The book of butterflies, sphinges, and moths

OfthoLarvaor Civterpillar State,.. OfthePupa,or Chrysalis State,.. TheHectorTrojiin, TheAmpbryeiusButterfly, TheCramcrianButtei-fly, TheGalanthusButterfly, TheAtysButterfly, TheMarsyasBu

Cornell University Library

».1

Date Due

^

BOOK OF BUTTERFLIES,

SPHINGES, AND MOTHS.

AITKBN,1 ST 1/

n:??^THE VAHIOLS DEI'ABTMKNTS^

L!TERATrRE.SCiE>-CESrTBE ARTS

rlUSTBD FOR WinTiaKBRTHi:4CBXR«ct

CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN,

KlIVWANIAN,AND PHKENOIOOICALSOCIETIES,ANO

PBESIDENT OFTHE ROVALPHYSICAL SOCIETY

176291

MRS COLONEL OGILVY OF CLOVA,

IIV IlEIi

OBEDIENT HUMDLE SERVANT,

THOS BROWN.

II. OfthoLarvaor Civterpillar State, 62

III. OfthePupa,or Chrysalis State, 69

IV Ofthe Senses of Lcpiiloptcrous Insects, 73

Pairing ofLepidopterousInsects, 92

V.Associations and Migrations of Lepidopterous

VI Indirect Injuries toMankindfromButterflies, 107

VIII OfMalformationsof Butterflies, HI

IX.Classification ofLepidopterousInsects, IIR

TheNettleTortoise-shell Butteifl.v,

TheOrientalEmperor

TheHectorTrojiin,

TheAmpbryeiusButterfly,

TheCramcrianButtei-fly,

TheGalanthusButterfly,

TheAtysButterfly,

TheMarsyasButtci-fly,

TheImperialTrojan,

ThejEneasButterfly,

TheAnchisesButtcifly,

TheOrange-tip Butterfly,

TheAdonisButterfly,

TheGreat CopperButtcifly,

TheCloudedYellowButterfly,

TheSilverBlueButterfly,

TheEmperoroftheWoods,

ThePlantain Fritillaiy,

TheArchippusButterfly,

ThePeranthusButterfly,

TheSwallow-tail Butterfly,

TheCambcrwell Beauty,

TheBrimstoneButtcifly,

12013113413o13B137138139140141142144145147148150151152154ISU159160161162164167

TheBro\vn Hair-StreakButterfly,

TheCassia Butterfly,

TlioDciphobusButterfly,

TheChallc-hillBlueButtoifly,

TliePhorcasButteifly, TlioMarbledButteifly,

ThePurine Hair-StreakButterfly,

TheBlackand GoldButterfly,

TheCa;rulean Butteifly,

TheApolloButterfly,

TheI'orked Butterfly,

TheLargeWhiteCabbageButterfly,

TheSilver Stripe Butterfly,

TheNicippeButterfly,

TheRadiatedButterfly,

TheSmall CopperButterfly,

TheStatirian Butterfly,

TheLicarsis Butteifly,

TlieHcleuusButterfly,

ThePlilcgia Butteifly,

TheHeliusButterfly,

TlieAmaltlicaButteifly,

TheEutrepeButterfly,

TheSynccUusButterfly, .213

TheLudovicaButtei-fly, 215

TheCleonaButterfly, 217TheRiciiii Butterfly, .218

Editionof the"BookofButterflies, Spliinges,

cha-racterwhichthe British Press hasbestowedontheWork,haveinducedthe Proprietors toadd

more perfect, by giving a varietyofnew and

The Authorhas given,intheThirdVolume,

themodemarrangement of thePapilionacea,

Xll PIJEB-ACETO THE SECOKD EDITION.

volumes

The Author hasgiven a farther account of

Silk, anda representation of that splendidsect,theTussehMothofBengal, withitscater-pillar, oneof thoselarvfcwhich producesilk.

Insects,and,from the attractive beautyof the

objects, to excite in the readersome inquiryintotheir history,which,althoughby nomean^

asap-ciatingwithit"the scenes ofhischildhood, so

dinary processbywliichsosingular aproduction

of their' lives, suffered in some wayfrom the

The means bywhichtheyeffect this,forms nottheleastinterestingpartoftheirhistory

and economyofananimalwhichhas, fornearly

Silk-worm Moth Ofthe millionswhowear,inone

fabrics manufactured from thecocoon of this

little creature, howfew, comparatively, know

it isproduced Onthisdivision of thesubject

Importance of themanufacturetoGreatBritain,

aswellas tomanyContinentalStates IfIhave

whatnaturalistsmightconsiderasafault

singu-larityofthe shape and markingsof theinsect,

the book is cliicflyintended I have, at the

de-scriptions of such terms ascan be understood

Entomologyis, of all branches of natural

science,themost comprehensive Thereappears

tobenolimits toit ; andIamconvinced, that

part Microscopicinvestigationhasshown,that

themost minuteinsectwchaveyet discovered,

isliable tobeinhabitedbya parasitestillmorr

lostinwonder

atten-tion from the earliest natural historians, yet

it has, till very lately, been much neglected,

triflingandchildish pursuit Weare told by

that" ThisFlytookitsnamefromthe ingenious

suffer-edforhercuriosity Somerelationsthatwere

relations and legatees cited Sir Hans Sloane

able inquiry into thewonderful worksof Creation,

satirical lashof DrWalcot's penforasimilar

toEntomology, by MessrsKirbyandSpencc,

Insect Architecture, and Insect Miscellanies

noliighcraimthan that of collecting a picture

bytheirbeautyorsingularity,itwould not be

difficultto saymuch Canitbe necessaryto

whom intellectual pleasures, however trifling,

Spitalfieldweaversoccupytheir leisurehoursin

Oristhere, in truth,anythingmoretobe wished

tifully illustratesthepleasuretobederivedfrom

—

Oft liiivc I smiled tliohappypride to see

Ofliuinhletradesmenin theireveningglee.Whenofsomepleasing fanciedgoodposscsl, Eiirhgrewalert,wasbusy,and wasblest

;

Or, mngnificd in microscope, the mite,

Orwhethertuniblci's, croppers, carriers, seize

Thegentlemind,they rule it,andthey please Tliorc ismyfriend tlicweaver,—strong desircB

Reignin his breast ; 'tisbeautyho admires:

See! to theshady grove he wingshisway

Andfeels inhopethe rapture of theday;

Kiigcrheloolss,and soonto glad his eyes.

Fromthesweetbower byNaturefonu'd, arise

Bright troops of virginmoths,andfresh-born butterflies,

Whobmkethatmoniing fromtheir half-year's sleep.

Tofly o*er flowers,wheretheywerewontto creep.

ThePurpleEmpVor,strong inwing and limbs;

Tlicre fairCamillatakesherflight soronc,

Adonisblue,and Paphia,silverqueen;

AVith everyfilmy fly,frommeadtobower

Andliungry Si)hinx,whothreadsthchoncyMflower;

Sheo'er the Larkspur's bed,whoresweetsabound,Viewsev'ry bell,andhumstheapproving sound;

Poisedon hereasyplumes,with feeling nice,

She draws fromevery flower,nortries a floret twice, ITe fearsnobailiff's ^^Tath,nobaron'sblame.Hisis untax'dandundisputedgame,*

• Page no.

But-terflies, Sphinges, and Moths, there will be

utility, recommends the study of Nature to

mankind:it isaninexhaustiblesource ofrational

ex-erciseofourreasoningfaculties Insurveying

ofNatureraisestheminduptoNature'sGod."

works were designed to afford His rational

Jere-miahsays, inreference to theknowledgeof the

" appointed times," and " the times oftheir

the field, asaffordinggood morallessons St

doc-trines,by anillustrationof thepossibilityofthe

will,however,Ithink,be foundinthe

||

Wherever the student ofNature turns his

•PaovEnns,vi 6. +Jekemiah,viii 7.

admiration andhiswonder; deepreflectionon

Findtongiiea in trees,booksin the living broolo,

Sermonsin stones,and goodin every thing.

" Inamoralview," saysananonymouswriter,

"Ishallnot,Ibelieve,becontradictedwhenIsay, that, if one train of thinking be more

thephenomenaof nature with a constant

made this the ruling, the habitual sentiment

re-lation toHim. Everyorganized naturalbody,

pur-We

bodies—examined in their parts, wonderfully

different manner, and with a very different

exci-tedby any languagethat canbe usedbyothers."

iipleasing subject ofcontemplationtothehuman

known as an undoubted fact, especially by the

imagi-naryin Britain, so late astheyearl634 Sir

Theo-doreMayeme, whoeditedMouffet'sworkoninsects,entitled, Insectorum sivi Animaiium Theatrtan,

says, " that ifanimalsare transmuted, somaymetals."

These astonishinganddiversifiedtransitions inthe insect tribes,so wellknownto theancients,

wereutterlyunacquainted with thetruths ofmodern

physiological discoveries, so thatthefactofa

cater-pillarbeing transformedintoabutterfly,musthave

transmigration ofsouls. There can be but little

ated fromthis cause Nothing could appear to

aninertaureliashould be again transformedintoa

livingbody The onlymethodtheyhad for

whohasdi'unkwine,shallmigi-ate intoamothor

fly,andbedoomedtofeedon ordure;andthat the

man whostealsgoldfromapriest,shall inhabita

Induc-tion totheTamingoftheShrew "AmInotoldSly's son,bybirthapedlar, by educationa card-

pro-fessiona tinker?"

The storyofthe phoenixarising fromitsown

ashes,isno doubt ofsimilar origin Thetradition

is, that itlivesfiveor six hundredyearsinthe

itselfapile ofsweetwood andaromaticgums,andfiring itwith the waftingofitswings,thusdestroys

itself Jwhilefromitsashesarisesaworm, whichin

wliichcreatedmuchspeculationamongthelearned

years Itwasconsideredsacred tothesun

Theancientsmade manyallusions tothe

builtanumberof theirfictionson them The

my-thological tale ofCupid andPsyche,isanallegory

ofthehuman soul,whichissometimescherished,

inGreek

>|"'X''> signifiesthesoul, as alsoabutterfly;

revivalfrom a seeming temporarydeath Cupidis

sur-XXVI INTRODUCTION.

Thisfableisperhaps the inventionofApuleius,as no

earlierdate Apuleiuscalls itanoldwoman'sstory

andputsitintothemouthofanoldhagina caveofrobbers, tosooththe grief of a younglady theircaptive

Itisworthyofremark, that thefiguresofCupid

gemscalledAbraxas, from thenameofthe Egyptian

deity,whoseworship the GnosticsandBasilidians in

andperils.

showthatthefable ofCupid andPsycheisderived

profanation ofthe vulgareye Itishighly probable

that ofthemanygemsinwhichtheGodofLoveis

INTRODUCTION XXVU

agreatnumberare anterior tothetime ofApiileius,

andallude tosacredceremonies:thatthebutterfly

chasing,tormenting,caressing,and sportingwith a

butterfly, are emblematic of desireacting on the

humansoul: butitdoesnotfollowthattheyhaveanyallusion toafictionresembling thatofApuleius

ancientand moresublimeinvention

talesofmarvel

speaking, consistratherinaseriesofdevelopments

transitionofchangesinorganswhichlayconcealedfromhumanview, thecaterpillarbeingcompoundin

inasuccession of cases Thefirst isthe coveringof

the perfect insect emerges from its confinement

theskinsofthelarvaand pupaenvelopedineach

other,andalsothebutteiflywithall itsorgans,but

these inafluidstate. Malpighi discovered withinthe chrysalisofa silkworm, thatwas only afew

theBombyxdisparwere discovered by Reaumur

Althoughthese discoveriesdisproveallmiraculous

intervention,stillwearewonderstruck onreflectingthat thissimplelarva,whenfirst itemerges fromtheegg,notthickerthanathread ofsilk, should

covering,—themaskofanaureliaand abutterfly,foldedinthe most astonishingmannerover each

digestive organs,a nervous system,andmusclesof

isinconceivablehowthese successivechanges should

beeffected,through the agencyofthefoodwhich

Andwhatis stillmoreincomprehensible,is,that

contain Inthis perfect condition,it deprivedof

period ofitsexistence,itemits from that stomach

doing

Theknowledgeofallthese factsshut out thestrict

resurrection ofthehumanbody;yetitaffordsa

stri-kingpicture of thateventful change Swammerdam,

butter-flies, thatwesee thereintheresurrectionpainted

beforeoureyes,andexemplifiedsoas tobe

TheRev.MrKirbymakesthis interesting allusion

tothesubject:"Butalthough the analogybetween

•Hill'sSwammerdam,vol p.127,a.

thedifferent states of insects,andthoseofthebody

(ifman,isonlygeneral,yetit ismuchmorecompletewithrespect to his soul Hefirstappearsin thisfrail

body—achild ofthe earth—a crawlingworm —his

amoreperfectandglorious existence Whenithas

finished this course,itcasts off this vilebody,and

rests from itsworks,and is preparedfor its final

former,though geiminating fromit, forthough '

it

was sown ananimal body,itshallberaiseda

spirit-ual body,'endowedwithaugmentedpowers,faculties,

andprivilegescommensuratetoitsnewand happy

state Andheretheparallelholdsperfectlybetweentheinsectandtheman Thebutterfly,therepre-sentativeof thesoul,ispreparedinthe larvafor its

future state of glory;andif itbe not destroyedby

spirituallifeofthesoul,itwillcometoitsstate ofrepose in tliepupa, which is its Hades; and atlength,whenitassumes the imago, breakforthwith

INTRODUCTION XXXI

reignoflove Sothat,in thisviewofthesubject,

—

Noav^accorgoto voi, clio noisiamvernii,

Nati aformal' raiigcUca farfalla?"•

Theseideas are beautifullydevelopedinthe

insectiscorrectly depicted:

—

Theshades of nightwerescarcely fled,

Theairwasmild, thewinds worestill,

Andslowthe slantingsunbeamsspread

O'erwoodand lawn,o'erheath andhill.

Fromfleecy clouds of pearlyhue

Haddropt a short butbalmy shower,

Thathunglikegemsofmorningdew

Oneverytreeand everyflower.

Andfromtho blackbird'smellowthroat

Waspour'd so loudandlongaswell.

Asecho'd with responsive note

Frommountainsideandsliadowy di'U.

Theoffspring of enrapturedMay,

Lanch'din fullsplendouronthe day.

•Doyou not perceive thatwcore caterpillars,bomto foim tbe

an-11 INTRODUCTION.

Unconsciousof amother'scare.

Noinfant wi'etchedness slieknew

Butas she felt the vernal air,

Atonceto full perfection grew.

Herslender form, ethereal light.

Hervolvct-tcxturcdwingsenfold ;

Withall the rainbow's colours bright,Anddroptwithspots of burnish 'd gold.

Trembling withjoy awhileshe stood.Andfelt the sun's enlivening ray ;

Andwondor'datherplumage gay

Andbalancedoftherbroider'dmngs.Throughfields of air prepared to sail

Thenon hervcnt'rousjourneysprings,Andfloatsalongthe rising gale.

Go,child of pleasure, range the fields.Tasteall the joys thatSpringcan give.

Partake what boxmtcousSummeryields,Andlive, whilst yet 'tis thine to live.

Go,sip the rose's fragrantdew

Thelily's lionoy'dcupexplore.

Fromflower to flower the searchrenew

Andrifle all thewoodbine'sstoreAndletmotracethyvagrant flight.

Thymoments,too, of short repose,Andmarktheethenwith fresh deliglit

Tliygoldenpinionsopeandclose.

Buthark! whilst thus Imusingstaml, Poui"sonthe galeanairy note ;

And,breathingfroma viewlesshand,

Soft silvery tonesaroundmefloat

Tlioy cease—butstill a voice I hear,

AwliispcrM voice ofhope andjoy,

Preparetbec, mortal ! tlioumustdie !

Another dayshall still unfold,

Asunofmilderradiance rise,

Ahappier age of joys untold.

'* SluiU the poorwormtliat sliocks thy sight,

Thehumblest formin Nature's train,

Thusrise innew-bornlustre bright,

** All !where were once her goldeneyes,

Herglittering \ving« of purple piidc ?ConcealM beneatharudedisguise,

Asliapelcss mass, to earth allied.

**Likethee the hapless reptile lived.

LiketheehetoilM, like theehespun.

Likethine his closinghourarrived,

Hislabour ceased, hiswebwasdone.

Nohappier state of beingknow?

Andshallnofuturemorrowshed

Onthee abeamofbnglUtr glow?

"Is tliis theboundofpowerdiyine

Tonnimnto aninsectframe?

Orshallnothewhomouldedthine.

Wakeat his will the vital flame ?

*'Go, mortal! inthyreptile state.

Go, andthe joyful truth relate,

Frail child of earth,highheir ofheavenI"

Itwouldbedifficultto assignacause,whyinsects

to perfection? Thisisa questionwhichisnot easy

state,theyarenot only extremelyvoracious, but,possessingastomachneai'lythesizeof theirwhole

periodoftheirexistence is by far the longest

ofthose organswhich are destinedto formtlieir

future corporeal condition,theybecomeanaurelia,

anycravings ofhunger Thereaftertheyassume

theirstomachs are contracted toa tenthof their

food atall,oronlysipthe nectarof flowers After

thisperiod,thechiefaimtheanimalseemstohave

candivertitfromitspurpose

The newrelationswhich thissingular mentintroduces into nature, arenotlesswonderfulthanstriking; foroneindividualanimal combines

arrange-in itselfthreeanimals, inallrespects specificallydifferent,whosemannerofexisting,andalimentary

toads,andwater newts, undergometamorphosesin

somerespectsanalogoustothoseoftheinsect tribes;

the first form ofthese beinga tadpole,wliich is

their skinsby anoperationsomewhatsimilar tothe

theirmetamorphosisatallresembling the pupa,orchrysalis state in insects.*

Allinsects pass through four states,—^namely,

orchrysalis; andtheimago,orperfect insect So

calledbyLinneus, because thecreaturehasthrown

offitsmask, and hasbecomeaperfectimageofits

species ThesedifferentformsIshalltreat in cession The egg statewill apply tothewhole

tothethree genera,Buttei-flies,Sphinges,andMoths,andgiveadetailedaccount,inthefirst instance,

of Butterflies; reserving the most singular facts

When wealterthesoilofa countrybytural operations,plants will follow,of their own

agricul-accord,the progress ofman's improvement; and

to find theirwaythither Itwouldbedifficulttogive asatisfactory accounthowthis takes place

Letbrassicasbe introducedintothe mostremote