Quan hệ kinh tế của trung quốc với châu phi từ năm 2000 đến nay và gợi ý chính sách cho việt nam tt tiếng anh

2 Stemming from this practice, it is necessary to choose the thesis "China's economic ties with Africa from year 2000 to present and policy implications for Vietnam” that is urgently in

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (VASS)

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (GASS)

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisors:

1 Assoc Prof./Dr Bui Nhat Quang

2 Assoc Prof./Dr Nguyen Manh Hung

Opponents:

1 Assoc Prof Dr Doan Ke Bon

2 Assoc Prof Dr Pham Thai Quoc

3 Assoc Prof Dr Pham Thu Huong

The PhD Thesis is defended at the PhD Thesis Evaluation Council,

Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, No 477 Nguyen Trai Street,

Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi

Available at:

- National Library of Vietnam

- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

PREAMBLE

1 Urgency of the thesis

Since the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) was held in 2000 and implementation of the “Going Global Strategy”, Africa–China relations has entered into the new development stage,

in many sectors from economics to politics, diplomacy, culture and society

With the target on economic recovery, acceleration of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the period from 2015 to 2030, many African countries has considered China being an emerging economy, able to cooperate with and seek for common progress and development To China, Africa is rich in natural resources with the large market size, being in need of political stability and economic development Expanding relations with African countries is a strategic foreign mission of China in order to build and maintain influence in the Dark Continent and world The White paper on Africa in 2006 emphasized the issue of economic cooperation, concentrating on key sectors such as trade, agricultural investment, economic assistance etc Up to present, China has become the biggest trade partner in Africa, while also one of the major sponsors for this continent’s development Development conditions and wills

of each party show that China-Africa economic and trade cooperation share huge potential/ is numerous

Like China, Vietnam has a close traditional friendship relationship with many African countries, coming from shared and common sense in the struggle for independence and national liberation From the adoption of Doi Moi, Vietnam's foreign policy emphasizes respect for independence, sovereignty, not interfering in internal affairs, fighting for peace and development, and promoting the role Asian and African countries which have been supported and approved by many African countries However, over the past years,

we have not taken advantage of this good traditional relationship to increase Vietnam-Africa relations for reaching a new height

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Stemming from this practice, it is necessary to choose the

thesis "China's economic ties with Africa from year 2000 to present and policy implications for Vietnam” that is urgently in

both theory and practice, in order to assess the impact of economic relations of China with African countries, for drawing lessons and policy proposals to promote Vietnam’s economic relations with Africa in the coming time

2 The purpose and tasks of the research:

2.1 The purpose of research:

By clarifying the actual situation of China's economic relations with Africa as from 2000 up to present, analyzing successes and limitations of this relationship, drawing experience lessons and raising solutions to Vietnam for boosting Vietnam’s economic relationship to Africa in the time to come

2.2 Research tasks of the thesis:

Firstly, systematize a number of theoretical aspects and research perspective on China's economic relations with Africa

Secondly, study the current status of China's economic relations with Africa as from 2000 to present day; assess and forecast the development trend of China's economic relations with Africa

Thirdly, propose some policy solutions for Vietnam to promote economic relations with Africa

3 The object and scope of the research

- Research object of the thesis: China's economic relations with Africa, of which focuses on three areas: trade relations, investment relations and development assistance relations

- Research scope of the thesis:

+ Spatial scope

As Africa includes a continent of 55 countries, so the thesis will concentrate mainly on China's major economic partners in Africa, especially focusing on the Top 10 African countries as trading and investment partners and China's largest aid recipients These are African countries that China has a great influence on economics and

politics and African economies that have geo-economic and geopolitical potential in economic relations with China

+ Time scope: As from 2000 to present

+ Content scope: focusing on key areas as trade, investment and development assistance

Due to the asymmetric nature of China's economic relations with Africa (the size of China's economy is much larger than the size of economies in Africa), this Dissertation approaches this relationship mainly in the direction from China, especially in investment relations (mainly Chinese investment in Africa), trade relations (China’s bilateral import and export with Africa) and aid (Chinese aid to Africa) as well as Chinese policies towards Africa

4 Approaches, research methodology and analytical framework 4.1 Approaches to research issue

- Methods of synthesis, analysis and comparison

- Simple Statistical Analysis (absolute value, relative value, frequency ), description through drawings, diagrams and charts

- Case study method: cases are in depth study of the thesis are China's economic relations with three African countries such as: South Africa, Nigeria and Ethiopia

- Forecasting methods, based on scenarios with major factors affecting the socio-economic development of China and African countries

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- Expert interviews: in this thesis, interviews will be carried out with some Vietnamese experts on China’s economic relationship with Africa in recent years and points of view of experts on solutions to promote Vietnam - Africa economic relations in the coming time It

is necessary to find contents, opinions of policy makers and actual activists in Africa; and giving a number of recommendations for solutions that are more practical for thesis

+ Data source: the thesis mainly uses secondary documents

The thesis also uses a number of primary documents, taken from the Department of West Asian - Africa Affairs under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Institute for Africa and Middle East Studies (IAMES) These are the evaluation documents in reality of survey of Vietnam’s scholars, diplomats and leaders to some African countries

in the past time These documents will help the thesis author to have more practical information and knowledge to evaluate Vietnam’s economic relationship with Africa in the past time and make recommendation for solutions after studying the lesson from China’s relation with African countries

4.3 Analytical framework of the thesis:

On that basis, the thesis makes an analytical framework as follows:

China's economic relation with Africa

Evaluate impacts

of the relationship

Evaluate prospects

of the relationship

- through factors affecting trade, investment and aid relations

- from different points of view:

The point of view

of beneficial

mutually-cooperation among developing

economies; China’s doctrine of

“Community of Common Destiny”

Perspectives on dependency and new colonialism

- Through new context and factor: + China’s

development of China; Africa’s development; the world’s

development context and Africa’s features

+ China's contradictions: between short-term economic benefits and overall benefits; between the goal to strengthen the comprehensive power and the goal

of building a good image; between national

development benefits and Africa's long-term

development interests

5 New contributions of the thesis

Regarding scientific theoretical point: the thesis contributes to prove that China's economic relations with Africa have reached certain successes, brought positive effect on some African economies However, the thesis also pointed out the trend of a new version of Colonialism of China in Africa, reflected by policies and activities of exploiting resources, markets, aid and Chinese immigrants in African

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countries In dealing with economic relations with Africa, China is also facing many conflicts difficult to resolve, including a conflict between short-term economic benefits and political and diplomatic interests in their efforts to increase the status and influence in this continent Regarding policies contribution, by analyzing China’s economic relations with Africa, this thesis also said that Vietnam needs to develop the traditional relationship with African countries; the use of foreign policy is a connection to speed up economic relationship between Vietnam and African countries in the coming time

6 Structure of the thesis

In addition to the introduction, conclusions and references, the thesis consists of four main chapters as follows:

Chapter 1: Overview of research studies related to the thesis

Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical bases of China’s economic relations with Africa

Chapter 3: China's economic relations with Africa from 2000 to present

Chapter 4: Prospects of China's economic relations with Africa and policy implications for Vietnam

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STUDIES

RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1 Domestic studies

Economic relations between China and African nations have generated much interest among development experts and practitioners over the last years Research studies can be classified in contents under the following items: i) to make research on the relationship of the major countries to African region, of which including China's relationship with Africa; and ii) to study China's economic relations with Africa

1.2 Foreign researches

Foreign documents on China's relationship with Africa are numerous, scholars in the world are also very interested in research of China’s economic relations with Africa, focusing on the following key themes: i) firstly, studies on overall picture of China’s economic cooperation and policy with Africa Secondly, researches in the areas

of economic cooperation between China and Africa in particular of trade, investment, agricultural development building infrastructure, development aid, etc Thirdly, studies on China’s economic relations with some major African countries Fourthly, researches on China's policies with Africa after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

1.3 Conclusion drawn based on the research results related to the thesis topic and the issue for further research

* Contents inherited based on the research results related to the thesis Domestic and foreign studies have provided diverse materials with different analytical points of view on China’s relations with African countries Through these research projects, the author can inherit a number of the following basic contents:

Firstly, it provides an overall picture on the socio-economic

development status in Africa in general, and some countries in Africa

in particular Through this overall picture, it has been found that African countries are in need for economic reforms and development, but they are lack of investment capital, technology and other development resources In recent time, African countries have received much support from major countries in the world, including the U.S.A, EU, China, Japan, and each major country builds their own political and economic cooperation strategies for the African region

Secondly, previous projects have analyzed China's economic

relations with the African region across fields: trade, investment, aid Through these studies, it can be inherited different documents and data related to specific issues such as cooperation relations in energy, oil, investment, aid, etc between China and African countries

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These are extremely useful documents, helping the author get basic knowledge on China’s economic relations with Africa over the past time

Thirdly, previous studies have analyzed and evaluated China's

role and influence in the African region, positive and negative impacts from China's economic projects on some countries in Africa, influence competition of major countries in Africa and China’s ways

to penetrate the African markets These issues are chosen selectively

by the dissertation author, leading more definite and clearly points of view and approaches to China's influence and economic role in Africa in general and some African countries in particular way

Fourthly, writers in the previous projects have drawn some

lessons for developing countries in receiving the wave of investment and trading from China As a developing country, Vietnam should also refer to these lessons This is also an issue that the thesis can succeed selectively

* Research gap and thesis approach:

Firstly, research projects related to the thesis are extremely diverse and abundant, only at analyzing the actual situation of China's economic relations with Africa, the benefit motive behind China’s relations with Africa; but has not clarified the potentials, advantages and factors affecting the economic cooperation relationship between China and Africa, of which includes objective factors, some factors belonged to China and some elements of African countries These new points will be found out by the dissertation for searching and clarification

Secondly, documents for research in relation to this thesis have assessed the relationship between China and Africa on a variety

of different approaches, with distinguished perspectives, both with a favorable view towards China, and with a viewpoint in order to criticize China taking African countries unsustainable development, creating "new colonialism", with a bias in favour of African countries It is understandable by research projects related to the thesis is in diversity, from Chinese researchers, to Asian and Western

researchers, researchers from African countries and Vietnamese researchers This diversity is a gap in the thesis, enforcing the thesis writer to pursue a unified and clear research perspective on objectives to be addressed in the thesis The writer will stand on the Chinese point of view to study, evaluate policies, approaches and economic cooperation activities of China in the African markets, since, drawing lessons for Vietnam as being in need of reaching the African markets more effectively

Thirdly, data and information in documents and papers concerning with the thesis failed to be update and systemic Task of the thesis is to systematize and update research issues, analyze economic cooperation relations between China and Africa according

to historical length variations continuously from 2000 to present to clarify the nature of this relationship In particular, effects of China's economic relations with Africa have not been assessed deeply, especially changes after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and in the context of China’s economy which has been making significant adjustments and changes

Fourthly, most of the research materials relevant to the thesis have been made by foreign authors Domestic in-depth research projects directly related to the thesis do not seem to be available, but only in scientific articles The thesis mission is to draw lessons and policy recommendations for Vietnam in enhancing economic cooperation with Africa to be derived from China’s experience This

is a new issue, which has not been studied in previous research papers The dissertation title will ensure new contributions, giving personal assessment on China’s economic cooperation relationship with Africa; thereby key lessons and implications to be derived for Vietnam are also presented

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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF

CHINA’S ECONOMIC TIES WITH AFRICA

2.1 Theoretical bases for evaluating China's economic relations with Africa

2.1.1 Some arguments about China's economic relations with Africa

Argument based on some traditional theories on economic cooperation

Theoretical points of view in favorable of boosting China’s economic relations with Africa show that this fits into the inevitable globalization and dynamic development trends world, reform process, opening up of China and Africa China and African countries are both developing economies, with potentials and comparative advantages that can complement each other

Argument on the Community of Common Destiny by China

This point of view delivered as China has been increasingly growing,

to want more clearly its important role, especially for developing countries, by proposing models, initiatives and slogans in cooperation At the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party

of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized two of China's

overarching foreign goals in the new era: building new international

relations and the Community of Common Destiny

These are very attractive cooperative points for developing countries, including many African countries Especially, many of the points in building "Community of Common Destiny" have targeted the psychology and political views of many African countries that are not satisfied with the world order imposed by the United States of America and the West

Argument on dependence and new colonialism

It is said that the economic relationship with China does not form benefits to Africa in the long term Africa will likely increasingly depend on China that via its adopting trade, investment, immigration

and aid activities to build a “new colonialism” or “China’s new

3 Differences in levels of development and technology:

4 Differences in economic size:

5 China’s strategies and policies:

Evaluation criteria

Within the scope of this dissertation’s research, the criteria to evaluate China’s relations with Africa though three major areas: trade, investment and development aid as follows:

1 Trade relations:

- Import and export turnover by two countries:

- The main kinds of export and import goods by two countries:

- Trade deficit and surplus by two countries

- China's major trading partners in Africa:

- The proportion of each side’s import-export turnover compared with the total import-export turnover and other partners:

2 Investment relations (mainly China’s foreign direct investment into Africa):

- Value of investment capital and number of investment projects (mainly China’s investment into Africa):

- Key investment sectors:

- China’s major investment areas in Africa:

- Proportion of investment capital in a total of foreign investment capital of each side: