does not vary greatly from species to species

D It is associated with astronomical conditions.

A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects

such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects

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the development of personality Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship

between birth order and personality A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was

the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect For example, first - borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills

Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child

Studies have consistently shown that first-bom children tend to exhibit similar, positive and

negative personality traits First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in

various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first - borns was

found to be equal to the number of second - and third-borns combined First - borns have been found to

be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first - borns have served in the U.S Congress and as U.S presidents than have those born in other birth - order positions However, studies have

shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns

Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from firstborns They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel They tend to be more trusting,

accepting, and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a

comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports

The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits

a strong sense of security Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self - esteem of all the birth-order positions They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities

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Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and selfesteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children.

Question 173 The word body in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by _.

Question 174 The word it in paragraph 1 refers to _.

Question 175 What is stated in paragraph 1 about Adler?

A He was one of the first to study the effect of birth order on personality.

B He believed that it was the actual birth order that affected personality.

C He had found that the responses by family members had little to do with personality.

D He was the only one to study birth order.

Question 176 The word traits in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 177 Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the bold sentence in

paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

A In spite of certain characteristics that first-borns possess, many of them become leaders.

B An interesting fact that is difficult to explain is that many first-borns have served in high government

positions

C Because first-borns tend to be very assertive, they are uncomfortable serving in government

positions

D Several examples support the idea that first-borns have characteristics that make them leaders.

Question 178: The word accepting in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.

Question 179 Which of the following is NOT true?

A First-borns tend to do well in individual sports.

B Middle children tend to have a preference for team sports.

C Last-borns tend to prefer games with fierce competition.

D Only children tend to prefer individual over team sports.

Question 180 Which of the following would be most likely to have a successful career but few close

friendships?

A A second-born B A middle child C A last-born D An only child

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