Di chuyển lao động có kỹ năng của việt nam trong cộng đồng ASEAN tt tiếng anh

Hence, the study of the Thesis titled "The mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN Community" aims at contributing to a comprehensive and objective assessment of the scientific

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES



HA THI MINH DUC

MOBILITY OF VIETNAMESE SKILLED WORKERS IN ASEAN COMMUNITY

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN ECONOMICS

Hanoi - 2019

The Doctoral thesis was completed at:

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisor: 1 Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Chien Thang

2 Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Ba Ngoc

Reviewer 1: Prof PhDoS Nguyen Quang Thai

Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Ngo Quang Minh

Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Hai

The doctoral thesis will be examined by Examination Board of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

At 447 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi

The doctoral thesis can be found at:

- National Library of Viet Nam;

- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

LIST OF PUBLISHED WORK

1 Hà Thị Minh Đức and Nguyễn Bá Ngọc (2016), “Benefits of skilled

labour mobility amongst countries in ASEAN Economicy Community”,

Regional Sustainable Journal, Volume 6, No 2

2 Nguyễn Bá Ngọc, Hà Thị Minh Đức (2016), “Opportunities, challenges

and policy implication to skilled labour mobility under the Mutual Recognition Agreements inASEAN”, Labour Science and Social Affairs

Journal, Quarter III

3 Hà Thị Minh Đức, Nguyễn Bá Ngọc (2016), “How will skill mobility

bring economic benefits to the ASEAN Member Countries and the

International Conference o Emerging Challenges: Partnership Enhancement ICECH2016

4 Nguyễn Bá Ngọc, Hà Thị Minh Đức (2017), “Skilled labour mobility in

ASEAN – affecting factors”,Labour Science and Social Affairs Journal,

Quarter III

5 Hà Thị Minh Đức, Nguyễn Bá Ngọc (2017), “Development of Female

International Conference o Emerging Challenges: Partnership Enhancement ICECH2016

6 Hà Thị Minh Đức (2018), “Solutions promoting the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers to overseas upto 2025”,Asia-Pacific

Economics Journal, November Publication

INTRODUCTION

1 The necessitiy of the Thesis’ subject

In the context of joining ASEAN Community, changes in Technology revolution 4.0 and aging population status, participation in the domestic and intra-ASEAN labor market of Viet Nam faces with a lot of challenges Viet Nam has promulgated many strategies and policies to promote more Vietnamese skilled workers to work abroad However, up to now, the results show that Viet Nam has neither fully utilized its advantages nor fully grasped the available and potential opportunities for sending workers to work abroad in a more benefitable manner, both in the short and long terms Therefore, it is necessary to review the strategies, policies and trends of national migrating workers to ASEAN to find a more effective

direction Hence, the study of the Thesis titled "The mobility of Vietnamese skilled

workers in ASEAN Community" aims at contributing to a comprehensive and

objective assessment of the scientific basis, current situation, context, challenges and from those recommending the solutions to improve the mobility of skilled workers

in the regional economic block, enhancing the competitiveness of Vietnamese workers in the regional integration process and in the context of Industrial Revolution 4.0

2 Research objective

2.1 Overall objective

Make clear the scientific basis and current situation of the mobility of Vietnamese skilled labour in the ASEAN Community, thereby proposing appropriate solutions toward actively and effectively participating actively, ensuring national interests and benefits of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN labor market

2.1 Specific objectives

- Analyzing and clarifying the theoretical and practical bases of the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers (the outflow of skilled workers) in the process of joining the ASEAN Economic Community of Viet Nam; studying the experiences of other countries in supporting and managing skilled labor movement in the regional and international markets

- Assessing and analyzing the current situation of the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN Community during 2006-2017 period; the main results, limitations including in State management, opportunities, challenges and impacts of

the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers in the ASEAN Community on the economic development and with the Vietnamese workers themselves

socio Assessing the roles and intervention tools of ASEAN Community (declaration, agreements, policies, mechanisms and policies supporting mobillity of skilled workers in ASEAN)

- Proposing solutions on mechanisms and policies for developing and managing the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN Community, improving the quality of human resources to meet integration requirements

3 Research Subjects and Scope

3.1 Research subjects

- The mobility of the Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN

- The management of mobility of the Vietnamese skilled workers

3.2 Research scope

- Duration under research: The statistics of the thesis will be gathered in all three phases including before, during and after the official launching of the ASEAN Community (2006-2018)

- Subjects under research: the Thesis limit its study to the flows of documented Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN according to and in compliance with the Vietnamese and other ASEAN Members‟ legislations

The Thesis does not cover the subjects under the coverage of the ASEAN Agreements on Movement of Natural Persons (MNP) However, the relationship in comparison with these above-mentioned subjects in terms of structure, scale, quality, protection policies and management experiences will be considered in the research process

4 Research Methodology

4.1 Research methodology and approach

The thesis uses dialectical and historical materialism to study The analysis, evaluation and proposals of the thesis are made based on the from-theory-to-reality approach, comparing and reconciling reality with the theory in an overall and systematic manner of issues under research The thesis inherits the point of views and theories on migration which have been widely acknowledged and applies theories of migration (theory on civil migration, neo-classical theory, social network theory, human capital theory, integration and trans-national cooperation theory,

labor market theories, management theories)

4.2 Research methods

Many methods have been used including: synthesis and analysis,logical and historical methods, inductation and interpretation, descriptive statistical analysis, data collection and processing

5 New academic contribution of the thesis

* Academics:

- Systematizing the theories of international labour movement, especially movements of skilled workers in the regional economic block and under the impact

of the Industrial Revolution 4.0

- Determining the nature and requirements of mobility management, influencing factors and evaluation criteria of the movement of a country's skilled workers to other countries in the regional economic block

* Practicality:

- Reviewing and assessing the macroeconomic context, labour market and the benefits of participating in intra-ASEAN labour migration to Viet Nam's economy and society

- Analyzing the current situation of the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers

in ASEAN Community over the past time, the efficiency and effectiveness of mobility management; pointing out the main influencing factors, the successes and limitations of Viet Nam, assessing the causes of limitations

- Clearly assessing the situation, trends, opportunities and challenges, mobility scenarios in the coming time and proposing points of views and solutions for Viet Nam to actively select and participate in the movements of skilled workers in ASEAN Community in an effective manner in the future in the context or deeper and broader regional integration and impacted by the Industrial Revolution 4.0

6 Structure of the thesis

In addition to the introduction, conclusions, appendices and list of references, the thesis consits of 4 Chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of research situation related to the subject of the thesis Chapter 2: Scientific bases on movements of skilled workers in regional economic block and experiences of other countries

Chapter 3: Current situation of the mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN Community

Chapter 4: Points of views and solutions for mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers of Viet Nam in ASEAN Community

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT RESEARCHES

1 Overview of relevant researches

Current researches mainly focus on general theories on international labour movement, explaining causes for labour movernment in different economic development periods However, there has been no research on labour movement within a regional economic block, particularly the movement of skilled workforce Each theory introduces a different approach for explanation of the phenomenon but fails to analyze the core content, nature, requirement for management of labour movement and influencing factors as well as assesment indicators in the context of international integration and industrial revolution Therefore, those researches have not reflected typical features of skilled labour movement in the regional economic block in the context of regional and international human resource competitiveness

2 In addition to researches aimed at providing a theoretical framework for international labor mobility, there are many modern practical studies focusing on analyzing relevant issues to find out the trends and rules of labor movement in general Studies on labor mobility in the ASEAN Community are quite various and continuous from before the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community so far, from an overview of ASEAN studies to the movement of each country's labor into ASEAN or of each ASEAN country to other countries The contents of these studies are comparatively fully analyzed from the situation to policies assesment and factors affecting labor flow However, in the period 2015-2018 and in the coming time, with the changes of ASEAN in general and of each member country of the ASEAN Community in particular, the current evaluations become less relevant Therefore, it is necessary to have a review with the current situation and information as well as updated trends on the mutual recognition of the skills of the block, the trend of 4.0 industrial revolution when some industries are at risk of disappearance and economic development orientation of countries have changed in the new context, etc

From the overview of current research works, the study gaps can be drawn as follows:

First, the theoretical gap about skilled labor movement in a regional economic

community (research approach, nature, definition of skilled labour and movement of skilled labour, mobility forms, influencing factors, criteria for assessing the participation of a country in regional labor mobility and the state's management of migration)

Second, the gap of practical analysis with up-to-date information on Viet

Nam's participation in skilled labor movement in ASEAN, labour flows moving mainly to countries according to qualifications and professions / areas of trades, according to the forms of movement, actual income, professional capacity, English proficiency and Viet Nam's participation in implementing Mutual Recognition

Agreements (MRAs) among ASEAN countries

Third, gaps in the new context (especially the international integration and impact

of the Industrial Revolution 4.0) and challenges, strategic views of Viet Nam and especially solutions for growth model, enhancing the capacity and efficiency of the state managment, improvement of human resources quality, supporting services and labour cooperation to meet the requirements of international integration and development as skilled labor moving within the ASEAN labor market

Therefore, conducting the research on: "Mobility of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN Community" will contribute to narrowing and overcoming gaps in theoretical basis, practical basis and recommend policies and solutions for Viet Nam to have a highly competitive human resource, meeting the requirements of international integration and effective management of the mobility of Vietnames skilled labour movement in ASEAN Community

2 Research questions, research hypotheses and research framework of the thesis 2.1 Research question

- What is nature of skilled labor movement in the regional economic block, what are the influencing factors, what are the criteria to evaluate the effectiveness skilled labor force movement of a country?

- To what extent is the capacity of Vietnamese skilled workers and their ability compared to the requirements of the ASEAN labor market?; major limitations for the movement of skilled Vietnamese labor in the ASEAN Community; what are the main causes?

- International integration, opportunities and challenges; the views and solutions for Viet Nam to actively and effectively participate in the mobility of skilled workers within the ASEAN Community?

2.4.2 Research assumption

The issues raised by the thesis are studied according to the following assumptions:

- Viet Nam's skilled labor movement in ASEAN has many limitations in terms

of human resources quality as well as the competitiveness of workforce and effectiveness and efficiency of state management (growth model, legal framework, implementation organization, monitoring and evaluation and improvement of mobility efficiency)

- The movement of Vietnamese skilled workers under MRAs is not the optimal option in the current context

- Viet Nam can still take advantage of many opportunities, especially in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 context and promote its strengths as well as deal with challenges and limitations to promote labour mobility and enhance capabilities for moving skilled workers in ASEAN to integrate successfully and effectively

2.4.3 Research logframe

Research logframe on movement of Vietnamese skilled workers in ASEAN

BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH ON MOVEMENT OF VIETNAMESE SKILLED WORKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF ASEAN, REGIONAL AND

Management of labour movement

RESEARCH CRITERIA

(based on the

migration effect theory:

- Income -Technology and labour competency -Labour market flexibility

(based on the theory of labour movement, general

management theory and labour market governance theory in

particular)

FACTORS INFLUENCUNG THE MOVEMENT OF

VIETNAMESE SKILLED WORKERS IN ASEAN

(based on the labour market, human capital, labour

movemet, integration and development theory)

English…)

General regulations on movement of skilled workers

in ASEAN and commitment for

implementation

Vietnamese developmet framework (including movement

of labour) and

management

capacity

Conclusion of Chapter 1

Chapter 1 has analyzed and reviewed domestic and foreign studies related to the thesis topic It is possible to conclude on the issues that have been studied and agreed as follows:

First, the theoretical issues of international labor mobility are of research great

interest, but there have not been in depth studies on the theory of skilled labor mobility in the regional economic block, particularly for ASEAN The thesis has identified a framework for studying Vietnamese skilled labor movement in the ASEAN Community The research framework is based on the theory of labor mobility, management theory in general and labor market management in particular, human capital thẻoy, integration and development theory This is an important basis for the thesis to continue to study more in-depth, especially on the nature, content of movement, management of mobility, influencing factors, criteria for evaluating effectiveness of movement

Secondly, although there are some practical studies evaluating the mobility of

international labor and mobility in ASEAN countries, there is still a lack of in-depth analysis and comprehensive evaluation of Viet Nam's participation in moving skilled labor in this block as an active member to build the ASEAN Community and the common labor market of ASEAN, especially in the context of integration with new investment and trade conditions, services and technology

Thirdly, identifying research "gaps" is very important; the writer of this thesis

has assessed these research gaps, thereby building research questions, research assumptions and research framework of the thesis to supplement the existing research issues

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON MOVEMENT OF SKILLED

WORKERS IN THE ECONOMIC BLOCK AND EXPERIENCES OF

OTHER COUNTRIES 2.1 General concepts

2.1.1.Basic concepts

The thesis examines and gives some basic concepts:

- Movement / labour mobility 1: to describe workers who "move" to a new place to perform labor contracts for a certain period of time (temporary nature)

- International labor movement is the movement of labor from one country to

another in search of employment opportunities and better income than the original place

- Movement/ movement of workers in the regional economic block: workers in

member countries of an economic block (with close economic link) move to another

country in the same block under the impact of supply - demand in the general labor market, economic institutions and regional economic cooperation commitments

- Skill: is understood as the ability to actualize knowledge When one or more

certain actions are repeated over and over, a skill is formed

- Workers with skills/ skilled workers: the so called “skilled workers” must be

trained from college level or above

- Recognition of skills: recognition of certain standard skills among countries A

mutual recognition / recognition agreement (MRA-Mutual Recognition Arrangement) is an international agreement in which two or more countries

recognize the appropriate assessment of another country In the context of this thesis, the MRA refers to the Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications

- Migration of skilled labor under the Mutual Recognition Agreement: (MRAs)

among ASEAN countries is the free movement of highly qualified (skilled) workers among ASEAN countries in search of employment opportunities and better working conditions, subject to the requirements of the ASEAN Service Sectoral Framework Agreement 1995 (AFAS), which includes provisions on movement of natural persons (MNP)

- The ability of skilled workers to participate in international and regional labor

mobility refers to the capacity of skilled workers in specific occupations and the

ability to intervene and influence from outside (rules and legal regulations on labor mobility of AEC and countries, labor supply and demand in 8 occupations .) to support skilled workers to move in the international and regional labor market

2.2 Some theories related to labor mobility

The thesis uses some theories such as: Ernest Ravenstein's theory of migration for economic motivation, Harvey B King's theory of migration from economic factors, neo-classical theory, "human capital" theory, "social networking theory,

integration theory and transnational theory

2.3 Nature and content of skilled labor movement

2.3.1 Nature

The nature of skilled labor mobility for individuals s economic and life benefits, knowledge and experience benefits As for the labor market, it meets the needs of socio-economic development and depends on the economic mechanism of each region, each country

2.3.2 Content and requirements

The content of skilled labor movement is understood as: (i) Framework and policies for migrant workers; (ii) Resources and capacity of mobility (also known as skills and capacity of mobility) of workers; (iii) Form of labor migration (spontaneous or organized); and (iv) Management of skilled labor migration

For effective implementation of skilled labor movement in the regional economic block , each member state needs to have regional and bilateral commitments and effectively implement those commitments throughproper managementmeasures

2.4 Management of skilled labor movement in the regional economic block

State management (state management) on skilled labor movement is considered through the following aspects: 1/ Developing frameworks, mechanismsand policies; 2/ Managing and developing skills before moving; 3/ Manage the migration process; and 4/ Managing the use of returning skilled workers

2.5 Factors affecting the flow of skilled workers to work in the regional economic block such as: The demand for skilled labor; ability to provide skilled

labor; legal framework, development model and implementation capacity of regional and individual member countries

2.6 Criteria for assessing the movement of skilled labor of a country in the regional economic block include: Scale and number of skilled workers moving;

Structure and quality of labor involved in movement (Structure of labor movement

by occupation and structure of labor mobility according to qualifications); and State management efficiency

2.7 The benefits of skilled labor movement in the regional economic blockr include: Direct economic benefits in narrowing the development gap;

Benefits of knowledge and technology and; Improvement of skills and flexibility in the labor market

2.8 Experience of some countries and lessons for Viet Nam

After studying the experiences of two typical countries with a large number of migrant workers compared to other countries in the world and a large amount of remittances as well as a long history of migration to find work abroad, it reveals that Philippines is an ASEAN member state but does not target ASEAN as the main market while Bangladesh is non-member country but their workers moves and

competes fiercely with intra-regional labor, especially at Singapore, a fastidious market of ASEAN From these studies, lessons can be drawn for Viet Nam as follows:

Firstly, oversea employment is defined as a long-term solution to contribute to

the country's economic development through remittances sent to reinvest and utilize the knowledge of the workers upon return This is the chance for developping country with potential labour supply can quickly achieve its growth target

Secondly, step by step improve the quality of labor, gradually shifting from

bringing low skilled workers to high-qualified / technical workers In particular, foreign language skills, skills, knowledge and skills must be improved (especially English and some languages of countries with deep economic cooperation or countries in the region); increase awareness and attitudes of workers who go and work abroad in a professional direction; properly assess the country's skilled labor needs and promote vocational education cooperation with the host country or base

on the international standards to enhance bilateral or multilateral mutual recognition

of qualifications

Thirdly, renovating the growth model and sythetizing the strategy with the

implemementation process; ensuring the feasibility of the policies at different levels

It is necessary to manage the flow of skilled workers to limit the negative impacts to the economy, particularly “brain drain” in the sectors that need to keep skilled workers for domestic needs; taking use of remittances for reinvestment and restructuring the economy as bases for socio-economic development in the new context and suitable with the strength in terms of skills and potentials of the labour forces

Forthly, constantly improving the legal system of domestic and foreign labor

management in a consistent and unified manner, encouraging labor migration; strengthen the system of mobility support services and law to protect workers when going abroad to work; perfecting the organization, management and implementation system both at home and abroad; Synchronizing strategies with implementation; ensure the feasibility of policies at all levels It is necessary to manage skilled labor flows to limit negative impacts on the economy, especially brain drain in sectors that need to keep skilled labor for domestic needs; take advantage of overseas remittance resources and skills to reinvest and restructure the economy, serving as a basis for socio-economic development in a new context and in accordance with the strengths

of skills and potentials of labor force

Fiftly, respect and appreciate the contributions of migrant workers to the

development of the country including financial and technical resources, proactive in protecting migrant workers, expanding the level of coverage of the social security system and creating networks to receive and handle migrant workers' problems in proper manner throughbilateral cooperation with the receiving countries

Sixthly, fundamentally renovate the education and vocational training system

towards integration with the region and the world to create real capacity for future employees including hard skills and soft skills Encourage the participation of