Giáo trình đường lối cách mạng của đảng cộng sản việt nam

cua Cach mang Thang Tam n3m 1945, dap tan ach thong tri cua thuc dan, phong kien, lap nen nude Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoa, dua dan tdc ta ti£in vao ky nguy§n ddc 13 p, tu do; thing ldi cu

e O GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

GIAO TRINH

DUdNG LOICACH MANG

QUA DANG CONG SAN

NH CHO SINH VlfcN DAI HOC, CAO DANG KHOl KHONG CHUYfiN

NGANH MAC - LfcNIN, TU TUdNG HD CHI MINH

(T<M bin c6 Mia Chtia, M sung)

BAN CHl DAO Bl£N SOAN CHUONG TRINH,• « *

GlAO TRINH CAC MON L.V LUAN CHlNH TRI■ #

- PGS TS NGUYiN VI^T THONG - Tdng ChO bien

CO a DANG CONG SAN VI $T NAM

PGS.TS DINH XUAN LY - CN NGUYEN DANG QUANG

(D6ng chit bi&n)

TAP t h£ tAc g iA

PGS TS NGUYiN VI £t THONG PGS TS DINH XUAN LY

PGS TS NGO DANG TRI PGS TS NGUY§N VAN hAo

TS NGO QUANG D(NH

CN NGUYEN DANG QUANG

CHU dAn c u a n hA x u a t bAn

£

Dirdi sir chi dao cua Trung tfdng, tir n&m 2004, B6 Giao due

va Dao tao phdl hctp vdi Nha xuSft ban Chinh tri qu6c gia - Sir

that xu&'t ban b6 giao trinh dung trong cac trudng dai hoc va cao ding trong ca nu6c g6m 5 b6 m6n: Tri^t hoc Mac - L£nin, Kinh t£ chinh tri Mac - L£nin, Chu nghla xa h6i khoa hoc, Lich sii Dang Cdng san Vi£t Nam, Tir tirdng H6 Chi Minh B6 giao trinh da gop ph&n quan trong dtfi v6i nhi£m vu giao due ly lu&n chinh tri cho hoc sinh, sinh vi£n - ddi ngu tri thufc tre cua

nu6c nha, dao tao ngu6n nh&n lire, ti£n hanh thSng ldi sir nghiep doi mdi d&'t ntfde

Trirdc thirc ti£n m6i cua sir nghifp giao due va dao tao, quan tri£t during 16'i v£ dd?i m6i cong tac tur tirdng, ly lu&n cua Dang va chu trtfdng cai each c6ng tac giang day, hoe tSp b&c dai hoc va cao ding noi chung, ngay 18-9-2008, Bo Giao due va Dao tao da ban hanh chiftfng trinh mdi va to chufc bi£n soan, phtfi hdp v6i Nha xuat ban Chinh tri qu6c gia - Sir that xuat ban b6 giao trinh cac m6n hoc ly lu£n chinh tri danh cho sinh vi£n dai hoc, cao dang kh6i khdng chuy§n nganh Mac - L£nin, tvr tiring H6 Chi Minh do PGS TS Nguyln Vi&'t Th6ng lam Td’ng Chu bi£n, g6m ba m6n:

- Giao trinh NhOrtgnguyen ly ccfban cua chu nghla Mac - L&nin.

- Giao trinh T ii hidng H 6 C hi M inh.

- Giao trinh Difdng ld'i cach mang cua Dang Cong san

Sau mdt thcfi gian thuc hi&n, ti§p thu nhucng gop y xac dang cua cac trtfcfng dai hoc, cao ding, cua d6i ngu giang vi£n

ly lu |n chinh tri va cua cac nha khoa hoc; tiep thu tinh thin Nghi quySt Dai h6i XI cua Dang C6ng san Viet Nam, Nha xuat

ban Chinh trj qufi'c gia - S\X that phd'i hdp vdi Ban Chi dao va tap th£ tac gia da sua chifa, bo sung Giao trinh D ttdng 16'i

cach mang cua Dang Cdng san Vi f t Nam.

Xin gidi thif u vdi ban doc

Thing 6 n3m 2011

NHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRI QU6C GIA - SIT THAT

ban Giao trinh D i/ffng 16 m cach mang cua Dang Cdng san

V i f t Nam danh cho sinh vidn dai hoc, cao d in g khdi khdng chuydn nganh Mac - Linin, hr twang H 6 C hi Minh.

Trong qua trinh bi£n soan, tap th£? tac gia da ke thira

nhutng ndi dung cua Giao trinh Lich sir Dang Cdng san Vidt

Nam cua Hdi d6ng Trung tfdng chi dao bi£n soan giao trinh qudc gia cac bd m6n khoa hoc Mac - L£nin, hr ttfcfng Hd Chi Minh va giao trinh cua Bd Giao due va Dao tao td chuc bi£n soan Tap the’ tac g a da nhSn dtfdc gop y cua nhi£u tSp th£, nhir Hoc vidn Chinh tri - Hanh chinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh, Ban Tuy&n giao Trung irdng va ca nhcln cac nha khoa hoc, cung nhu ddi ngu giang vi£n cac trtfdng dai hoc, cao dSng trong ca nude, d5c bift la cua PGS TS Td Kuy Rtfa,

GS TS Phixng Hufu Phu, GS Nguyen Due Binh, GS TS Le Hufu Nghla, GS TS L§ Huu Ting, GS TS Hoang Chi Bao,

GS TS Tran Ngoc Hi£n, PGS TS N guyln Trong Phuc,

GS TS Trin V5n Binh, PGS Le Mau Han, PGS TS Nguyen Van Nhat, PGS L£ Th£ Lang, PGS TS Tran Kim Dinh, PGS TS Tri§u Quang Tifitn, PGS TS Pham Duy Dufc,

PGS TS An Nhu Hai, PGS TS Nguyln Kh&c Thanh, TS Le

V3n Thai

Sau mot thdi gian thuc hi£n, tiep thu nhufng gop y xac dang cua cac trUdng dai hoc, cao dang, cua doi ngu giang vien ly luSn chinh tri, cua cac nha khoa hoc; tiep thu tinh thin Nghi quy£t Dai hoi XI cua Dang Cong san Vi£t Nam, Ban Chi’ dao va tap th@’ tac gia da tien hanh sUa chuta, bo sung giao trinh

Tuy nhien, do nhung han ch£ khach quan va chu quan nen v in con nhutng n6i dung cin tiep tuc duoc bd sung va siia ddi, chiing toi rat mong nhan duoc nhilu gop y de lin tai ban sau giao trinh dude hoan chinh hdn

Thu gop y xin gufi v£ B6 Giao due va Dao tao (Vu Giao due dai hpc), 49 Dai C6 Viet, Ha N6i

b6 g i a o D u e vA d A o t a o

CHUONG M d OAU

001 TlfQNG, NHlgM VM VA PHl/ONG PHAP

NGHI&N cC/U MON Dl/ONG LOI CACH MANG

cClA oANG CQNG sAn VlgT NAM

I 061 tu o n g vA nhi£m v u NGHI§N COU

1 Dd'i tilin g nghien curu

a) K hii ni$m “dutmg l 6 i cich mang cua Dang C$ng san * Vi# Nam”

Dang Cdng san Vi6t Nam dude thanh lap ngay 3-2-1930

Dang la ddi ti£n phong cua giai cS’p cdng nhSn, d6ng thdi la

ddi ti§n phong cua nhdn d in lao ddng va cua dan tdc Vift

Nam; dai bi£u trung thanh ldi ich cua giai cip cdng nhan,

nhan dcln lao ddng va cua d&n tdc Dang Cdng san Vi&t Nam

liy chu nghia Mac - L£nin va tu tudng H6 Chi Minh lam n£n

tang tu tudng, kim chi’ nam cho hanh ddng; lay tap trung dan

chu lam nguy&n tic td’ chuc cd ban

Tha'm nhuin chu nghia Mac - L£nin, Dang da d£ ra

dudng Idi cach mang dung d in va true tid'p lanh dao cach

mang nude ta gianh dude nhiing tiling ldi vi dai: Thing ldi

cua Cach mang Thang Tam n3m 1945, dap tan ach thong tri cua thuc dan, phong kien, lap nen nude Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoa, dua dan tdc ta ti£in vao ky nguy§n ddc 13 p, tu do; thing ldi cua cac cu6c khang chien chdng xam ludc, ma dinh cao la chiSn thing ljch sU Di£n Bi£n Phu nSm 1954, dai thing mua XuSn nSm 1975, giai phong dan tdc, thdng n h it dat nude, bao v£ Td qudc, lam tron nghla vu qudc t£'; th in g ldi cua cdng cudc ddi mdi, ti£n hanh cdng nghifp hoa, hi@n dai hoa va hdi nhap qudc t£, ti£p tuc dua d at nude tung bUdc qua dd l£n chu nghia xa hdi vdi nhan thufc va tu duy mdi dung din, phu hdp thuc tiln Vift Nam.

Su lanh dao dung d in cua Dang la nhan td hang d iu quyst a mu uian^ iyl CUa x.a*.h ITiai:^ v iti iNdin Trong hoat ddng lanh dao cua Dang, van d£ cd ban trudc het la d<? ra dudng ldi cach mang Day la cdng vi£c quan trong hang d iu cua m6t chinh dang

D udng ldi cach m ang cua Dang C dng san Viet N am la h£ thdng quan di£m, chu trKcfng, chinh sach v4 m u c tiiu , phtfdng hitdng, nhi$m vu va g ia i p h a p cua cach m ang V iit Nam Dudng ldi each mang dude th£ hi<§n qua cudng lrnh,

nghj quySt cua Dang

V£ tfing th£’, dudng ldi cach mang cua Dang bao g6m dudng ldi ddi ndi va dudng ldi ddi ngoai1

1 Bao v£ Td qu6c la ndi dong hdt sure quern trong trong dudng lO'i cua Dang, tuy nhi£n vSn d£ nay da dude giang day trong ch-.T'trg trinh Giao due qu*5c phorg, vi v3y m6n hoc nay kh6ng

D udng ldi cach mang cua Dang la toan didnva phong phu Co dudng ldi chinh tri chung, xuyen sudt ca qua trinh cach mang, nhu: dudng ldi ddc l£p dan tdc gin li£n vdi chu nghla xa hdi Co dudng ldi cho tung thdi ky lich

su, nhu: dudng ldi cach mang d<in tdc dSn chu nhSn dSn; dudng ldi cach mang xa hdi chu nghla; dudng ldi cach mang trong thdi ky khdi nghia gianh chinh quy£n (1939- 1945); dudng ldi cach mang mi£n Nam trong thdi ky chdng My (1954-1975); dudng ldi ddi mdi (tir Dai hdi VI, n3m 1986) Ngoai ra, con cd dudng ldi cach mang vach ra cho tto g lmh vUc hoat ddng nhu: dudng ldi cdng nghifp hoa; dudng ldi phat tridn kinh - xa hdi; dudng ldi v3n hoa - v3n nghd; dudng ldi x3y dung Dang va Nha nude; dudng ld'i ddi ngoai

Dudng ld'i cach mang cua Dang chi co gia tri chi dao thuc ti£n khi phan anh dung quy lu«lt vSn ddng khach quan Vi vSy, trong qua trinh lanh dao va chi dao cach mang, Dang phai thudng xuy£n chu ddng nghidn cufu ly lu&n, tdng k£'t thuc tidn de’ kjp thdi di£u chinh, phat trien dudng ld'i, n£'u thSiy dudng ld'i khdng con phu hdp vdi thuc tiln thi phai sUa ddi

D udng ld'i dung la nhan td' hang d iu quy£'t djnh thing ldi cua cach mang; quyd't dinh vi tri, uy tin cua Dang ddi vdi qudc gia d3n tdc Vi vSy, dS t3ng cudng vai tTo lanh dao cua Dang, trudc hd't phai x3y dung dudng ld'i cach mang dung din Nghia la, dudng ld'i cua Dang phai dude hoach dinh tr&n cd sd quan di@m ly lu3n khoa hoc cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, tri thuc tidn tidn cua nh£n loai; phu hdp

vdi d3c did’m, ydu ciu , nhidm vu cua thuc ti£n cach mang Vidt Nam va d3c did’m, xu thd' qudc td' Muc tidu cua dudng ld'i n h im phung su Td qudc, phuc vu nhan.dfin Dudng ld'i dung se di vao ddi sd'ng, soi sang thuc ti£n, trd thanh ngon cd thufc tinh, ddng vidn va tap hdp q u in chung nhan dan tham gia tu giac phong trao cach mang mdt cach hidu qua nha't; ngudc lai, nd'u sai lim vd dudng ld'i thi cach mang se bj td’n that, tham chi bi that bai.

b) D6i tupng nghi&i ctAi mdn hpc

Mdn hoc Dudng ld'i cach m ang cua Dang Cdng san Viet

Nam, cd ban nghidn cufu dudng ld'i do Dang d£ ra trong qua

trinh lanh dao cach mang Vidt Nam tir nSm 1930 dd'n nay

Do do, ddi tucfng nghi£n ctfu cd ban cua m dn hpc la h i thdhg

quan di&’m, chu trucfng, chinh sach cua Dang trong t&h trinh cach mang Vidt Nam - tit cach m ang dSn tdc d&n chu nh&n

d in dd'n cach mang xa hdi chu nghia.

Mdn hoc D udng ld'i cach m ang cua Dang Cdng san

Vidt Nam co mdi quan hd mat thid't vdi mdn hpc N hung nguydn ly ccf ban cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin va mdn hoc

Tu tudng H 6 C hi Minh Vi dudng 16'i cua Dang la su van

dung sang tao, phat tri£n chu nghia Mac - Ldnin va tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vao thuc tiln cach mang Vidt Nam

Do do, nim vimg hai m6n hoc nay se trang bj cho sinh vidn tri thufc va phUdng phap luan khoa hoc dd’ nhan thufc

va thuc hidn dudng ld'i, chu trudng, chinh sach cua Dang mdt cach sau sic va toan didn hdn

Mat khac, vi dudng ld'i cach mang khdng chi noi l£n stf v£n dung sang tao cac nguydn ly cd ban cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, hr tudng H6 Chi Minh ma con the’ hiSn sir b^ sung, phat tri^n chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, hr tudng H6 Chi Minh trong di£u ki£n mdi cua Dang ta Do do, vide nghidn ctfu dirdng ld'i cach mang cua Dang C6ng san Vidt Nam se gop phdn lam sang to vai trd n£n tang hr tirctng

va kim chi nam cho hanh d6ng cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin,

hr tudng H6 Chi Minh

2 Nhi$m vy nghidn cilu

M dt la, lam r6 sir ra ddi tat ydu cua Dang C6ng san Vidt Nam - chu th£ hoach djnh dudng 16i cach mang Viet Nam

H ai la, lam r5 qua trinh hinh thanh, bd sung va phat

tri^n dtfdng 16'i cach mang cua Dang Trong do, die bidt lam

ro dirdng ld'i cua Dang trdn m6t s6' lmh vuc cd ban cua thdi

ky ddi mdi

Ba la, lam r5 kd't qua thuc hidn dudng ld'i cach mang cua

Dang trdn m6t s6' lmh vuc cd ban trong tidn trinh cach mang Vidt Nam

Y£u ciu dSt ra ddi vdi viSc day va hpc m dn Ehfcfng ld'i cach m ang cua Dang Cdng san Vi£t Nam:

D6'i vdi ngudi day: Ciin nghidn cihi d iy du cac cUdng lunh, nghj quyd't, chi thi cua Dang trong toan bd tidn trinh lanh dao cach mang, bao dam c3p n h |t hd th6ng dudng ld'i cua Dang Mat khac, trong giang day phai lam ro hoan canh lich su ra ddi va su bd sung, phat trie’n cac quan did’m,

chu trUdng cua Dang trong tidn trinh cach mang, gji% ly luan vdi thuc tien trong qua trinh giang day.

Doi vdi ngudi hoc: C in n3m vung noi dung cd ban

dudng ldi cua Dang d£ tu do ly giai nhutng van di thuc tien

va van dung dudc quan di£m cua Dang vao cuck song

Ddi vdi ca ngudi day va ngudi hoc: Trdn cd sd nghien cufu mdt cach he thdng, sau s&c dudng ldi cua Dang cung vdi tri thufc chuyen nganh cua minh, cd the dong gop ^ ki£n cho Dang ve dudng 16'i, chinh sach, dap ucng yeu cii* nhifm vu cua cach mang nude ta

li PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN COU VA Y NGHlA

CUA Vl£C HOC TAP MON HOC

1 PhUdng phap luan va phudng phap nghien curu mon hoc

a) Cosophuong phap luan

Nghidn cufu mdn hoc Difdng ld'i cach mang cua Dang

C 6 ng san Vidt Nam phai dua tren th§' gidi quan, phudng

phap luSn khoa hoc cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, cac quan

(* i.’in co y nghla phudng phap luSn cua Hd Chi Minh va cac

quan diem cua Dang

b) Phutmg phap nghiSn ciiu

Nghien ciiu mdn hoc Dudng ldi cach mang cua Dang

Cong san Vidt Nam, tren cd so1 phudng phap luan chung

da n£u tren, doi vdi mdi noi dung cu the’ cin phai van dung

mdt phifcfng phap nghidn cuu phu hdp Trong do, su dung phudng phap lich su va phudng phap l6gich la cd ban nhat Ngoai ra, con phai su Jung cac phudng phap phan tich, tdng hdp, so sanh thich h ip vdi tung n6i dung cua

m6n hoc

2 Y nghla cua viec hpc tap mdn hoc

M6n Dudng I 6 'i cach mang cua Dang Cdng Jan Viet Nam

trang bi %*ho sinh vi£n nhung hieu bi£t cd ban v£ sii ra ddi

cua Dang, v£ du^dng I6i cua Dang trong cach mang ian t6c dan chu nhctn dan va cach mang xa h6i chu nghia, dSc biet la

dudng \ 6 i cua Dang trong thdi ky doi mdi1.

Hoc tSp zn6n Ditdng 16'i cach mang cua Dang Cdng san

Vi€t Nam co y nghla rat quan trong d6i vdi viekr b6i dudng cho sinh vi£n ni£m tin vao su !anh dao cua Dang, dinh hudng phin i£u theo muc ti£u, ly tudng va dudng ldi cua Dang; nang cao y thuc trach nhiem c6ng dan trudc nhung nhi£m vu trong dai cua dat nude

1 Dai hdi VI :ua Dang (n3m 1986) d£ ra dudng 16i d6 i mdi

toan d*£n Dai hdi VII cua Dang (n£m 1991) da th6ng 4ua Cifcfng

lmh d y Mtfig d£'t nifdc trong fadi ky qua dd ten chu pghfa xa hdi

(goi 'it la C*dng Itnh nSm 1{>91) Dudng 16'i i6i mdi va Cudng linh r$m 1^91 dudc b6 sung, phat tri£n qua cac rhi£m ky Dai

h6i VIII, IX, X, XL NTiung n6i dung cd ban cua zac Dai h6i trong thdi ky d6i »ndi, cua Cudng linh n^m 1991 va Cudng linh x£y dung dat nude trong thdi qua d6 l£n chu nghia xa h6i (b<3

sung, phat triOn n3m 2011) trinh bay trcng :ac chifdng tu chtfort£ TV v!en chudr.g VIII

Qua hoc tap m6n D udng 16'i cach m ang cua Dang Cdng

san Viet Nam, sinh vifin co cd sd v3n dung ki£n thufc

chuydn nganh d£’ chu ddng, txch cuc giai quy£t nhufng v&'n d£ kinh t£', chinh tri, vSn hoa, xa h6i theo dudng 16'i, chinh sach cua Dang

CHifONG I

VA Cl/ONG LINH CHINH TRj OAU TIEN

CUA DANG

I HOAN CANH LICH SIT RA DOl DANG C0 NG SAN VI £T NAM

1 Hoan canh quoc te cuoi the ky XIX, diu the' ky XX

a) Su chuy€n biin cua chu nghia tif ban vd hau qua cua nd

Tu cu6'i the' ky XIX, chu nghia tu ban da chuy^n tu giai doan tu do canh tranh sang giai doan ddc quy£n (chu nghla

de qudc) Cac nude de qudc ben trong thi tSng cudng boc ldt nh&n d in lao ddng, ben ngoai thi x^m ludc va ap buc nhin

d in cac d&n tdc thudc dia Su thd'ng tri tan bao cua chu nghla de' qudc lam cho ddi sd'ng nhan d&n lao ddng cac nude trd nen cung cUc M&u thuln giufa cac d&n tdc thudc dia vdi chu nghla thuc d3n ngay cang gay g5t, phong trao dS'u tranh giai

phong d in tdc di£n ra sdi ndi d cac nude thudc dia.

Ngay 1-8-1914, Chie'n tranh the' gidi thuf nha't bung nd Cudc chien tranh nay g&y ra nhung hSu qua dau thudng

cho nM n dan cac nude (khoang 10 tridu ngudi chdt va 20 trieu ngudi tan phe do chien tranh), ddng thdi cung da la.n cho chu nghla tu ban suy yeu va mSu th u ln giua cac nude tu ban de'qud’c cang tang them Tinh hinh do da tao didu kien cho phong trao dau tranh d cac nude noi chung, cac d in tdc thudc dia ndi ridng phat trid’n manh me.

b) Anh hudng cua chu nghia M6c - LGnin

Vao giuta the ky XIX, phong trao dau tranh cua giai cap c5ng nhan phat trien manh dat ra yeu c iu buc thie't phai cd

he thong ly !uSn khoa hoc vdi tu cach la vu khi tu tUdng cua giai cap cdng nhan dau tranh chong chu nghia tu ban Trong hoan canh do, chu nghla Mac ra ddi, ve sau duoc Ldnin phat

trie’n va trd thanh chu nghia Mac - Ldnin

Chu nghla Mac - Ldnin chi ro, mud'n gianh dudc th in g

1 ri trong cudc dau tranh thuc hien su menh lich su cua minh, giai cap cdng nhan phai lap ra dang cdng san Su ra ddi cua dang cdng san la yeu c3u khach quan dap ung cudc dau

tranh cua giai ca'p cdng nhan chdng ap buc, boc ldt T uyin

ngdn cua Dang Cdng san (nam 1848) xac dinh: nhung ngudi

cdng san ludn ludn dai bie’u cho ldi ich cua toan bd phong trao; la bd phan kien quydt nhftt trong cac dang cdng nhan d cac nude; ho hid’u ro nhung di£u kien, tidn trinh va kdt qua cua phong trao vd san1 Nhung nhidm vu chu yd'u cd tinh quy luat ma chinh dang cua giai cS'p cdng nhan cdn thuc hidn

1 Xem C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tip, Nxb Chinh tri qudc

gia, HaNdi, 1995, t4,tr.6H-615

la: td chufc, lanh dao cudc dau tranh cua giai cip cdng nhan d#’ thuc hien muc dich gianh lay chinh quy£n va xay dung xa hdi mdi Dang phai ludn dung trdn lip trudng cua giai cip cdng nhin, moi chien lucfc, sach ludc cua Dang d lu ludn xui't phat tir ldi ich cua giai cap cdng nhan Nhung, Dang phai dai bid’u cho quyen ldi cua toan thd’ nh in d in lao dong Bdi vi giai c3p cdng nhan chi’ co thd’ giai phong dudc minh ndu d6ng thdi giai phong cho cac ting ldp nhan d in lao ddng khac trong xa hdi.

Kd tir khi chu nghia Mac - Lenin dudc truyln ba vao Viet Nam, phong trao yeu nude va phong trao cdng nh&n phat tri^n manh theo khuynh hudng cach mang vo san, d in tdi su

ra ddi cua cac td chuc cdng san d Viet Nam Nguyen Ai Qudc

da vin dung va phat trid’n sang tao chu nghia Mac - Ldnin vao thuc tiln cach mang Vidt Nam, sang lip ra Dang Cdng san Vi^t Nam Chu nghia Mac - Ldnin la nen tang tu tudng, kim chi nam cho hanh ddng cua Dang Cong san Vidt Nam

c) Tdc dgng cua Cdch mqng Thing Mutri Nga vd Qudc

td Cdng san

N3m 1917, Cach m ang Thang Mwdi Nga gianh dudc

thing ldi Nha nude Xdvid't dua tr£n n ln tang lidn minh cdng - ndng dudi su lanh dao cua Dang Bonsdvich Nga ra ddi Thing ldi cda Cach mang Thang Mudi md ra mdt thdi dai mdi, “thdi dai cach mang chd’ng dd' qudc, thdi dai giai phong dan tdc”1 Cudc cach mang nay cd vu manh me

1 H6 Chi' Minh: Toan tip, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha N6i,

2002, t.8, tr.562

phong trao dci'u tranh cua giai cS'p c6ng nhan, nh^n d&n cac nude va la mdt trong nhung ddng luc ra ddi cua n h ilu dang cdng san: Dang Cdng san Dufc, Dang Cdng san Hunggari (n8m 1918), Dang Cdng san My (n5m 1919),

Dang Cdng san Anh, Dang Cdng san Phap (n3m 1920),

Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc va Dang Cdng san Mdng Cd (n3m 1921), Dang Cdng san NhSt Ban (n3m 1922)

Ddi vdi cac dSn tdc thudc dia, Cach mang Thang Mudi

da n£u tSm gUctag sang trong vide giai phong cac dSn tdc bi

ap buc VI y nghia cua Cach mang Thang Mudi, Nguyln Ai

Qudc nhan dinh: Cach mang Thang Mudi nhu tiling set da danh thufc nhSn dfin chSu A tinh giSc m§ hang t h i ky nay

“Cach m^nh Nga day cho chung ta rin g mudn cach mdnh thanh cdng thi phai dim chung (cdng ndng) lam gdc, phai co dang vung bln, phai b ln gan, phai hy sinh, phai thd'ng nhSt

Ndi tom lai la phai theo chu nghia Ma Kh3c Tu va Lenin”1.Thang 3-1919, Q udc te' Cdng san (Qudc t l III) duoc thanh lSp Su ra ddi cua Qudc te Cdng san cd y nghla thuc

d iy su phat triln cua phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan

qudc te Set thao Jin thu"nhat n h u n g L u in cWcfng vS vi'n de

d in tdc v i vi'n dS thudc dia cua Lenin dudc cdng bd tai

Dai hdi II Qudc te Cdng san vao nSm 1920 da chi ra phuotng hudng dau tranh giai phong cac d in tdc thudc dia, mcf ra con dudng giai phong cac dan toe bj ap buc tren lap trudng cach mang vd san

1 Dang C6ng san Viet Nam: Van k iin Dang Toan t$p, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha N6i, 1998, t l , tr 39.

Dd'i vdi Vick Nam, Qudc td'Cdng san co vai trd quan trong trong vide truy^n ba chu nghia Mac - Ldnin va thanh lap Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam Nguyen Ai Qudc da khSng dinh vai tro cua td chiic nay dd'i vdi cach mang ntfdc ta la: “An Nam mud'n cach mdnh thanh cdng, thi ta't phai nhd B£ tam qudc td*’1.

2 Hoan canh trong node

a) Xa h$i Vi$t Nam dutSi suthdng tri cua thyc dan Phap

- Chinh sach cai tri cua thifc J in Phap

N3m 1858, thuc dan Phap n6 sung xam ludc Vidt Nam Sau khi tam thdi dap tat dudc cac phong trao da'u tranh cua

nhan d in ta, thuc dan Phap tung budc thie't lap bd may thd'ng tri d Vidt Nam

VS chinh tri, thuc dan Phap ap dat chinh sach cai tri thuc

dan; tudc bo quy^n luc dd’i ndi va dd'i ngoai cua chinh quy£n phong kid'n nha Nguyen; chia Vidt Nam ra thanh ba xut: B3c

Ky, Trung Ky, Nam Ky va thuc hidn d mdi ky mdt chd'dd cai tri ridng D6ng thdi vdi chinh sach nham hie'm nay, thuc dan Phap cau kd't vdi giai ca'p dia chu trong vide boc lot kinh td'

va ap buc chinh tri dd'i vdi nhan dan Vidt Nam

VS kinh t£, thuc dan Phap tidn hanh cudp doat rudng dat dd’ lap d6n di£n; d iu tu khai thac tai nguydn; x3y dung mdt sd' cd sd cdng nghidp; x3y dung hg thd'ng dudng giao thdng, bdn cang phuc vu cho ldi ich cua chung Chinh sach khai thac thudc dia cua Phap da tao sU chuydn bid'n dd'i vdi n£n kinh td' Vidt Nam (hinh thanh mdt sd nganh kinh mdi )

1 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tip, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha N6i,

2002, t.2, tr.287

nhvfng cung d in ddn hSu qua la ndn kinh te nude ta bj le thudc vao tu ban Phap, bi kim ham trong vong lac hau.

Vd' v in hoa, thufc dSn Phep thuc hidn chinh sach v3n hoa, giao due thuc dan; dung tung, duy tri cac hu tuc lac hau

N guyln Ai Qudc da vach ro tdi ac cua chd dd cai tri thuc dan

d D6ng Dudng: “chung t6i khdng nhung bj ap burc va boc ldt mdt each nhuc nha, ma con bj hanh ha va dau ddc mdt each thd tham bang thudc phidn, bin g rUdu chung tdi phai song trong canh ngu dd't tdi tam vi chung tdi kh6ng co quydn tu do hc>c tip ”1

- Tinh hinh giai c ip v i m iu th u in ccf ban trong xa h d i Vidt Nam

Du6i tac ddng cua chinh sach cai tri va chinh sach kinh td', van hoa, giao due thuc d in , xa hdi Vidt Nam didn ra qua

trinh phan hoa s&u sic.

Giai ci'p dia chu: Giai ca'p dja chu c^u kd't vdi thuc dan Phap ting cudng boc ldt, ap buc ndng dan Tuy nhidn, trong ndi bd giai ca'p dja chu Vidt Nam luc nay co su phan hoa, mdt bd phan dja chu co long ydu nude, c3m ghet chd' dd thuc dan da tham gia da'u tranh chd'ng Phap dudi cac hinh thufc

va mufc dd khac nhau

Giai c ip ndng din: Giai ca'p ndng dan la luc ludng ddng dao nha't trong xa hdi Vidt Nam, bj thuc dan va phong kid'n

ap buc, boc ldt n3ng nd Tinh canh khd'n khd, b in cung cua giai cap ndng dan Vidt Nam da lam tin g thdm long c3m thu dd' qudc va phong kid'n tay sai, lam tang thdm y chi cach mang

1 H6 Chi Minh: Toan t$p, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha N6i,

2002, t.l, tr.22-23

cua ho trong cudc dau tranh gianh lai rudng dat va quy£n sd'ng tu do.

Giai c^p cdng nhSn Viet Nam: Ra ddi tu cudc khai thac

thudc dia lin thur nhflt cua thuc dan Phap, giai cip c6ng

nhan tap trung nhi^u 6 cac thanh phd va vung mo nhu: Ha Ndi, Sai Gon, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh, Vinh, Quang Ninh

Da sd cdng nhan Vi&t Nam true tiip xuat JiSn tu giai cap

n6ng ddn, la nan nhan cua chinh sach chiim doat rudng d it

ma thuc dan Phap thi hanh d Vidt Nam Vi v3y, giai cip

c6ng nhan co quan h f true tiip va chat che vdi giai cip ndng dSn Giai c ip cdng nhan Vidt Nam bi d i qudc, phong kiin ap buc, boc lot D3c didm ndi bat cua giai cap cdng nhan Vidt Nam la: “ra ddi trudc giai c ip tu san dan tdc Vidt Nam, va vua ldn l£n r.o da sdm tid'p thu inh sang cach mang cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin

Giai cSp tif san V:£t Nam: Bao gdm tu san cdng nghidp,

tu san thuong nghifp, Ngay tU khi ra ddi, giai c3p tu san Vidt Nam da bi tu san Phap va tu san ngudi Hoa canh tranh, chen ep, do do t h i luc kinh va dia vi chinh tri cua giai ca'p

tu san Vidt Nam nho be, ydu dt Vi v3y, giai cip tu san Vidt Nam khdng d i di£u ki£n d£ lanh dao cudc cach mang dan tdc, dan chu di d<2n thanh cdng

Ting lOp tiiu tu" san Vi£t Nam Bao gdm hoc sinh, tri

thufc, vi£n chuc va nh'm g rg u d i lam ngh£ tu do Trong do, gidi tri thuc va hoc sinh la bd phan quan trong cua ting ldp ti^’u tu san Ddi sd'ng cua tid’u tu san Vi6t Nam bap bdnh va

1 L£ Duin; T.j ’en tip, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha N6i, 2008,

d£ bi pha san trd thanh nhung ngudi vd san Tidu hr san Viet Nam co long ydu nude, c3m thu dd qudc, thuc dan, lai chju anh hudng cua nhimg tu tudng tidn bd tu bdn ngoai truyen vao Vi v |y , day la luc ludng cd tinh thin cach mang cao.

Tom lai, chinh sach thdng tri cua thuc dan Phap da tac

ddng manh me ddn xa hdi Vidt Nam trdn cac linh vuc chinh tri, kinh td', vSn hoa, xa hdi Trong dd dSc bidt la su ra ddi cua hai giai cip mdi: cdng nhan va tu san Vidt Nam Cac giai cip, ting ldp trong xa hdi Vidt Nam luc nay d£u mang than phan ngudi d3n mat nude va d nhutng mufc dd khac nhau, ddu bi thuc dan Phap ap biic, boc ldt Chinh sach cai tri, ap buc, boc ldt cua thuc dSn Phap va phong kid'n tay sai da tao ra hai m£u thuin cd ban trong xa hdi Vidt Nam: mSu thuin giuta toan the dan tdc Vidt Nam vdi thuc dan Phap xam ludc va mSu thuin giuta nhan dan Vidt Nam (chu ydu la ndng dan) vdi giai ca'p dia chu phong kid'n Trong dd, mdu thuin chu ydu nha't la: mau thuin giuta toan thd’ dan tdc Vidt Nam vdi thuc dan Phap

xam ludc Tinh chat cua xa hdi Vidt Nam la xa hdi thudc dia

ntra phong kiih Thuc tidn lich suf Vidt Nam dSt ra hai nhidm

vu cach mang: m dt la, phai danh dud’i thuc dan Phap xAm ludc, gianh ddc lap cho dan tdc, tu do cho nhan dan; hai la,

xoa bd chd' dd phong kid'n, gianh quydn dan chu cho nhan

dan, chu ydu la rudng dat cho ndng dan Trong do, chdhg d d

qudc, giai phong dSn tdc la nhidm vu hang diu.

b) Phong trdo ySu nu&c theo khuynh hu&ng phong kiSn

wi tir san cu6i thSkyXIX, dSu thS kyXX

Trudc su xam ltfdc cua thuc dan Phap, phong trao da'u

tranh giai phong dan tdc theo khuynh hudng phong kid'n va

tu san di£n ra manh me NhuCng phong trao tidu bidu trong thdi ky nay la:

Phong trao C in Vvdng (1885-1896): Ngay 13-7-1885, vua

Ham Nghi xudng chidu Cdn Vitdng Phong trao Can Vudng

phat tridn manh ra nhi£u dia phudng d B3c Ky, Trung Ky va Nam Ky Ngay 1-11-1888, vua Ham Nghi bi Phap b it nhung phong trao Cin Vudng v ln tid'p tuc ddn n2m 18%

Cudc kh d i nghia Yin T he(B ic Giang) didn ra tir n3m

1884 Nghia qu§n Ydn Thd' da danh th in g Phap nhi£u tran

va gay cho chung n h ilu kho kh5n, thidt hai Cudc chidn d£u cua nghia qu£n Ydn Thd keo dai ddn nSjn 1913 thi bidap tit

Trong Chidn tranh thd gicfi thuf nhat (1914-1918), cac cudc khdi nghia vu trang chd’ng Phap cua nhan dan Vidt Nam v ln tid’p diin, nhtfng d£u khdng thanh cdng

That bai cua cac phong trao trdn da chiing to giai cap phong kidn va hd hr tudng phong kid'n khdng du dieu kien

dd lanh dao phong trao ydu nude giai quyd't thanh cdng nhidm vu dan tdc d Vidt Nam.« • 4 « t

Bdn canh cac cudc khdi nghia ndu trdn, dau thd ky XX, phong trao ydu nude dudi sU lanh dao cua ting ldp si phu

tidn bd chiu anh hudng cua tv tvdng d&n chu tv san didn ra

s6i ndi V£ mat phudng phap, ting ldp si phu lanh dao phong trao giai phong dAn tdc d iu thd' ky XX co su phan hoa thanh hai xu hudng Mdt bd phan chu trudng danh dudi thuc dan Phap, gianh ddc lap dan tdc, khdi phuc chu quy£n

qudc gia bing bidn phap bao ddng, mdt bd phan khac lai coi

cai cach la giai phap dd’ tidn tdi khdi phuc ddc lap.

Dai didn cua xu hudng bao ddng la Phan Bdi ChSu, vdi chu trudng dung bidn phep bao ddng d i danh dud’i thtfc d&n

Phap, khdi phuc n£~i ddc l£p cho d&n tdc

Dai bidu cho xu h'Jdng cei cach la Phan ChSu Trinh, vdi

chu trudng v&n ddng cai cach vin hos, xa hdi; ddng vidn

long ydu nude trong nh&n d<t\; d i kich bon vua quan phong

kidn thdi nat, dd xudng tu tUdng dcln chu tu san; thuc hidn khai dSn tri, ch£n d&n kl.i, hSu d in sinh, md mang d&n quy^n; phan ddi dfiu tranh vu trang va ciu vidn nUoc ngoai.Ngoai ra, trong thdi ky nay d Vidt Nam con cd nhi^u phong trao dau tranh khac nhu: Phoi:g trao Ddng Kinh nghla thuc (1907); Phong trao “tay chay Khach tru” (1919); Phong trao chdng d6c quy^n xucft nhSp khclu d cang Sai Gon (1923); d3u tranh trong cac h6i d6ng quan hat, hdi ddng thanh phd doi cai cach tu do d&n chu, v v

Tu trong phong trao d§u tranh, cac td chuc dang phai

ra ddi: Dang L ip hie'n (n3m 1923); Dong Thanh n iin (thang 3-1926); Dang Thanh nidn cao vong (n£m 1926);

Viet Nam nghla doan (n5m 1925), sau nhi£u l&n ddi tdn,

thang 7-1928 13 y t£n la T in Vidt cach m ang Dang, Viet

Nam qudc d in Dang (thang 12-1927) Cac d tn g phai chinh

tri tu san va tidu tu san trdn d3y da gdp phSn thuc d iy

phong trao ydu nude chdng Phap, trong do ndi b£t la T in

Viet cach m ang Dang va Viet Nam qudc d in D ing.

Tin Viet cach mang Dang ra ddi va hoat ddng trong bdi

canh Hdi Vidt Nam cach mang thanh nidn phat trid’n manh,

da tac dfing tich cuc ddn Dang nay Trong n('i bd T&n Vidt cach mang Dang didn ra cudc d3u tranh giua hai khuynh hudng tu tudng cach mang v6 san va ttf tudng cai lucfng

Cud'i cung, khuynh hudng cach mang theo quan didm v6 san

th in g thd Mdt 96 dang vidn cua Tan Vidt chuyd’n sang Hdi Vidt Nam cach mang thanh nien So dang vidn tidn tidn con lai trong Tin Vidt *»ch ctfc chucln bj de tidn tdi thanh Up m6t chinh dang theo chu nghia Mac - Ldnin

Viet Nam qutic d in Dang la m6t dang chinh tri theo xu hudng d in chu to san Dieu Id Dang ghi muc tidu hoat ddng la: trudc lam dan idc cach mang, sau lam thd' gidi cach mang; danh dud’i giSc Phap, danh dd ngdi vua, thid't Lfp ndn dan

quy^n Sau vu am <at Ba Danh, trum md phu ddn didn cao su

cua Phap ((hang 2-1929), Dang bj khung bd dur ddi, td churc dang b| vd d nhi^u ndi Trudc tinh thd' nguy caip, lanh dao Vidt Nam qudc d in Dang da quydt dinh ddc hd't luc ltfdng vao

trin d iu tranh sd'ng mai vdi ke thu Cudc khdi nghia cua Viet Nam qudc din Dang bat dau tir ddm ngay 9-2-C93 3 d Ydn Bai, Phu Tho, Hai Dtfdng, Thai Binh trong tinh thd' hoan toan bi

ddng ndn da bi thtfc din Phap nhanh chdng dap tat

T6m lai, trtfdc ydu ciu Ljch su cua xa hdi Vidt Nam, cac phong trao da'u tranh chdng Phap diin ra sdi ndi Muc tidu cua cac cudc da'u tranh d thdi ky nay ddu hvrdng tdi gianh dOc I3p cho d3n 16c, nhimg trdn cac lap trirdng giai ca'p khac nhau nham khdi phuc chd' dd phong kidn, hoSc thid't lap chd'

dd quan chu lip hidn, ho3c cao hdn la thidt lap chd' dd cdng hoa hr san Cac phong trao dau tranh didn ra vdi cac phudng thufc va bidn phap khac nhau: bao ddng hoSc cai cach; vdi quan did’m tap hdp lire lirdng bdn ngoai khac nhau: dua vao Phap dd’ thuc hidn cai cach, hoac dua vao ngoai vidn dd’ danh Phap nhifng cud'i cung cac cudc da'u tranh d£u that bai

Mdt sd td’ churc chinh tri theo I3p trudng qudc gia hr san

ra ddi va da thd hidn vai tro cua minh trong cudc d3u tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc va dan chu Nhung cac phong trao va

td chufc trdn, do nhucng han chd' vd giai cap, v i dirdng ldi

chinh tri; hd thong td chufc thid'u chat che; chua tap hdp dudc rdng rai luc ludng cua d in tdc, nha't la chua tap hdp dudc hai luc ludng xa hdi cd ban (cdng n h in va n6ng d&n) ndn cudi cung da khdng thanh c6ng Su that bai cua cac phong trao ydu nude theo lap trudng qu6c gia tu san d Vidt Nam d iu thd' ky XX da phan anh dia vi kinh td va chinh tri ydu kem cua giai ca'p tu san trong tidn trinh cach mang dan tdc, phan anh su bS't luc cua ho trudc nhung nhidm vu do lich suf dan tdc Vidt Nam dat ra

M3c du that bai nhung sU phat trid’n manh me cua phong trao ydu nude cud'i thd' ky XIX, d£u thd' ky XX co y nghia ra't quan trong No la su tidp ndi truydn thd'ng ydu nude, kidn cudng, bat khua't vi ddc 13p, tu do cua dan tdc Vidt Nam, va chinh su phat tridn cua phong trao ydu nude

da tao cd sd xa hdi thu3n ldi cho vide tid'p nhan chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, quan did’m each mang Hd Chi Minh Phong trao ydu nude trd thanh mdt trong ba nhan td' dfin ddn su ra ddi cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam

Su that bai cua cac phong trao ydu nude, chdng thuc d3n Phap cud'i thd' ky XIX, dau thd' ky XX da chufng to con dudng cufu nude theo hd tu tudng phong kid'n va hd tu tudng tu san da bd tie Cach mang Vidt Nam lam vao tinh trang khung hoang s3u s3c v l dudng ld'i, v£ giai c&p lanh

dao Nhidm vu lich suf dat ra la phai tim mdt con dudng

cach mang mdi, vdi mdt giai cSp co du tu cach dai bidu

cho quy£n Hdi cua d3n tdc, cua nh3n dcln, co du uy tin va

n3ng luc dd'* lanh dao cudc cach mang dSn tdc, d&n chu di

ddn thanh odng

c) Phonig trao yeu nude theo khuynh hudng vd san

- Vai trc> cua N g u y in A i Qudc dd'i vd i sir p h a t triin cua phong trao y e u nwdc theo khuynh hudng vd san

NSm 1911, Nguydn T3t Thanh (Nguydn Ai Qudc) ra di tim dudng cufu nude Trong qua trinh tim dudng cufu nude,

Ngudi da tim hidu ky cac cudc cach m ang didn hinh trdn

thd gidi, Ngudi danh gia cao tu tudng tu do, binh dang, bac

ai va quy^n con ngudi cua cac cudc cach mang tu san tidu

bidu nhu Cich mang My (1776), Cach m ang Phap (1789)

nhung cung nhan thufc ro nhung han chd' cua cac cudc cach

mang tu san Tu do, Nguydn Ai Qudc khSng dinh: con

dudng cach mang tu san khdng the’ dua lai doc l |p va hanh

phuc thuc su cho nh^n dc*n cac nude ndi chung, nhSn dan

Vidt Nam ndi ridng

Nguyen Ai Qudc dSc bidt quan tSm tim hid’u Cach mang

Thang Mudi Nga n3m 1917 Ngudi rut ra kdt luan: “Trong

thd gidi My gid chi cd Cach mdnh Nga la da thanh cdng, va

thanh cdng den ndi, nghia la dan chung dudc hudng cai

hanh phuc tu do, b'mh d3ng that"1

1 Darug C6ng san Viet Nam: V in kien Dang Toan tip , Nxb Chfnh

tri cju6’c gia, Ha N6i, 1998, t.l, tr.39.

Vao thang 7-1920, Nguydn Ai Qudc doc ban Sd thao lin

th v n h it nhung lu in cudng ve van d i d in tdc va v in d i thudc dja cua Lenin dang tren bao N h in dao Ngudi tim

thay trong Luan cudng cua Ldnin ldi giai dap con dudng giai phong cho nhan dan Viet Nam; ve van d£ thuoc dia trong mdi quan he vdi phong trao cach mang thd gidi Nguyen Ai Quoc da den vdi chu nghia Mac - Ldnin

Tai Dai hoi Dang Xa hoi Phap (thang 12-1920), Nguydn

Ai Quoc bo phieu tan thanh vide gia nhap Qudc td Cdng ean

va tham gia thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap Su kidn nay danh dau budc ngoat trong cudc ddi hoat ddng each mang cua Nguydn Ai Qudc - tir ngtfdi ydu nude trd thanh ngtfdi

cdng san va tim thay con dudng cufu nUdc dung d in : "Mud'n

cuv nude va giai phong d in toe khdng co con d vd n g nao khac con dvdng cach mang vd san

Tir dSy, cung vdi vide thuc hidn nhidm vu ddi vdi phong trao cdng san qudc te, Nguydn Ai Quoc xuc tidn truy^n ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin, vach phudng htfdng chidn ltfdc cach mang Viet Nam va chua’n bi dieu kidn dd’ thanh lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam

Nguydn Ai Qudc tich ctfc truy^n ba chu nghia Mac - Ldnin vao Vidt Nam thdng qua nhung bai dang trdn cac bao

N gvdi cung khd, N h in dao, Ddi song cdng n h in va xuat ban

mot sd' tac pha’m, d3c bidt la tac pham Ban an ch& dd thwc

d in Phap (nam 1925) Tac pha’m nay da vach ro am mini, thu

doan va tdi ac cua chu nghia dd quoc, khdi day manh me

1 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tip, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi,

2002, t.9, tr.314

tinh than yeu nude, thuc tinh tinh than dan toe nham danh dudi thuc dan Phap xam luck

Thang 11-1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc den Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) Thang 6-1925, Ngudi thanh lap Hoi Viet Nam cach mang thanh ni§n Chudng trinh va Dieu l£ cua Hoi neu ro muc dich la lam cach mang dan tdc va cach mang the gidi Sau kl.i cach mang thanh cdng, Hdi chu trudng thanh lap Chinh phu nhcln dan, muu diu hanh phuc cho nhan dan; tien len xay dung

xa hdi cong san chu nghia, thuc hien doan ket vdi giai cap vd san cac nude, vdi phong trao cach mang th£ gidi

Tu nSm 1925 d6n nam 1927, Hoi Viet Nam cach mang thanh nien da md cac ldp huan luy#n chinh tri cho can bd cach mang Vi6t Nam Hoi da xay dung dudc nhieu cd sd d cac trung tam kinh te, chinh trj trong nude Nam 1928, Hoi thuc hi£n chu trudng ‘Vo san hoa”, dua hoi vien vao nha may, him

mo, d6n dien de’ ren luyen lap trudng, quan diem giai cap cdng nhan; d€>’ truy£n ba chu nghia Mac - Ldnin va ly luan giai phong dan tdc vao phong trao cach mang Vidt Nam

Ngoai vide true tidp huan luyen can bo cua Hdi Vidt Nam cach mang thanh nien, Nguyen Ai Qudc con lua chon nhucng thanh nien Viet Nam Uu tu gui di hoc tai trudng Dai hoc Phudng Ddng (Lidn Xd) va trudng Luc quan Hoang Phd (Trung Qudc) nhSm dao tao can bd cho cach mang Vidt Nam.Cung vdi vide dao tao can bo, Nguyen Ai Quoc da td

chufc ra cac td bao Thanh nien, Cdng ndng, Linh cach menh,

TiSn phong nhSm truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Ldnin vao

Vidt Nam Quan diem cach mang cua Nguyen Ai Quoc da thufc tinh va giac ngo quan chung, thuc day phong trao d3u

tranh y£u nude cua nhan dan phat trie’n theo con dudng cach mang v6 san.

N3m 1927, Bd Tuyen truyin cua Hdi lten hifp cac dan

t6c bi ap buc xuat ban tac pha’m Dudng cach m in h (tap hdp

cac bai giang cua Nguyen Ai Qudc d ldp huan luy£n chinh

tri cua H6i Vtet Nam cach mang thanh nten)

Dudng cach m inh chi ro tinh chat va nhiem vu cua cach

mang Vtet Nam la cach mang giai phong dan toe md dudng tiin 16n chu nghia xa hoi Hai cuoc cach mang nay cd quan Ite mat thiit vdi nhau; cach mang la su nghtep cua quin chung la vtec chung ca dan chung chu khdng phai vtec mdt hai ngudi, do do phai doan ket toan dan Nhung cai cdt cua

no la cdng ndng va phai ludn ghi nhd rin g cdng ndng la ngudi chu cach menh, cdng ndng la goc cach nrtenh1

Nguyin Ai Qudc khang dinh: Mudn thang ldi thi cach mang phai cd mdt dang lanh dao, Dang cd vimg, cach mang mdi thanh cdng cung nhu ngudi c<im lai cd vung thi thuyin mdi chay Dang mudn vufng thi phai cd chu nghia lam cdt; chu nghia chan chinh nhat, chic chin nhat, cach ntenh nhat

la chu nghia Itenin

Vi va'n d i doan k it qudc te cua cach mang Vtet Nam, Nguyin Ai Qudc xac dinh: “Cach menh An Nam cung la mdt bd phan trong cach nrtenh th i gidi Ai lam cach ntenh trong th i gidi diu la ddng chi cua dan An Nam ca"3

1 Xem H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi,

2002, t.2, tr.263-268.

2 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tip , Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha N6i,

2002, t.2, tr 301.

V£ phudng phap cach mang, Ngudi nhah manh ddn viec phai giac ngo va td chufc quan chung cach mang, phai lam cho

qu in chung hie’u ro muc dich cach mang, bidt ddng tam hidp life dd danh dd giai ca'p ap buc minh, lam cach mang phai bie't cach lam, phai co “mUu chudc”, co nhu thd' mdi bao dam thanh cong cho cudc khdi nghia vcfi su ndi day cua toan dan

Tac pham Dwdng cach m inh da de cap nhucng vain dd cd

ban cua mot cucfng linh chinh tri, chuin bi vd tu tudng chinh tri

cho vide thanh lap Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam Dwdng cach

menh cd gia tri ly luan va thuc tidn to ldn doi vdi cach mang

Vidt Nam

- S u p h a t triin phong tra o yiu nwdc theo khuynh hudng

vd san

Tu dau the ky XX, cung vdi su phat trien cua phong trao

dan tdc tren lap trudng tu san, phong trao cdng nhan chdng

lai su ap buc, boc ldt cua tu san, thuc dan cung didn ra tii rat sdm Trudc Chidn tranh thd'gidi thuf nha't, cac cudc da'u tranh

cua cong nhan Vidt Nam chdng gidi chu didn ra vdi hinh

thufc sd khai, nhu bd trdn tap thd’, pha giao keo, dtfa ddn

phan khang , v£ sau tidn den hinh thufc dau tranh cao hdn

nhu bai cdng Trong nhucng n5m 1919-1925, phong trao cdng

nhan didn ra dudi cac hinh thufc dinh cdng, bai cdng, tidu

bidu nhu cac cudc bai cdng cua cdng nhan Ba Son (Sai Gon)

do T6n Due Thang td chufc (1925) va cudc bai cdng cua cdng

nhan Nha may sdi Nam Dinh ngay 30-4-1925, doi chu ttf ban

phai tang ludng, phai bo danh dap, gian dudi thd

Nhin chung, phong trao cdng nhan nhucng nSm 1919-

1925 da co budc phat trien so vdi trudc Chidn tranh thd'

gidi thuf nhat Hinh thufc bai cdng da trd nen phd bidn, cac

cudc da'u tranh cua cdng nhan didn ra tren quv md ldn hdn

va thdi gian dai hdn

Trong nhucng n5m 1926-1929, phong trao cdng nhan da

co stf lanh dao cua cac td chufc n hu Hdi Vidt Nam cach mang thanh nidn, Cdng hdi do va cac td chufc cdng san ra ddi tir nSm 1929 Cac cudc da'u tranh cua cdng nhan Vidt Nam mang tinh chat chinh tri ro rdt Mdi cudc da'u tranh da co sir lidn kd't giufa cac nha may, cac nganh va cac dia phudng Phong trao cdng nhan co sue ldi cudn phong trao dan tdc theo con dudng cach m ang vd san

Cung vao thdi gian nay, phong trao ydu nude phat tridn manh me, d«Sc bidt la phong trao ndng ddn di#n ra d rihi^u ndi trong ca nude N3m 1927, ndng dan lang Ninh Thanh Ldi (Rach Gia) da'u tranh chdng bon thuc dan va dia chu chid'm dat; ndng dan cac tinh Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Thai Binh, Nghd

An, Ha Tinh d£u tranh chdng bon dia chu cudp dat, doi chia rudng cdng1 Phong trao ndng dan va cdng nhan da hd trd lin nhau trong cudc da'u tranh chdng thuc dan, phong ki£n “Di£u

d5c bidt va quan trong nhuft trong phong trao cach mang d Ddng Dudng la su tranh dau cua q u in chung cdng ndng co tanh chat ddc Up rat ro rdt, chd khdng phai la chiu anh hudng qudic gia chu nghia nhu luc trudc nua”2

1 Xem Hdi ddng Trung Udng chi dao bidn soan giao trinh qudic gia cac bd mdn khoa hoc Mac - Ldnin, tu tudng H6 Chi Minh:

Giao trinh Lich sir Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam, Nxb Chinh tri qudc

gia, Ha Ndi, 2008, tr.42-43

2 Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam: V&n kktn Dang Toan t&p, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1998, t 2, tr.93.

- S u ra d d i cac td chuc cdng san d Viet Nam

Trudc sir phat tri#’n cua phong trao c6ng nhan va phong trao ydu nude, cud'i thang 3-1929, d Ha Ndi, mdt sd hdi vien

ti6n tidn cua td’ chufc Thanh ni£n d B5c Ky da lap ra chi bd cdng san d«iu ti£n d Vi6t Nam, do ddng chi T rln VSn Cung lam Bi thir chi bd

Tai Dai hdi lan thuf nhat cua Hoi Vidt Nam cach mang thanh nien (thang 5-1929) da xay ra bat ddng giufa cac doan

dai bidu vS vSin d£ thanh 13p dang cong san, ma thirc chat la

su khac nhau giiira nhung dai bielu mudn thanh lap ngay mdt dang cdng san va giai th# td chufc Hdi Vi6t Nam cach mang thanh ni£n, vdi nhucng dai bieu cung mudn thanh lap dang cdng san, nhimg “khdng mudn td chuc dang d giufa Dai hdi Thanh ni£n va cung khdng mudn pha Thanh ni£n trvrdc khi

l |p dudc dang”1 Trong hoan canh do, cac td chufc cdng san d

Vi6t Nam ra ddi

Ddng D udng Cdng san Dang: Ngay 17-6-1929, tai Ha

Ndi, dai bi£u cac td chufc cdng san d mi£n B3c hop Dai hdi,

quydt dinh thanh lap Ddng D udng Cdng san Dang Tuydn

ngdn cua Dang n£u ro: Dang Cdng san E>dng Dirdng td chufc dai da sd' va thuc hanh cdng ndng li£n hi#p muc dich la danh

dd dd qudc chu nghia; danh dd tu ban chu nghla; di6t trir chd

dd phong kidn; giai phong cdng ndng; thuc hifin xa hdi binh ding, tu do, bac ai, tuc la xa hdi cdng san

A n Nam Cdng san Dang: Trudc su ra ddi cua Ddng

Dudng Cdng san Dang va dS dap ufng y£u c iu cua phong

1 Dang C6ng san Vi&t Nam: VSn ki£n Dang Toan tip , Nxb Chinh tri qudic gia, Ha Ndi, 1998, t.l, tr.337.

trao cach mang, mua thu n2m 1929, cac ddng chi trong Hdi Vidt Nam cach mang thanh nidn hoat ddng d Trung Qudc va

Nam Ky da thanh lap A n Nam Cdng san Dang Ve dieu kien

kdt nap dang vidn, Drt?u If cua Dang vidt: “Ai tin theo chtfdng trinh cua Qudc te Cdng san, hSng hai phan dau trong mdt bo phan dang, phuc tung menh ldnh dang va gop nguydt phi, co the’ cho vao dang dudc”1

E)6ng Dirdng Cdng san Lien doan: Viec ra ddi cua Ddng

Dudng Cdng san Dang va An Nam Cdng san Dang da lam cho ndi bd Dang Tan Viet phan hoa manh me, nhung dang vidn tidn tien cua Tan Vidt da thanh lap Ddng Dwcfng Cdng

san LUn doan Tuydn dat cua D6ng Dudng Cdng san Lien doan (thang 9-1929), ndu ro: “Ddng Dudng Cdng san Lidn doan I3y chu nghia cdng san lam nen mong, lay cdng, ndng, binh lidn hidp lam ddi tudng van dong cach mdnh de thuc hanh cach mdnh cdng san trong xu Ddng Dudng, lam cho xu

sd cua chung ta hoan toan ddc lap xoa bo n«m ngudi boc lot

ap buc ngudi, x£y dung chd do Cdng Ndng chuydn chinh tidn Idn cdng san chu nghia trong toan xu Ddng Dudng”2.M5c du ddu giudng cao ngon cd chdng dd' quoc, phong kidn, xay dung chu nghia cdng san d Vidt Nam, nhung ba td’ chuc cdng san trdn day hoat ddng phan tan, chia re da anh hudng xa'u ddn phong trao cach mang d Vidt Nam luc nay Vi

v&y, vide kh3c phuc su chia re, phan tan giuta cac td chuc cdng

san la ydu diu khan thid't cua cach mang nude ta, la nhidm vu

cap bach trudc mSt cua ta't ca nhucng ngudi cdng san Vidt Nam

1, 2 Dang C6ng san Viet Nam: Vein kien Dang Toan tap,

Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha N6i, 1998, t.l, tr.359, 404.

II HOl n g h i th a n h la p d An g VA

CL/ONG LINH CHiNH TRj DAU Tl£N CUA BANG

1 Hdi nghj thanh lap Dang Cdng san Vi$t Nam

D£n cudi n3m 1929, nhufng ngudi cach mang Vi6t Nam trong cac td’ chuc cdng san da nhan thufc dudc su din thiet va c3p bach phai thanh lap mot dang cdng san thd'ng nhat, cha'm duft suf chia re trong phong trao cdng san d Vi£t Nam

Ngay 27-10-1929, Qudc t£ Cong san gufi rthtfng ngudi

cdng san Dong Dirdng tai lieu Ve viec thanh I$p m dt Dang

Cdng san 6 E> 6 ng Difdng, y£u diu nhucng ngudi cdng san

Ddng Dtfdng phai khic phuc ngay su chia re giuTa cac nhom

cdng san va thanh lap mdt dang cua giai c2lp vd san Qudc t£'

Cdng san chi r5 phtfdng thufc de tien tdi thanh lap dang la phai bat d iu tu vide x3y dung cac chi bd trong cac nha may,

xi nghi£p; chi ro mdi quan hd giufa Dang Cdng san Ddng Difdng vdi phong trao cong san qudc t£

Nh3n duoc tin v£ su chia re cua nhung ngudi cdng san d Ddng Duong, Nguyin Ai Quoc rdi Xi£m ddn Trung Qudc Ngudi chu tri Hdi nghi hop nhat Dang, hop tu ngay 6-1 ddn ngay 7-2-19301 tai Htfdng Cang, Trung Qudc

Thanh phan Hdi nghi hdp nha't gdm: 1 dai biehi cua Qudc

te Cdng san; 2 dai bie’u cua Ddng Dudng Cdng san Dang; 2 dai

1 Nghi quyet Dai hdi dai bi£u toan qudc l&n thuf III Dang Lao ddng Vift Nam (ngay 10-9-1960), quy&'t ng i la'y ngay 3-2 ducting lich hang n3m lam ngay ky ni£m thanh 13p Dang (Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam: V3n kiPrt Dang Toan t&p, Nxb Chinh tri qudic gia, Ha Ndi, 2002, t.21, tr.904).

bidu An Nam Cdng san Dang1 Hdi nghi thao !u3n de nghj cua Nguyin Ai Qudc gdm n3m didm ldn, vdi ndi dung:

“1 Bo moi thanh kidn xung ddt cu, thanh that hdp tac de thd'ng nhfl't cac nhom cdng san d E)6ng Dtfdng;

2 Dinh tdn Dang la Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam;

3 Thao Chinh ctfdng va Dilu Id sd Itfdc cua Dang;

4 Djnh kd'hoach thuc hidn vide thong nhSt trong nude;

5 Ctf mdt Ban Trung tfdng 13m thdi g6m chin ngtfdi, trong do co hai dai bid’u chi bd cdng san Trung Qudc d Ddng Dirdng”2

H6i nghi nhat tri vdi N3m diem ldn theo dd nghi cua

Nguyin Ai Qudc va quydt djnh hdp nhSt cac td chufc cdng

san, la'y tdn 1? Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam.

Hdi nghi thao luSn va thdng qua cac v in kien: Chanh

cUdng vdn t&t cua Dang, Sach lu&c vSn tStcua Dang, Chucfng trinh tom t i t cua Dang va DiSu Id vdn tSt cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam.

Hdi nghi quydt dinh phtfdng ch&m, kd hoach thd'ng nhat cac 16 chufc cdng san trong ntfdc, quydt dinh ra bao, tap chi cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam

Ngay 24-2-1930, theo ydu ciu cua Ddng Dtfdng Cdng san Lidn doan, Ban Chci'p hanh Trung tfdng 13m thdi hop va ra

N ghi quydt ch ip nh$n Ddng D udng Cdng san Lidn doan

1 Xem Dang C6ng san Vidt Nam: V&n kiin Dang Toan tip,

Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1998, t.2, tr.10

2 Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam: Vln kiin Dang Toan tip, Nxb

Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1998, t.2, tr.l

gia nM p Dang Cdng san Viet Nam Nhu vSy, ddn ngay 24-2-

1930, Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da hoan thanh vide hop nhat

ba td? chufc cdng san d Vidt Nam

2 Ctfdng linh chinh trj d lu tien cua Dang C§ng san Vi?t Nam

Cac v3n kidn dtfdc thdng qua tai Hdi nghi thanh lap

Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam nhtf: Chanh cudng v&n tSt cua

Dang, Sach ludc v£n tilt cua Dang, Chudng trinh tom tiStcua Dang hdp thanh Citdng linh chinh tri dJu ti£n cua Dang Cdng san ViSt Nam Ctfdng lmh xac dinh cac vSh d i cd ban

cua cach mang Vidt Nam:

Phtfdng hitdng chien ludc cua cach m ang ViSt Nam la:

"ttf san dan quydn cach mang va thd dia cach mang d i di tdi

xa hdi cdng san”1

Nhi£m vu cua cach mang tit san dSn quySn va thd dia cach mang:

VS chinh trj: Danh dd dd qudc chu nghia Phap va bon

phong kid'n; lam cho ntfdc Vidt Nam dtfdc hoan toan ddc lap;

lap chinh phu cdng ndng binh, to chtfc quan ddi cdng ndng

VS kinh tS: Thu tidu hd't cac thtf qudc trai; tjch thu toan

bd san nghidp ldn (nhtf cdng nghidp, van tai, ngdn hang, v.v.) cua ttf ban dd' qudc chu nghia Phap dd’ giao cho Chinh phu cdng ndng binh quan ly; tich thu toan bd rudng dat cua bon

dd qudc chu nghla lam cua cdng chia cho dan cay ngheo;

1 Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam: Vin ki$n Dang Toan t$p, Nxb Chinh

tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1998, t.2, tr.2.

bo sim thud' cho dan cay ngheo; md mang cdng nghidp va ndng nghidp; thi hanh lu3t ngay lam 8 gid.

VS vSn hoa - xa hdi: Ddn chung dtfdc tu do td chufc; nam

nuf binh quydn, v.v.; phd thdng giao due theo cdng ndng hoa

VS luc Juc/ng cach mang: Dang phai thu phuc cho dudc

dai bd ph3n dan cay va phai dtfa vao hang dan cay ngheo lam thd’ dia cach mang, danh dd’ bon dai dia chu va phong kidn; phai lam cho cac doan thd’ thd thuyln va dan cay (cdng hdi, hdp tac xa) khdi d dudi quydn luc va anh htfdng cua bon

tu ban qudc gia; phai hd't sufc lidn lac vdi tidu tu san, tri thut, trung ndng, Thanh nidn, Tan Vidt, v.v dd’ keo ho di vao phe

vd san giai ca'p Dd'i vdi phu ndng, trung tidu dia chu va tu ban An Nam ma chua ro mat phan cach mang thi phai ldi dung, it lau mdi lam cho ho dung trung lap Bd phan nao da

ra m5t phan cach mang (nhu Dang lap hidn, v.v.) thi phai danh dd

VS lanh dao cach mang: Giai ca'p vd san la luc ltfdng

lanh dao cach mang Vidt Nam Dang la ddi tidn phong cua giai cap vd san, phai thu phuc cho dtfdc dai bd phan giai cap minh, phai lam cho giai ca'p minh lanh dao dtfdc dan chung;

trong khi lidn lac vdi cac giai cap, phai rat cin than, khdng

khi nao nhtfdng bd mdt chut ldi ich gi cua cdng ndng ma di vao con dtfdrtg thoa hidp

VS quan hS cua cach mang ViSt Nam vdi phong trao cach m ang th i'g id i: Cach mang Vidt Nam la mdt bd phan

cua cach mang thd' gidi, phai thtfc hanh lidn lac vdi cac dan tdc bi ap bufc va giai ca'p vd san thd' gidi, nhat la giai cap vd san Phap

3 Y nghla Ijch sur su ra ddi Dang Cpng san V lft Nam v i Cudng Fnh chinh trj d£u tien cua D£ng

D an; Cdng san Vidt Nam ra ddi thd’ hidn budc p h a t

trien bain chung qua trinh v in ddng cua cach m ang ViSt Nam: sc p h a t triin tit H di V iit N am cach m ang thanh n iin

d in ba chuc cdng san, d in Dang Cdng san ViSt Nam trin

n in ta n f chu nghia Mac - L inin va quan d iim cach m ang

N guyen A i Qudc.

Hdi nghi hdp itiiac cac to chufc cdng san d Vidt Nam da quy tu la td chuc cdng san thanh mdt dang cdng san duy nhat - Ding Cdng san Vidt Nam, theo mdt dudng ldi chinh

trj dung J3n, tao ndn sir thd'ng nha't v i tu tudng, chinh tri, td

chufc va hanh ddng cua phong trao cach mang ca nude, hudng tci muc tidu d6c lap dan tdc va chu nghia xa hdi

Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam ra ddi la kd't qua ta't ydu cua cudc da'i tranh dan t V va da'u tranh giai ca'p, la su khing djnh vai tro lanh dao cua giai ca'p cdng nhan Vidt Nam va hd

tu tudng Mac - Ldnin dd'i vdi cach mang Vidt Nam Sir kidn Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam ra ddi la “mdt budc ngo5t vd cung quan trong trong lich suf each mang Vidt Nam ta No chufng

to ring giai cap vd san ta da trudng thanh va du sue lanh dao each mang”1

VI qua trinh ra ddi cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam, Chu tich H6 Qii Minh da khai quat: “Chu nghia Mac - Ldnin kdt hdp vdi phong trao cdng nhan va phong trao ydu nude da

1 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tip , Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha N6i,

2002, t.10, tr.8.

d in tdi vide thanh lap D ang Cdng san E) 6 n g Dirdng vao dau

Ldnin v i dang cdng san Dai hdi dai bidu toan qudc lin thuf VD

cua Dang (nim 1991) chi ro: “Dang Cdng san Vi£t Nam la san phim cua su kdt hdp chu nghla Mac - Ldnin vdi phong trao cdng nhan va phong trao ydu nude cua nhan dan Vi&t Nam Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh la hidn than tron ven nhat cho su k£t hdp do, la ti£u bidu sang ngdi cho su k£t hdp giai cap va dan tdc, dan tdc va qudc tS> ddc lap dan tdc vdi chu nghia xa hdi”2

Ngay tir khi ra ddi, Dang da cd cUdng linh chinh trj xac dinh dung dan con dudng giai phong dan tdc theo phudng hudng cach mang vd san, day la cd sd dd Dang Cdng san

Vi6t Nam nSm dudc ngon cd lanh dao phong trao cach mang

Vidt Nam; giai quydt dudc tinh trang khung hoang v i dudng ld'i cach mang, v i giai ca'p lanh dao cach mang di£n ra dau

th£' ky XX; md ra con dudng va phudng hudng phat tridn mdi cho dat nude Vidt Nam.»

Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam ra ddi va vide Dang chu trudng cach mang Vidt Nam la m dt bd phan cua phong trao cach mang thd1' gidi da tranh thu dudc su ung hd td ldn cua

1 Hd Chi Minh: Toan tip, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia, Ha Ndi,

2002, t.10, tr.8

2 Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam: VSn Jd&i Dang Toan tip, Nxb Chinh

tri qu6'c gia, Ha Ndi, 2007, t.51, tr.127-128