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The thesis focuses on researching and contrasting English and Vietnamesesociological terms considering their formation and nomination characteristics, inorder to identify the similaritie

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES -

NGO THI THANH VAN

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE

SOCIOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGYMajor: Comparative and Contrastive Linguistics

Code: 9222024

SUMMARY OF THE PH.D THESIS IN LINGUISTICS

Hanoi - 2019

The thesis has been completed at: Faculty of Linguistics, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences

Supervisor: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem

First examiner: Prof Dr Nguyen Quang

Second examiner: Assoc Prof Nguyen Hong Con

Third examiner: Assoc Prof Hoang Tuyet Minh

The thesis will be defended before the Academy-wide assessment board of

dissertations and theses at

……….………

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on , 2019

The thesis can be found at: The National Library of Vietnam

Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

THE THESIS-RELATED STUDIES BY THE PH.D STUDENT

1 Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2014), An initial survey of Vietnamese sociological terms

on Oxford dictionary data), Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol.2 (28), pp 89-92,

4 Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2019), Several Proposals on Standardisation of Sociological Terms, Prof Hoang Phe with Vietnamese and Standardisation of Vietnamese Language - Scientific Conference Proceedings 2019), Dan Tri Publishing

House, pp 288-296

1 Rationale

Terminology is a tool, which constitutes knowledge of a science.Vietnamese sociology nowadays witnesses rapid growth and requires rich andstandard scientific terminology However, the Vietnamese sociologicalterminology is in the ongoing process of development, thus, terms are stillinadequate without any standardisation of content and forms In consideration ofsuch evolution in the domestic sociology, it is essential to build and perfect theterminology of the domain

The thesis focuses on researching and contrasting English and Vietnamesesociological terms considering their formation and nomination characteristics, inorder to identify the similarities and differences in those of the English andVietnamese sociological terms in light of comparative and contrastive linguistics.From this point, the thesis engages in building the general theory of terminology,develop and standardise the current Vietnamese sociological terminology

2 Objectives and tasks

2.1 Research objectives

The thesis aims to clarify the similarities and differences between the formationand nomination of the sociological terminology in English and those inVietnamese by studying and contrasting Upon this basis, specific measures areproposed to standardise the English-Vietnamese sociological terminology

2.2 Research tasks

In order to achieve the aforesaid objectives, the thesis fulfils the followingtasks: Giving an overview of researching situation and systematisation oftheoretical viewpoints for the research; and contrastive analysis between Englishand Vietnamese sociological terms considering their formation and nominationcharacteristics; and proposing standardisation of unqualified terms

3 Subjects and scope

3.1 Research subjects

The research subjects are the sociological terms in English and theircorresponding terms in Vietnamese From our point of view, sociological terms are

fixed words and phrases that express the concepts used in the sociological domain.

3.2 Research scope

The thesis’ scope of research for contrastive analysis is limited tosociological terms in English and Vietnamese from dictionaries and scientificdocuments on the typical sociological domain to identify the similarities anddifferences between these terms in English and those in Vietnamese from thecontemporary perspective The base language is English and the contrastinglanguage is Vietnamese

4 Research methodology and materials

The thesis combines research methodology descriptive and contrastivemethods, with tactics, such as direct constituent analysis, quantitative statistics,and modelling

Materials utilised are collected from typical sociological dictionaries,textbooks, and specialized journals, with terms in both English and Vietnamese

5 New scientific contributions

This might be considered a systematic and comprehensive research andcontrastive analysis between the basic characteristics of sociological terms inEnglish and those in Vietnamese from the formation and nomination perspective.Based on the findings and outcomes, the thesis proposes specific directions andfeasible measures to develop and standardise sociological terms in Vietnamese,contributing to the development and standardisation of Vietnamese sociologicalterminology in particular and Vietnamese sociology in general

6 Theoretical and practical significance

6.1 Theoretical significance

The research outcome is expected to engage in establishment anddevelopment of the ongoing sociological terminology in Vietnam, and apply thecontrastive theory in analysing English-Vietnamese sociological terminology,which enables standardisation and development of the underlying terms

6.2 Practical significance

The research outcome of the thesis is expected to:

- Act as a ground for fully developing the existing Vietnamese sociological terms

to facilitate the nationwide development of sociology

- Practically contribute to revision, thus, standardisation of the existingVietnamese sociological terms, functionally supporting the curriculum andcompiling sociological dictionaries, textbooks and reference documents Thethesis also represents a good reference resource for teachers, learners, linguists,and sociologists.

7 Thesis structure

The thesis is comprised of introduction, body, conclusion, reference list, andappendix sections The body section consists of four chapters Chapter 1: Literaturereview and theoretical background; Chapter 2: Contrastive analysis of formativecharacteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms; Chapter 3: ContrastiveAnalysis of nomination characteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms;and Chapter 4: Evaluation and standardisation of English-Vietnamese sociological

term translation output

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Introduction

In Chapter 1, we review the researches on terms both in Vietnam and othercountries as well as concepts and essential criteria for terms We also provide atheoretical framework for contrastive linguistics, nomination theory, translationtheory as research background for the thesis

1.1 Literature review

1.1.1 Researches on term abroad

Term development can be summarized in 3 important periods: the periodfrom the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century; the 2nd half of the 20thcentury; and the 1975-1985 period The thesis also reviews the situation of termresearches in the world in 4 development periods According to Teresa Cabré M.[Cabre, 1992], modern terms have developed through four basic periods: theorigins (1930 - 1960), the structuring of the field (1960 - 1975); the boom (1975 -1985); and the expansion (1985 to present)

1.1.2 Researches on term in Vietnam

The thesis summarizes the term studies in Vietnam by development periods,and reviews the studies, dissertations and journal articles related to the domain A

number of outstanding theoretical studies on Vietnamese terms have beenpublished by Vietnamese linguists, such as Hoang Xuan Han, Nguyen Van Tu, LuuVan Lang, Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Nhu Y, Dai Xuan Ninh, Nguyen Duc Dan,Nguyen Thien Giap, Vuong Toan, Le Quang Thiem, Do Huu Chau, Nguyen DucTon, Ha Quang Nang, and others The researchers have all been concentrating ondiscussing several general theoretical issues about terms such as concepts, criteria,creation methods, borrowing terms, and standardisation.

1.1.3 Researches on sociological terms in Vietnam and abroad

1.1.3.1 Researches on sociological terms abroad

Sociology has been developing in a fast pace around the world, but studies

on sociological terms are mainly dictionaries of specialized terms Highlights arethe dictionaries by William Outhwaite, Tom Bottomore, David Jary-Julia Jary,Bryan S Turner, John Scott, and Gordon Marshall

1.1.3.2 Researches on sociological terms in Vietnam

There are only a modest number of researches on sociological terms inVietnam, which are mainly limited to explanatory dictionaries edited or translated

by Nguyen Khac Vien, Thanh Le, Nguy Huu Tam, Bui The Cuong, and others.There has been no in-depth research on contrastive analysis of sociologicalterminology in English and Vietnamese thus far

1.2 Theoretical background

1.2.1 Terms and related concepts

1.2.1.1 Concept of terms

Considering experts’ point of view on terms, the thesis establishes the

following concept of terms as a research basis: Terms are words or phrases that concisely represent the definition, attributes, subjects, things and phenomena, etc within a certain scientific or specialized domain.

1.2.1.2 Criteria for terms

On a systematic basis and analysis of the term criteria set by both foreignand local researchers, we find that basic criteria of a term include scientificity(accuracy, brevity, systematicness), internationalism, and nationalism This is alsothe thesis’ theoretical basis for surveying, contrastive analysis and standardisation

of the sociological terms

1.2.1.3 Concept of sociological terms

From various linguists’ perspectives on terms and definitions of sociology,

we propose the below definition of sociological terms Sociological terms are words or phrases that correctly present the definition, attributes, subjects, things and phenomena, etc within the domain of sociology.

1.2.2 Contrastive linguistics

1.2.2.1 Concept of contrastive analysis

Contrastive linguistics was introduced in Vietnam in 1980s in an article of

Le Quang Thiem, namely, ‘Nhận xét nghiên cứu đối chiếu ngôn ngữ’ (roughly, An Assessment of Study on Contrastive Linguistics) published on the Scientific Journal of Vietnam National University A highlight was his so-called ‘Nghiên cứu đối chiếu các ngôn ngữ’ (Contrastive Study on Languages) published in 1989.

Until now, there have been several intensive studies on contrastive analysis by BuiManh Hung, Tran Huu Manh, Vuong Toan and editions with supplements by LeQuang Thiem, etc

1.2.2.2 Principles of Contrastive Research

Researcher Bui Manh Hung, on the research basis, raised five fundamentalprinciples which must be conformed to by contrastive studies

1.2.2.3 Contrastive analysing steps

According to Bui Manh Hung, contrastive analysis consists of 3 steps:description, identification of contrastive objects and contrastive analysis

1.2.3.4 Scope of contrastive analysis

The thesis presents several opinions about scopes of contrastive analysis,given by foreign and local authors

1.2.3 Nomination theory

1.2.3.1 Concept of nomination

This thesis represents several typical concepts of nomination given by a

number of authors The following viewpoint i.e “It is nomination that names things and phenomena”, stated by Nguyen Duc Ton, is accepted as a research base.

1.2.3.2 Process of nomination

The thesis provides a brief summary of the nomination process found by anumber of researchers The thesis accepts that “the nomination process covers two

stages: concept categorization of nominal subjects and utilization of a subject’sfeatures as its name As classification of nomination concepts is flexible, it ispossible to include or exclude some features of things or phenomena to select themost typical out of them, which differentiates such thing or phenomenon fromothers.” as stated by Nguyen Duc Ton.

1.2.3.3 Characteristics of nomination

Characteristics of nomination can be a fundamental or non-fundamentalattribute of a thing or phenomenon, given that it differentiates such thing orphenomenon from others

1.2.3.4 Nomination unit

Base unit of nomination is normally a word Through semantic derivationand morphological derivation, derivative nomination unit, which is often acompound or a phrase, is formed

1.2.3.5 Methods of nomination

According to B.A Sereprenhicop, there are seven direct nominationmethods i.e using a phonetic combination demonstrating certain features amongthe subject’s features, sound simulations (onomatopoeia), derivation, compoundwording, structure of expressions, idioms, calque, and and loan translation

1.2.3.6 Structure of derivative nomination unit

Derivative nomination is a new structuring method for the new nominationunit through semantic derivation and morphological-syntactical derivation Themorphological-syntactical method utilizes morphology to impact the elements toform derivative nomination unit under certain models

1.2.4 Understanding of translation

1.2.4.1 Concept of translation

The thesis attempts to systematise the concepts of translation given byseveral researchers, such as Nida, E and C Taber, Mildred L Larson, andJakobson The thesis establishes an opinion that, translation is transformation of atext from its source language to a target language while the meaning of text inboth languages is understood the same by corresponding native speakers

1.2.4.2 Methods of translation

The thesis on translation methodology of Vinay, J P and J Darbelnet,Catford, Larson, Newmark, Nguyen Hong Con, and others The thesis utilisestranslating tactics suggested by Nguyen Hong Con as a base for the English intoVietnamese sociological term translation survey.

Summary

In Chapter 1, we reviewed the overview of term and sociological termstudies in Vietnam and abroad We also explained several understandings of termsand eligibility of scientific terms It is also mentioned in Chapter 1 that, essentialrequirements for term research include contrastive theory, nomination theory andtranslation theory Those theories act as key theoretical foundations for contrastiveanalysis of structural characteristics and features of nomination between Englishand Vietnamese sociological terms in next chapters

CHAPTER 2: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FORMATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE

SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS Introduction

In Chapter 2, we use elements to analyse the semantic meaning and the

relations between elements constituting a term We analyse structural units and therelations between sociological term units at word and phrase levels

2.1 Understandings of English and Vietnamese terms

English-Vietnamese sociological terms consist of nominative words andphrases Therefore, we summarize a number of understandings of English andVietnamese words and phrases as a basis for contrastive analysis

2.1.1 Concepts of word and phrase in English and Vietnamese

2.1.1.1 Concepts of word and word formation in English

We accept Bloomfield’s opinion in his research on words from the

formation perspective A morpheme is considered as a base unit for wordformation A word can be constituted by one or two root morphemes, or acombination of root morpheme(s) and bound morpheme(s) As it suggests, root

morpheme is the “core” of a word, and there would be no word without root

morpheme’s existence When it comes to English, there are words, compoundwords and derivative words

2.1.1.2 Concepts of word and word formation in Vietnamese

We utilise the understanding of the reputable linguist Prof Nguyen Tai Can

to research the formation of Vietnamese words According to Prof Nguyen Tai Can, the base unit in Vietnamese grammar is a syllable or monosyllable He

divides syllables to two types, namely, independent and dependent syllables

Words in Vietnamese refer to two types monosyllabic words and compound words 2.1.1.3 Concepts of phrase and phrase formation in English

According to Bloomfield, an English phrase is a combination of freemorphemes (a non-minimum free form is a phrase) The main element in a phrasedecides the phrase’s function English phrases (include) fall in noun phrases, verbphrases, adjective phrases, and preposition phrases English noun phrases andpreposition phrases are analysed intensively in this thesis

2.1.1.4 Concepts of phrase and phrase Formation in Vietnamese

We also refer to Prof Nguyen Tai Can’s idea in studying Vietnamesephrases Phrase (đoản ngữ) is a combination of a head and subordinate elementssupplementing the phrase’s meaning, in which head is the most important, acting

as representation of the phrase Structure of Vietnamese noun phrases andpreposition phrases is analysed in-depth in this thesis

2.1.2 Direct constituent elements of term

The elements constituting a term are the smallest and base unit to form aterm To identify a term’s constituents, it is necessary to distinguish whether suchterm is a word or a phrase as they have different constituent units English terms

are single words formed by morphemes as elements, while Vietnamese terms are single words formed by syllables as elements; elements constituting a compound word are morphemes; and elements directly forming a phrase are both single and

compound words

Stats shows that sociological terms in English refer to words and phrases

with 1 to 5 constituent elements Sociological terms in Vietnamese refer to words

with 1 or 2 constituent elements Sociological terms with single constituentelements in English outnumber those in Vietnamese English-Vietnamesesociological terms with 2 constituent elements represent a high percentage,

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equivalent to 71.9% and 98.1% respectively English sociological terms with 3 and

4 constituent elements are few with the proportion of 9.7 and 1.6% respectively;while those with 5 are minor at 0.4%

According to the stats, English-Vietnamese sociological terms with 2constituent elements cover very high proportions i.e 55.8 and 65.1.1%respectively English- Vietnamese sociological terms with 3 constituent elementsaccount for 39.8 and 30.8% respectively There are a very modest number English-Vietnamese sociological terms with 4 and 5 constituent elements, which are only0.8 and 0.2% respectively

In general, sociological terms in both English and Vietnamese are relativelybrief and succinct Ones with 2 or 3 constituent elements, which are at a highpercentage, are ideal for scientific terms

2.1.3 Structural characteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms

When it comes to formation methods, English and Vietnamese sociologicalterms are categorized into single words, compound words and phrases Asociological term which is a compound word may be a compound noun,subordinate compound, or derivative compound A phrase as a sociological termmay refer to a noun phrase, verb phrase, or preposition phrase

Considering their constituent elements, English- Vietnamese sociologicalterms fall into nominative words and nominative phrases with 1 to 5 constituentelements They appear to be structurally concise and qualified for scientific terms.There are a large number of terms which are constituted by words and phraseswith 2 or 3 constituent elements

2.2 Contrastive analysis of the structure of English-Vietnamese sociological terms

2.2.1 Concepts of formation models

A model is a certain pattern in a language upon which similar words andphrases are formed Author Le Quang Thiem stated that, “formation model is amould where you can fill appropriate stuff to output a variety of units.”Contrastive analysis of sociological terms means to seek such formation model orpattern of sociological terms, which are used to establish the sociological

terms, thus, to provide standard formation models with potentials to establishfurther terms.

2.2.2 Contrastive analysis of the structure of sociological terms as a single word

115 out of 1,339 English sociological terms used for contrastive analysis aresingle words, accounting for 8.6% There are only 9 single-word terms, making0.7% of total 1,339 Vietnamese sociological terms The statistical data alsoindicates that, there are few English sociological terms under single word form.Single words are rather minimal among Vietnamese sociological terms

2.2.3 Contrastive analysis of the structure of sociological terms as compound words

Out of 1,339 English sociological terms surveyed, only 586 terms,equivalent to 43.8%, are compound words Out of the same number ofsociological terms in Vietnamese, only 457 terms are compound words, making34.1% of the total The percentage of compound words is rather high in bothEnglish and Vietnamese, resulted by compound words’ characteristics, especiallyhigh specificity and classification in subordinate compounds

2.2.3.1 English-Vietnamese sociological terms as compound nouns

There is no compound word in total 586 English sociological terms whichare compound words 75 units out of 457 English sociological terms arecompound words, making 16.4% It is recognized that Vietnamese terms incompound form are constituted by two independent elements or more with equalvalue in meaning and grammatical functions

2.2.3.2 English-Vietnamese sociological terms as subordinate or derivative compounds

In English sociological terms, ones with subordinate relations betweendirect elements have implicit coverage 100% of 586 compound words in Englishsociological terms have subordinate relations between constituent elements.However, the coverage in Vietnamese is only 382 out of 457, making 83.6% of thetotal sociological terms The thesis demonstrates this with a formation model forEnglish and Vietnamese sociological terms, indicating subordinate and derivativecompounds There are 2 formation models for subordinate compounds inVietnamese sociological terms while there are 7 models in English