HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRYDAO THI BINH AN ESTIMATION OF THE STANDARDIZED ILEAL DIGESTIBLE LYSINE REQUIREMENT AND OPTIMAL SULPHUR AMINO ACIDS TO LYSINE RATIO F
Trang 1HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
DAO THI BINH AN
ESTIMATION OF THE STANDARDIZED ILEAL DIGESTIBLE LYSINE REQUIREMENT AND OPTIMAL SULPHUR
AMINO ACIDS TO LYSINE RATIO FOR HYBRID PIGS [(PIETRAIN x DUROC) x (LANDRACE x YORKSHIRE)]
Trang 2This work was completed at:
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University
Science instructor:
1 Assoc.Prof Dr Ho Trung Thong
2 Prof Dr Vu Chi Cuong
Reviewer 1: ………Reviewer 2: ……… ……… Reviewer 3: ……… ………
The thesis was defended at the Council of thesis assessment of Hue University:
Council held at: 4 Le Loi street, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue province, at…… on ……/……./2019
Theses can be further referred at:
1 National Library
2 Center for Information and Library of Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University
Trang 31 Background
Lysine (Lys) is generally the first limiting amino acid (AA) in practical pig diets, andconsequently, its requirement has been most extensively studied (Ball et al., 2007) There isconsiderable variation in the reported Lys requirements which may be due to differences in the leangain potential of the pig genetics used The ability of protein accumulation and lean meataccumulation are different among pig breeds, and also different during the growth stages in the samepig breed The advances in nutrition and feed industry had played an important part in making asufficient of Lys requirement in the dietary for the range of growth stages of pigs In case of lack ofadjustment to the effect of increase leanness on the pig’s lysine needs, dietary lysine deficiency mayoccur, then limiting the development of pig genetic potential Therefore, it is necessary to adjust lysine
in the dietary to ensure maximum growth in pigs Along with Lys requirement in the pig dietary,sulfur amino acid (SAA) (methionine and cysteine) is considered as the second or third limiting aminoacid in the pig diets However, up to now, there is a lack of studies that focused on the standardizedileal digestible sulfur amino acid (SID SAA) in comparison with standardized ileal digestible Lys (SIDLys), and also the results in those studies were varied In Vietnam, previous studies of AA requirementfor pigs were often focused on the needs of Lys, not considering the optimal proportions of others AA
to Lys, and often expressed in total AA level In addition, the subjects of these studies were pure pigbreeds, domestic pig breeds and hybrid pig breeds between foreign breeds and domestic breeds Thecommercial pigs with 3 and 4 foreign breeds have not been studied yet The conducting studies todetermine the requirements for ileum digestible AA for exotic breeds in Vietnam is necessary.Therefore, the study “Estimation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement and optional sulfuramino acids to lysine ratio for hybrid pigs [(Pietrain x Duroc) x (Landrace x Yorkshire)] from 10-20
kg and 30-50 kg” were conducted
2 OBJECTIVES
- Determining the SID Lys requirements for commercial pigs [(Pietrain × Duroc) × (Landrace
× Yorkshire)] in the periods 10-20kg and 30-50kg
- Determining the optional ratio of SID SAA Lys to SID Lys of commercial pigs [(Pietrain ×Duroc) × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] 10-20kg and 30-50kg periods
3 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICE MEANING
- The study results of this thesis have contributed to data on the SID Lys requirements and theoptional ratio of SID SAA:Lys for pigs [(Pietrain x Duroc) x (Landrace x Yorkshire)] 10-20kg and 30-50kg periods in husbandry condition in Vietnam;
- The results of this study would provide information to the optimal formulation in the feed
manufacturers, especially in the feed industry
4 NEW CONTRIBUTION OF THESIS
- This was the first time in Vietnam, the SID Lys requirement of fourth breed commercialhybrid pigs [(Pietrain × Duroc) × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] 10-20kg and 30-50kg periods wasdetermined
Trang 4- This was the first time to identify the optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for fourth breedcommercial hybrid pigs [(Pietrain × Duroc) × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] of 10-20kg and 30-50kgperiods.
- The results of this study have contributed to the database to build optimal diets forcommercial pigs which could be based on the balancing lysine with non-necessary amino acids at SID
as well as other nutrients in the formula
5 THESIS STRUCTURE
The thesis consisted of 91 pages and 5 chapters Chapter 1: Introduction (04 pages), chapter 2:Literature review (26 pages), chapter 3: Materials and methodology (19 pages), chapter 4: Results anddiscussion (24 pages), chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations (2 pages) The thesis also included
30 tables, 15 diagrams and 147 references (25 Vietnameses)
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Overview of research on the SID AA requirement for the pig in the world
Nowadays, feed evaluation is based on the digestibility percentage of nutrients that there havebeen used in numerous countries Formulating diets that are based on feed digestibility willdemonstrate a higher accuracy than the total nutrient composition The AA requirement for the pigwas studied for each AA and also for each growth stage of the pigs
The standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements for pigs
In recent years, numerous researches have been done to determine the SID Lys requirementfor pigs For example, at the growth stage of 12-24kg Yi et al (2006) reported that the requirement ofSID Lys was 1.32% Ken et al (2008) showed that using SID Lys at 1.30% or 19g/kg weight gain wasnecessary for the optimal growth rate of pigs of 12-27kg period In the case of a correlation betweenSID Lys and dietary energy, that SID Lys was 3.81g/Mcal ME Pigs from 11-19kg, the use of SID Lys
at 1.35% ensured optimal pig growth (Kendall et al., 2008) Meanwhile, NRC (2012) recommendsSID Lys requirements for the pig at 11-25kg was 1.23%, which was lower than the above studies Thedifference in the results of determining Lys requirements in growth pigs may be due to numerouscauses, including the establishment of a diet which based on the total AA instead of SID AA (Stein etal., 2007b), statistical analysis methodology (Robbins et al., 2006), gender (Baker, 1986), or genotype(Schneider et al., 2010)
NRC (2012) recommended that SID Lys for growth pig of 25-50kg period was 0.98% Based
on broken-line regression, Li et al., (2012) found that ratio between SID Lys and ME at 3.0; 2.43; and2.2 were the best for growth performance at 29-47kg, 54-76kg and 84-109kg periods, respectively.Bergstrom et al., (2010) conducted four experiments with castrated boars and females (balance mixedsex) to estimate the Lys requirement for different growth stages (PIC TR4 x 1050), the variety from37-129kg The results showed that the ratio between SID Lys and ME at 2.69; 2.35; 2.09 and 1.79g/Mcal ME were the best for growth performance and highest rate income per feed cost (Bergstrom etal., 2010) In addition, Shelton et al., (2009) [126] also reported that SID Lys requirements for gilts(55-80kg) were 20g
Percentage of sulfur amino acids to SID Lys
Trang 5Sulfur amino acid (methionine and cysteine) is considered as the second or third limiting AA
in the pig diets Numerous studies have been done in these years to determine the requirement for totalSAA, methionine and cysteine requirement for pigs Typically, methionine is accounted for 50% intotal SAA (according to the NRC, 48% by volume); however, the recent studies showed thatmethionine might be accounted for a higher percentage (55% by weight or 50% by molecular weight)
in comparison with cysteine Dean et al., (2007) found that the total requirement of SAA for thepiglets of 6-12kg was 10.1% g/kg weight gain or 54% Lys Gaines et al., (2005) reported that the rate
of total SAA to Lys was 57-61%, which depending on the monitoring criteria and the stoppingassessment method of 8-26kg pigs Yi et al., (2006) found that average optimal SAA: Lys ratio for anaverage daily gain (ADG) of 12-24kg pigs to be 58% In other studies, Schneider et al., (2-10) showedthat the total SAA: Lys ratio to the pig from 10-20kg was ranging from 57% to 60% In addition,Gaines et al., (2004a, b) who done two independent experiments on pigs at 29-45kg and 45-68kgperiods found that the optimal SAA: Lys ratio at those stages were 60% Similarly, Lawrence et al.,(2005) also reported that the optimal SAA: Lys ratio was 60% for pigs from the 30-60kg period In arecent study of Capozzalo et al., (2017), supplemented with E.coli strains with the high requirement ofSAA in the diets to assess their influence on SID SAA:Lys ratio The results showed of that the SIDSAA:Lys ratio was no significant difference between diets with/without supplimentation E.coli
1.2 Overview of research on the SID AA requirement for the pig in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the information on the AA requirement as well as SID Lys for major pig breeds inVietnam is still limited Studies on AA requirement often focused on Lys requirement and usuallyrepresented as total AA Numerous studies on total lysine requirements, total methionine, totalcysteine, and total Threonine were conducted on the domestic pig breeds, exotic breeds and the hybridbetween them Recently, there was a study on SID Lys in pigs at the growth to finishing commercial 4blood pig breeds, not on the piglets This study was calculated the non-substituted AA based on thereference public in the world Currently, there has been no announcement about the digestible AArequirement in piglets in Vietnam In the current feed pig database, there is also no information on theSID AA That leads to a mission that determines the SID AA requirement for main pig breeds inhusbandry conditions in Vietnam is extremely necessary
Chapter II: MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.2 Location and time
The experiment was conducted from February 2015 to December 2015 at the Center forAnimal Research and Practice under the Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry – Hue University
2.3 Subjects
Trang 6- Estimation of SID lysine requirement for 10 – 20 kg pigs
- Estimation of SID lysine requirement for 30 – 50 kg pigs
- Estimation of optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for 10–20 kg pigs
- Estimation of optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for 30–50 kg pigs
2.4 Methodology
2.4.1 Estimation of SID Lys requirement for 10–20 kg pigs
A total of 108 crossbred pigs (PiDu x LY; balanced mixed sex) with an average initial BW of11,8 kg were used in this experiment They were allotted to one of six treatments on the basis of initial
BW with six replicate pens per treatment and three pigs per pen Six diets were obtained bysupplementing graded levels of L‐Lysine HCl to create six dietary levels of SID Lys (0.90%, 0.10%,1.10%, 1.20%, 1.30% and 1.40%) The experimental diets were formulated based on corn, broken rice,soya bean meal, full‐fat soya bean, soy protein concentrate and whey powder using analysedingredient AA contents and published SID coefficients to meet or exceed minimum AA requirement(‘AMINODat 4.0 Platinum’ 2012; NRC 2012) Net energy (NE) in 6 diets is the same (10,4 MJ/kg)
Table 2.1 Ingredients composition of experimental diets of SID Lys requirement
for 10–20 kg pigs (as-fed)
Chemical analyses such as AA concentration, crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) wereperformed at the Laboratory of Evonik Singapore Crude fiber (CF), crude ash and ether extract (EE)were analysed according to AOAC (1990) at Central Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Sciences, College
of Agriculture and Forestry - Hue University
Trang 7Table 2.2 Nutrient composition of experimental diets of SID lysine requirement
2.4.2 Estimation of SID Lys requirement for 30–50 kg pigs
A total of 72 crossbred pigs (PiDu x LY; balanced mixed sex) with an average initial BW of28,85 kg were used in this experiment They were allotted to one of six treatments on the basis ofinitial BW with six replicate pens per treatment and two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) per pen Sixdiets were obtained by supplementing graded levels of L‐Lysine HCl to create six dietary levels ofSID Lys (0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, 1.10% and 1.20%) In the diets with SID Lys levels from0.7% to 1.00%, the feed ingredients were kept constantly and the only change is Lys content by addingL‐Lysine∙HCl To avoid imbalance in AA patterns and keep the ideal AA pattern in all diets, there was
a small change in the feed compositions in the diets with SID Lys contents of 1.10% and 1.20% Theexperimental diets were formulated based on corn, broken rice, soya bean meal, full‐fat soya bean andwhey powder using analysed ingredient AA contents and published SID coefficients to meet or exceedminimum amino acids requirement (‘AMINODat 4.0 Platinum’ 2012; NRC 2012) Net energy (NE) in
6 diets is the same in level 10,2 MJ/kg in all diets
Trang 8Table 2.3 Ingredients composition of experimental diets of SID Lys requirement
for 30–50 kg pigs (as-fed)
Trang 9The feed was provided with semi-ad libitum and free-drinking water Pigs were weighed at thebeginning and at 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and the end of the experiment at 28 days to calculate thedaily weight (ADG) by the week and by the entire experiment period Feed was weighed daily tocalculate intake (FI) and weight gain / feed (G: F) by the week of the experiment and by the entiretime of the experiment At the end of the experiment, 12 pigs (male: female ratio was 1: 1) for eachtreatment were selected for blood sampling and analysis of plasma urea nitrogen content.
2.4.3 Estimation of optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for 10–20 kg pigs
A total of 108 crossbred pigs with an average initial BW of 11,88 kg were used in theexperiment They were allotted to one of six treatments on the basis of initial BW with six replicatepens per treatment and three pigs per pen (balanced mixed sex) The diets 1–5 with 1.13% SID Lyswas set to be second limiting AA These diets contained five graded levels of SID SAA: Lys ratios(50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, and 70%) by supplementing graded levels of DL‐Met Diet 6 was formulated
to be adequate in all AA (1.25% SID Lys) (table 2.5) The diet formulation was followed by theapproach published by Warnants et al (2003) To avoid imbalances amongst amino acids with theincreases of dietary SID Met+Cys, there were small changes in the ratios of corn and soya bean mealand some crystalline amino acids of the last diet The experimental diets were formulated based oncorn, broken rice, soya bean meal, full-fat soy and soy protein concentrate using analysed ingredient
AA contents and published SID coefficients to meet or exceed minimum amino acids requirement(‘AMINODat 5.0 Platinum’ 2016; NRC 2012) Net energy (NE) in 6 diets is the same in level 10,3MJ/kg in all diets
Table 2.5 Ingredient composition of experimental diets of optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio
for 10–20 kg pigs (as-fed)
Feed ingredients (%) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6
Trang 10Table 2.6 Nutrient composition of experimental diets of optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio
2.4.4 Estimation of optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for 30–50 kg pigs
A total of 72 crossbred pigs with an average initial BW of 32.9 kg were used in the experiment.They were allotted to one of six treatments on the basis of initial BW with six replicate pens pertreatment and two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) per pen The diets 1–5 with 1.0% SID Lys was set to
be second limiting amino acid These diets contained five graded levels of SID SAA: Lys ratios (50%,