To promote the values and wisely use natural resources in the wetland according to the Ramsar convention, titled " Study on scientific basis of integrated management of GGMF, Dong Thap p
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUREAND RURAL DEVELOPMENTVIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES
SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS
HA NOI - 2019The thesis is completed at:
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
Trang 2Scientific guide: Associate Professor Ph.D Ngo Đinh Que
Dr Nguyen Chi Thanh
Trang 4Now the management of Melaleuca forests (MF) in many forestmanagement units have been implementing as a “single approach”means that based on mainly Melaleuca forest while other factors ofwetland ecosystem such as water, soil, fauna, flora, landscape, etc arenot still concerned significantly Keeping the year-round high waterlevel to reduce the risk of forest fires has changed from wetlandasonallyinundated ecosystems to year-round inundation, resulting in lessdeveloped melaleuca, wetlandasonally inundated grassland habitatsnarrowed from that reduces the habitat of many animals In addition, thelegal provisions on exploitation and uwetland of natural resources inspecial forests are only regulated for forest and special forests in uplandareas, while the resources of wetland in the special forests are in thewetland not clearly defined
The Management Board of Gao Giong Forest is managing 1,492.5
ha, located in the Plain of Reeds, which is one of the importantecoecological areas in the Mekong Delta The management method ofMelaleuca forest in Gao Giong (MFGG) is to both carry out thefunction of conwetlandrving biodiversity, using forest resourcesreasonably with the participation of LC
To promote the values and wisely use natural resources in the
wetland according to the Ramsar convention, titled " Study on scientific basis of integrated management of GGMF, Dong Thap province” has
been implemented to propose integrated management methods to meetthe goal of forest protection and biodiversity conservation with rationaluse of forest resources with the participation of local communities (LC)
as a management measure synthesize samples so that MF on otherwetlands have similar conditions of reference, is meaningful andnecessary job
Trang 52 Objectives
Overall objectives: Proposing a model of management of MF in GaoGiong based on the scientific basis of the relationship of Melaleuca forestwith the factors of wetland under the approach of ecosystem managementwith the participation of LC, exploiting and using natural resources of
MF and wetlands in a sustainable way while maintaining the function andvalue of melaleuca and ecosystems
Specific goal: (i) Determining the effect of inundation regime,habitat and seasonal regimes on forest and wetland resources as a basisfor proposing a scientific basis for the integrated management ofMelaleuca forest ecosystems; (ii) Proposing an integrated managementmodel of Melaleuca forest based on the ecological relationship betweenMelaleuca forest with local community participationand, linkingconservation with other exploitation, sustainable use and benefitsharing
3 The scientific and practical significance of the thesis
Scientific significance: (i) Building scientific arguments as a basis topropose integrated management solutions for a Melaleuca forest onwetlands based on the study of natural factors and social factors;; (ii)Contribute scientific data to a research database of MF and wetland inVietnam
Practical implications: Displaying integrated management measures
of Melaleuca forest in Gao Giong as a sample managementmeasures for other Melaleuca forest management boards that have thesame conditions for reference and study
4 New point of the thesis
Determining the scientific basis of the management of Melaleucaforest on the wetland area according to the ecosystem approach based
on the relationship between the elements of MF, herbaceous, animals,soil under inundation regime and habitats
Trang 6Proposing an integrated management model of Melaleuca forest onthe wetland area in Gao Giong, Dong Thap province according to thepurpose of sustainable use of ecosystem resources with the participation
of the local community but still maintaining the functions and value ofmelaleuca forest and wetlands
5 Thesis layout
The thesis has 147 pages, including 49 tables, 68 figures, 113references, and is structured into the following contents:
Introduction: 4 pages
Chapter 1 Overview of studies: 24 pages
Chapter 2 Content and methods: 22 pages
Chapter 3 Result and discussion: 83 pages
Conclusions and recommendations: 2 pages
Published works related to the topic: 1 page
Trang 7Melaleuca (cajuputi Melaleuca Powell) referred to as cajuputi Melaleuca belongs to the Myrtaceae family, is one of 10 species that constitute the M leucadendra complex , also known
as M Leucadendron [20], [76] Naturally distributed in
Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea However, this species isalso widely distributed in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia,Myanmar, Thailand , Vietnam and India [75] Melaleucacajuputi distributes mainly in the coastal regions of the hot and humidtropics with the highest average temperature in the hottest month is
31 - 33 0 C; The lowest average temperature in the coldest month is
17 - 220 C ; live best in coastal wetlands; in which the soil is formedfrom alluvial deposits, rich in organic matter, poor drainage capacity,low fertility, high sulfate acid [81]
management according to the ecosystem approach (2009) [32] lists 12guidelines, which highlight is wetlandeking the appropriate balance andintegration of conwetlandrvation and use of bio-diversity; attract theparticipation of stakeholders; and should consider all types of relevantinformation, including scientific and indigenous and local knowledge,innovation and practicality
The studies on MF management on wetland areas
Trang 8Results of Yamanoshita Takashi (2001) [106] in the Thai wetlands,the height of the trees during the rainy season is greater than the dryseason Planted forest on the ridge is 23.7% largerthan unrooted plantation (Nakabayashi Kazua (2001) [100]) Results ofthe control of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the South East region ofSouth Florida, United States by biological means more effectivethan mechanical measures (Turner TD (1998) [107]) ; To preventencroachment of alien species and increawetland biodiversity inwetland areas in South Florida National Park, an integratedmanagement strategy has been developed , including the participation
of local comunity and encourage economic wetlandctors toparticipate (Frank J Mazzotti (1997) [85]) ; To understand fully thevalue ecosystem requires discussion with the community to identify thewetland ecosystem services from countries and areas of wetland,which has emphasized the role of indigenous knowledge of localcommunity (Russi (2013) [105] ); To sustainable use of wetlandsaccording to the ecosystem approach has been highly consensus ofstakeholder when harmonizing the aspects of social, environmental andeconomic benefits (Harrington (2011) [87])
In summary, the management of melaleuca and wetlands in theworld is based on the goal of integrated management, not only foreconomic purposes, managing and using all the ecosystems of thewetlands with the participation of local community and harmonioussettlement of social, environmental and economic benefits
1.2 Studies in Vietnam
Studies on melaleuca forest (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell)
Trang 9According to Thai Van Trung (1998) [67], Melaleuca is a dominantspecies in the ecosystem of aluminundated forest in the Mekong Delta,
is a component of the ecosystem of alum, the growth and development
of MF have a clowetland relationship clowetland to the ruralenvironment In addition, Melaleuca can’t tolerate high salinity, Ifsalinity is > 20 ‰ will kill the plant The deeper the water is submerged
in, the longer the flooding time, the more negative affect the growth of
MF (Do Dinh Sam (2001) [51])
The studies on wetlands
The results of rewetlandarch on acid sulphate soil in Plain of Reedsmainly go into classification, description of soil formation process andsoil mapping (Phan Lieu et al., 1998) [33], Besides, there is also a study
to assess the potential of using acid sulphate soil in forestry productionand divide the site types to plant MF on the Mekong Delta alum soil(Do Dinh Sam et al, 2001, 2005 [51 ], [52]) However, these studies arelarge-scale, when specific application in Gao Giong will not show allthe soil characteristics in the study area
Nguyen Chi Thanh (2007) [57], has developed a system ofclassification of wetlands in the Mekong Delta, include 4levels: System, Sub-system, Class, Sub-class Thereby, it is shown thatthe classification of wetlands according to the system shows theviewpoint of wetlands as a ecosystem In particular, Melaleuca forest inGao Giong is located in the regular or irregular submerged freshwaterlayer, belonging to the sub-system of the lagoon
The studies on MF management on wetland areas
Trang 10The fact that the water level has been kept high for many months inthe year to limit forest fires in Tram Chim National Park has causeddegradation of ecosystems, the area of grass communities with the mainfood of crane and rice has decreased quickly, the Melaleuca forestcommunity is underdeveloped or collapwetlandd, the quality of thewater inside is declining [70]; The research results of Tran Van Thang(2017) [61] show that the depth of inundation and long-term floodingare the caused of degradation of plant ecosystems in U Minh ThuongNational Park In order to maintain the Melaleuca forest biodiversity,the maximum flood water level is not more than 40cm, the duration offlooding should not exceed 6 months.
Studies on the level of hydrolysis relationship with Melaleuca forestfire in U Minh Thuong National Park [61], Procedures for fire preventionand fighting of Melaleuca forest [14] assessed and analyzed therelationship between water level and forest fire However, thewetlandstudies have not paid attention to the humidity of air, fire materials Melaleuca forest accounts for only 57.7% of the total natural area of special-use forests area in the Mekong Delta, Melaleuca forest is onlyone of the components of wetland ecosystem The rest are grasslands,canals, ditches
Buffer zone with regulations on management and benefit sharingapproved by local community, approved by People's Committee, only inTram Chim National Park
The participation in the development of ecotourism LC is limited, nocoordination mechanism, demonstrating responsibility, rights andobligations
Policies to support local community in the nature reserve areasmainly focus on forest objects, this is only suitable for special-useforests in upland areas, and special-use forests areas in the wetlandhave not been paid attention
Trang 11There have been many studies of melaleuca forest, prevention ofmelaleuca forest fire, the relationship between melaleuca forest withflood depth, the relationship between melaleuca forest and vegetationwith soil and biodiversity in forest Melaleuca, composition of fishspecies in MF These studies are very valuable in science andpractice But no no research has shown the characteristics andrelationship between MF and wetlands according to the approach ofecosystems, so no work has found a general management model of MFand a wetland effective way, in accordance with the world'smanagement principles of ecosystems The topic "Study on scientificbasis of integrated management of GGMF, Dong Thap province" willcontribute to introducing a method to manage melaleuca forest based onthe wetland ecosystem with the participation of LC to contribute to thesustainable management of MF in the Mekong Delta in particular andthe country in general.
Chapter 2 CONTENT AND METHOD 2.1 Content
- Characteristics of Melaleuca forest
Trang 12- Characteristics of flooding regime (FR) and soil
- Effects of FR, habitat and sesonal on forest resources
- Characteristics of the community and the management of forestresources in Gao Giong, Dong Thap province
- Proposing measures for integrated management of MF on thewetlands
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Approach
- According to the ecosystem approach: Melaleuca forest is only one
of the factors of the ecosystem of the wetland, it should not be managedaccording to the individual approach of Melaleuca but must bemanaged on the basis of the ecosystem of the wetland
- Seasonal approach, FR and habitats: Study the effects of flooding,habitat and seasonal regimes to plant and animal species because eachseason has different FR, each of which is the distribution of differentplant and animal species
- System approach: Not only study natural factors (MF, soil, water,plant and animal) but also study social factors (communitycharacteristics and organization, management) Forestmanagement Approach map shown in Figure 2.1
2.2.2 Methods of collecting and processing data
a Investigate current status of melaleuca and herbaceous plants
- Determine the forest status through forest planting designdocuments and field survey results
- Established 104 standard plots of 500m2 (25m x 20m) to collecttrunk diameter indicators (D1.3 cm); The height of the tops (Hvn, m)
- Established 70 survey plots of 1m 2 with 2 replications (rainy anddry season) to collect information : species , vegetation cover
Trang 13Characteristics of Melaleuca forest (Relationship to flooding regime)
Status of management
Lessons on management methods
Create a practical basisCreate a scientific basis
Integrated management measures of Melaleuca forests on wetlands
Characteristics of birds, reptiles, amphibians, animals (Relationship to season/habitat)
Characteristics of herbaceous plants and fish (Relationship to flooding regime and seasonal)
Forecast of forest firesPlanning functional areasBenefit sharing of forest resources and wetlands
Trang 14- Study FR and water quality: Collect water samples at the points for
6 water regimes and 1 outside point for control Time data collection:The rainy season: First time: At the end of the flood season (December2014); 2nd time: Early flood season (September - October 2015); Dryseason: Mid-dry season (April 2015), Water indicators are measured byspecialized machines
- Investigating soil in Gao Giong area: Inheriting land maps thathave been built in the study area; Then the soil sample was at 7 points,the soil sampling location coincided with the collection of herbaceousplants Analysis of soil properties according to the VietnamStandards at the Southern Institute of Forest Science
d Animal character investigation:
- The survey and collection of specimens in the field were conducted
3 times: The first time is the 2014 rainy season (November 2014), thesecond time is the dry season 2015 (April 2015) and the third time is the
2015 rainy season (September 2015) Collect samples, fish samplingposition coincides with water sampling position, 6 points represent 6 FRand 1 control point
- Investigation of animal characteristics: Investigation on 6 routes ,routes passing through different habitats
+ Animal survey: Performed in places where locals think it iscommon Field surveys were conducted both day and night by walking
at a speed of 1 - 1.5 km/h
+ Bird survey: Assessing the relative abundance of birds based onMacKinnon list The bird survey time is concentrated in the earlymorning and evening In addition, a night survey was conducted torecord the behavioral birds at night
Trang 15+ Investigation of amphibians and reptiles: It is done both day andnight On the survey line, all individuals of each species were recorded
on the survey line to calculate the relative density
+ Using software such as: PRIMER 6, Excel to process and analyzedata, identify diverse indicators, analyze species distribution, analyzethe grouping of species, families, communities
2.2.2.5 Residential characteristics and management status
a Investigation of characteristics of residential communities
- Using participatory rural assessment method (PRA) with farmerinterview tool (104 households) on population, labor, ethnicity, incomedata, activities affecting the Gao Giong MF, and conduct mapping ofpopulation clusters
- Forecast of forest fire : About the time of forest fire risk: Collectdata on average temperature and rainfall in the last 12 years to calculatethe drought index by Thai Van Trung (1998) [67] ; About the risk offorest fires: Arranged 9 points, at each level conducted: leveling ofwater level, setting cells of 1m2 size to measure S% (% vegetationdry), Arrivals machine to measure air temperature and humidity (Clock/Humidity) to determine fire levels according to the Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development [12]
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Characteristics of melaleuca forest
The area of Melaleuca forest is 1,273.0 ha, accounting for 85.3% andthe habitats of grasslands, canals and canals are 135.9 ha, accountingfor 9.1%, the rest are other types of land
Table 3.1 The growth index of Melaleuca forest at age I to IV
H (m)
G (m 2 / ha)
M (m 3 / ha)
Trang 16H (m)
G (m 2 / ha)
M (m 3 / ha)
Trang 17Note: Sd: Standard Deviation Cv: Coefficient of variation; Each age level is 3 years
The coefficient of variation of the melaleuca forest density is verysmall (8%), then increases very rapidly at age level II (27.2%), the agelevel III (16.6%) and age level IV (28.8%) Compared to the initialplanting density of about 20,000 trees/ha, the proportion of remainingaverage trees at the age levels of I, II, III and IV is 92.0%, respectively;74.9%; 69.7% and 51.6%
The coefficient of variation of diameter occurs very strongly at theage level III (13.7%); Next at the age levels of I, II, IV are 12.5%, 8.4%and 7.7%, respectively; The coefficient of variation of height occurs atthe highest at age level II (25.0%); Next at age level II, IV and I are15.5%, 6.8% and 4.5% respectively; The coefficient of variation ofvolume occurs most strongly at the age level II (44.7%); Next at the agelevels of III, I and IV are 33.1%, 28.6% and 26.7%, respectively Ingeneral, the volume of melaleuca forest varies greatly due to differentplanting, tending and FR
3.2 Characteristics of FR and soil
a Characteristics of FR
The study area has 6 FR, of which the flooded regime 3 accounts forthe largest area (616.7 ha, accounting for 41.3%) and the floodedregime 6 accounts for the smallest area (14.1 ha, accounting for 0.9%)