VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATED ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN QUOC MANH PRE-OC EO VESTIGE IN THE TU GIAC LONG XUYEN REGION DURING THE FORMATION OF OC EO CULTURE IN S
Trang 1VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRADUATED ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
NGUYEN QUOC MANH
PRE-OC EO VESTIGE IN THE TU GIAC LONG XUYEN REGION
DURING THE FORMATION OF OC EO CULTURE
IN SOUTHWEST VIETNAM
Major: Archaeology Code: 9.22.90.17
SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGY DOCTOR THESIS
HA NOI-2019
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Thesis have completed at:
GRADUATED ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Supervisor: Assc.Prof Dr BUI CHI HOANG
Reviewer 1: Assc.Prof.Dr Hoang Van Khoan
Reviewer 2: Assc Prof Dr Tong Trung Tin
Reviewer 3: Dr Pham Quoc Quan
This thesis will be presented in Assessment Committee of
Graduated Academy of Social Sciences at ……… h …… m, …… /
…… /2019
This thesis submitted for:
National Library of Vietnam Library of Graduated Academy of Social Sciences
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LIST OF THESIS AUTHOR PUBLICATION
1 Nguyen Quoc Manh (2008), Go Me pottery in the process of Prehistoric culture development in Eastern Nam Bo, in “Some
Archaeological achievements in Southern Vienam - Volume 3, Social Sciences publishing, Hanoi, pp.177-228
2 Nguyen Quoc Manh, Cao Kieu Thuy Linh (2014), Nhon Thanh complex site-Documents and Considerations, Social Sciences magagine
(No.8/2014), pp.97-111
3 Nguyen Quoc Manh (2015), Late pre-historial vestiges in An Giang province-Characteristic and Chronology, Social Sciences
magagine (No 11/2015), pp 80-96
4 Nguyen Quoc Manh (2016), Some issue about dating of Oc Eo culture in An Giang province The national conference “Value of Oc Eo
cultural Heritage - An Giang province, in the process of socio-economic development” University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City), pp 116-130
5 Le Thi Lien, Nguyen Quoc Manh, Nguyen Thi Mai Huong (2016), Context of the port-cities establishment in the coast of Southern Vietnam: Understanding from recent surveys, Southeast Asia Regional
Centre for Archaeologie and Fine Arts, from 30th May to 2nd June 2016), Bangkok, Thailand, pp 160-177
6 Bui Chi Hoang, Nguyen Quoc Manh, Le Hoang Phong (2018),
Protohistoric Archaeology in Southern Vietnam, Social Sciences
publishing, Hanoi
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been shaped and developed strongly from the second half of the first
millennium BC, in which Southeast Asia was an important access
gateway
Based on the cultural characteristics which was clarified between
culture stages 2 and 3, it clearly expresses the inherent direct
relationship between this stage, it is a concrete reflection of the
transitional step from Pre-Oc Eo stage to early Oc Eo stage that
associated with the formation of the ancient city of Oc Eo in the
beginning of Common Era
With the achievements of research in recent decades, we have been
able to establish a genealogy of cultural development of pre Oc Eo
culture in the TGLX region in particular and in the Southern region in
general TGLX region includes three stages which is connected with
three developing periods and transition from pre-historical to
proto-historical, from pre-Oc Eo to Oc Eo culture Therein, the second
cultural stage is a transitional stage, a period of cultural transition from
pre-Oc Eo to Oc Eo culture (proto-Oc Eo)
By clarifying the developmental complex of pre-Oc Eo in the
TGLX region and its important role in the formation of the Oc Eo
culture in the Southwest region, it is possible to perceive that the
ancient Oc Eo city was formed on a land which was created and
conquered by indigenous people, on a cultural tradition rooted in
prehistoric culture in the Southern region in which archaeological
materials finds that TGLX region has a very important role
1
INTRODUCTION
1 The urgency of research
The issue of source and development of Oc Eo culture is an important research content From the very beginning of the discovering this culture, French scholars have recognized the importance of the indigenous origin of this culture
Up to now, there have been many important findings about cultural elements as the germ of the Oc Eo culture through vestiges of post-Metal age and early-Iron Age that reflect the close relationship with Oc
Eo culture in the space of Southeast region and the transitional area between the East-West of South region Particularly, Tu Giac Long Xuyen (TGLX region) is considered as an important space of Oc Eo culture and also many pre-Oc Eo vestiges have been discovered, however the researches on the pre-Oc Eo stage in this area are still incomplete, there are unsolved spaces needed to be clarified
From the current practical needs, the issue of “Pre-Oc Eo vestige
in the Tu Giac Long Xuyen region during the formation of Oc Eo culture in the Southwest region” is selected as the content of the thesis
- Research purposes:
To synthesize the pre-Oc Eo documents in TGLX region
Clarify cultural characteristics, relationship, chronology and historical of develop stages from pre-Oc Eo to early-Oc Eo in TGLX
- Object and scope of the study:
Research objects are vestiges of pre-Oc Eo and early Oc Eo in TGLX region as well as in the Southern Vietnam
Time frame: from the second half of the 1st millennium BC to the
3rd century AD; the main study area is TGLX region and extent of comparative study in the Southern Vietnam
- Methodologies and methods used:
The thesis uses historical methodology, dialectical materialism and
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historical materialism Methods of country archeology, description,
comparative studies Statistical method, data analysis or theory of
cummunity structure, theory of ancient urban formation are also used
- The main contributions of the thesis:
To synthesize documents, to clarify the basic characteristics of the
vestiges and relics of pre-Oc Eo, to identify dates and develop stages
from pre-Oc Eo to Oc Eo culture
To determine the relationship with the vestiges of pre-Oc Eo in the
South of Vietnam (Nam Bo) and to clarify the role of TGLX region in
the formation process of Oc Oe culture
6 Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis
Through synthesizing and analyzing materials, the thesis offers a
fuller materials as source material for studying and investigating the
formation of Oc Eo culture in TGLX region and the Southern Vietnam
The thesis contributes to clarify the formation history of the
Mekong delta
The thesis contributes to establish a tradition of development and
realization of an important historical period of the Southern region
7 Structure of the thesis
Besides introduction and conclusion, the content of the thesis
consists of three chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of research (25 pages)
Chapter 2: Vestiges, relics of pre-Oc Eo in TGLX region (63 pages)
Chapter 3: Characters, dates and cultural relationship (49 pages)
Chapter 1: Overview of study
1.1 The Geography and environment
TGLX is an area of about 4,900km2, distributed in An Giang and
Kien Giang provinces Its terrain characteristic is divided-levels and
composed of ancient alluvial terrace around the blocks of mountain
down the plain delta, that is typical character of open flood plain
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CONCLUSION
The thesis has gathered, systematized, classified the materials of pre-Oc Eo and early Oc Eo in TGLX region and Southern region It processed and identified the stages of cultural development of the TGLX region, consisting of three developing stages
TGLX region is an important component in the history of the formation and development of the Southern region as well as the delta
of the Mekong river
The earliest vestiges of people in this area manifests a close traditional relationship with the prehistorical culture of the Eastern Nam
Bo, especially the basin of Vam Co river
The three cultural stages in TGLX region are three developing steps from the pre-Oc Eo culture to the early Oc Eo culture in the Southern region
In addition to traditional indigenous cultural elements, the bold mark of the exoticelements had partly contributedin the whole socio-cultural and socio-economic structure of the pre-Oc Eo inhabitant in TGLX region and the Southwestern region However, traditional cultural elements still play a major role besides a strong interaction with other cultures in the region
In the transiting period in the beginning AD, the western area of the Hau river was a vestige system, pre-Oc Eo,its cultural connotations express a close relationship with the early Oc Eo cultural stage and its essential role for the formation and development of this culture
On the whole of the southern region, the characteristic of this transitional period is evidently manifested in areas or different divided geographic regions, it relates to the process of conquering and mastering the low plains The establishment of residential centers which have characteristic of the dawn of commercial port is the result of a process of active interacting into the international trade system that had
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the TGLX region quickly grew to become the center of this system
3.3.5 Relationship with India: Through the materials, pottery relic,
tile, jewelry, … It can be seen that from the second half of the first
millennium BC, TGLX has a constant and permanent exchange
relationship with Indian culture And, Indian cultural mark was more
and more deeply rooted in the culture of the inhabitants of this region, it
contributes an important part for the developing and shaping of a new
cultural structure and new social institution in the early Christian era
3.3.6 The issue of owner of Oc Eo culture: There are anthropological
studies of Mekong delta through ancient skulls that were collected in Oc
Eo-Ba The, Canh Den, Go Thap… The analytical result reflects the
trace of Indonesian or Malayo Polynesian anthropological type
The combining of anthropological materials, ancient documents,
archaeological materials and archaeological relics which bear the
cultural features of the island gives us a comprehension of the island’s
cultural identity of the inhabitant of Oc Eo culture, and diversified
nuance of this culture
3.3 Summary of Chapter 3
Based on the classified data, statistics in chapter 2, this chapter
identifies dating and cultural divergence which consists of three stages
of continuous development from pre-Oc Eo to early Oc Eo
TGLX region is part of the overall of developing process of
pre-proto historical culture of the Southern region, it closely related to
different regions, and has an important role in the international
commercial system The quadrilateral region, with its natural
advantages, culture was quickly established in the beginning AD, it
became the greatest center and became the convergence for the
formation of Oc Eo culture
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There are three areas in TGLX region, each of which has geographic and environmental characteristics with typical vestiges Nui Sam-Bay Nui area is a semi-mountainous terrain with residential vestige of pre-Oc Eo and architectural vestige of late Oc Eo Thoai Son-Nui Sap area has two types of terrains with ancient alluvial terrace inter-bedded with the lower delta, that is aspace centering of many of tipycal Oc Eo cultural vestiges
Ha Tien-Rach Gia area is a lower delta near the sea with gates connecting to the Gulf of Thailand, it consists pre-Oc Eo vestiges such
as K9, Giong Cu, Xoa Ao beside the vestiges of Nen Chua, Da Noi Foundation history of the TGLX region connected with the formation history of the land of the Southern region, it underwent the process of geological motion and accretion with its prominent feature
is mountain’s system and ancient alluvial terrace and plain The new alluvial plains of the quadrilateral area was formed under the effects of the transgression and regression of the sea; especially, the fluctuation in Holocene II and III strongly affected the terrain characteristic and the distribution of archaeological vestiges of Pre-Oc Eo and Oc Eo culture, that connected with high-grade terrace +5m (2700-2200BP), +2m to +3m (2200-2000 BP) and from +1 to +2m (century 1st-3rd AD)
1.2 Overview of research situation 1.2.1 Before 1975
Period before 1975, the research related with initial discovery and focused on urban issues, ancient countries of French scholars On the basis of evaluating the cultural context of Oc Eo culture, the research based on prehistoric material documentation found in the western part
of the Hau River, French scholars had recognized the great role of indigenousstructurein this culture
1.2.2 After 1975 to now
Since 1975, Vietnamese archaeologists have determined that
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indigenous structure is the foundation for the formation of the Oc Eo
culture which connected with the development of the Metal Age
Through the new discoveries in Dau Giay, Dong Nai river, coastal of
the Southeast region Dong Nai pre-historic culture is considered as
material foundation which played an immediate role of the formation of
Oc Eo culture
Through discoveries in Can Gio area, Vam Co river and TGLX
region, the evidences of the germinated characteristics of the Oc Eo
culture are recognized The concept of pre-Oc Eo is shaped together and
the full confidences of many routes to formation of Oc Eo culture
through the route of Giong Ca Vo-Giong Phet-Giong Lon, Go Cao
Su-Go O Chua-Su-Go Hang and a crossroad to Su-Go Cay Tung
In addition to the viewpoint of the multi-route formation, there is
another approach to the developing elements of the Pre-Oc Eo culture in
the Southern Vietnam, when the matter of the Pre & Proto-historical
culture of this region is considered generally through the analyzed
results and identifying of economic, cultural and social characteristics in
each particular region and considerate the formation process of Oc Eo
culture in the general context of pre-proto historical culture of this
region
1.3 Concept and theoretical framework
1.3.1 The concept
Pre-Oc Eo is the whole developping process existed before Oc Eo
culture in the Southern Vietnam (before 1st century BC)
Pre-Oc Eo is a stage in which the germinated elements of Oc Eo
culture appeared and developed, to move the society from pre-historical
period to Oc Eo culture This stage is equivalent to the post-Metallic
period in the Southern Vietnam
The concept of Oc Eo culture is the archaeological culture
connected with the formation and development of the city This culture
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3.3.1 Relationship with Vam Co-Dong Thap Muoi region: Between
the TGLX region and the transitive area of eastern and southwestern regions is the space of the Vam Co basin and the northern edge of Dong Thap Muoi region which had a close traditional relationship and was manifested through the pottery of Go Cay Tung site and Lo Gach site, it
is traditional manufacture and using bone, horn to phtanite jewelry
3.3.2 Relationship with Dong Nai basin and the salt-march of Eastern Nam bo: Between the TGLX region and the salt-march ofthe
Eastern Nambo region had a cultural exchanged relationship which was placed in the whole of pre-proto historical cultural space of Southern Vietnam And in the high developing process of the Metal Age, the expansion of regional and international trade had established residential center sand commercial pre-commercial port in estuaries such as Can Gio-Long Son, northern line of Dong Thap Muoi region to TGLX region On the same level of common cultural and social development
of the South and the area, the relationship of areas was established and developed on the basis of commercial activities as well as on the prehistorical cultural tradition of the Eastern Nam Bo which was formed thousands of years ago
3.3.3 Relationship with the Central coast: The relationship between
the TGLX region and the central coast of Vietnam is evidently expressed through pottery and jar burial that appeared in the 3rd stage, early Oc Eo stage in early Christian Era It can be seen clearly this relationship through Linh Son Nam jar burial, Iron Age pottery This relationship is shaped and developed in the development of international trade mark system by sea route connected the East-West
3.3.4 Relationship with Southast Asia: From very early, TGLX region has relationship with the island area, it is manifested by stone tools and jewelry In stages 2 and 3, this relationship continued to grow with the formation of a system of international trade in the sea route, in which
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high stilt house was also appeared and popular
The group of habitation vestige on the delta was concentrated
around low-lying lakes, stilt house form was popular, large clusters
gathered and formed a large space, typically in Oc Eo-Ba The
3.2.2 Burials
The soil-burials were discovered in Go Cay Tung that may be
belonged to the pre-Oc Eo stage, but most of their structure were
destroyed, document is not clear yet
Linh Son Nam jar burials has typical characteristic of this style that
was popular in archaeological sites in the area
3.2.3 Residential vestige-handicraft workshop for making stone
and pottery
In pre-Oc Eo vestiges such as Go Cay Tung, Phum Quao, Go
Me-Go Sanh, K9…, existed handcraft manufacturing activities such as
manufacturing tool, stone jewelry, pottery or manufacturing glass…
3.2 Date and diverged stages of development
Three developing stages of Pre Oc Eo and early Eo-Oc in TGLX
region were associated with standard stratigraphic columns in Go Cay
Tung, K9, Giong Xoai, Go Oc Eo, Go Cay Thi, Go Tu Tram, their
successive date is 2,700-2,200 BP, 2,200-2,000BP and 2,000-1,800 BP
The inherited relationship of thevestige-relic styles reflects the
developing process continuously from stage 1 to stage 3 In which,
cultural stage 2 is the transitive step from stage 1 to stage 3 It manifests
various distributed characteristics of vestige, types of vestige as well as
the transition from the mode of the village-workshop structure of the
highland to the handicraft-trade village in the mound-bank in estuaries,
that is characteristic of pre-trade port to city, and developing
commercial port in Oc Eo-Ba The complex site
3.3 Tu Giac Long Xuyen region on the view of pre-Oc Eo culture in
the Southern Vietnam
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was formed through the combination of two endogenous and exotic cultural elements, its distributed space mainly concentrated in the Mekong delta and its effected area extended throughout the Southern region, its time frame existed in the first millennium BC This culture has three stages of development:
+Early Oc Eo stage (Early Oc Eo, 1st-3rd century)
+ Developing Oc Eo stage (Develop Oc Eo, 4th-7th centuries) + Late Oc Eo (Late Oc Eo, 8th-10th century)
+ Post Oc Eo stage (Post Oc Eo, after 10th century)
1.3.2 Theoretical framework
To solve the contents and purposes that were proposed, the thesis utilizes these following theoretical frameworks: theory of regional culture and sub-regional culture; theory of exchanged and improvable culture; the theory of the formation of ancient cities
1.4 Summary of Chapter 1
The results of the research shows that natural environmental condition plays an important role in process of settlement and development of the inhabitants in Mekong delta in general and the TGLX region in particular
On the issue of the origin of the Oc Eo culture, it is recognized that the Oc Eo culture was composed of two endogenous and exotic elements, which affirms the important role of traditional and indigenous culture However, in this issue there are two outlooks: 1 Oc Eo culture
is formed through various ways of development of pre-Oc Eo; 2 Consider the problem on the two traditional axes and the common linear
of pre-proto history in the Southern region
Chapter 2: Vestiges, artifacts of pre-Oc Eo in tu giac long xuyen region
2.1 Vestige: Pre-Oc Eo vestige in TGLX region are found on three
divided terrain areas, including:
* Group vestiges in Nui Sam-Bay Nui area: The found vestiges
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distributed on the ancient alluvial terrace and high mounds that centered
around the foot of the blocks of mountain
- Go Cay Tung site (Tinh Bien district, An Giang province) were
discovered in 1990 and have been excavated several times
The results of the excavations have identified the stratigraphic
column of the residentialrelic of pre-Oc Eo with thickness of 1.3-4.7m,
including two periods of residence I and II The structure of the basic
cultural layer unified two layers which have constitutive characteristics,
combinedby hard terraces or burned soil, intermingled with relics of
daily utensils (pottery, bone, horns, stone tools, stone jewelry…)
In addition, there are religious architectural vestiges of late Oc Eo
stage and 28 earthen burials, its dating is later than architectural vestige
Typical relics include working tools and jewelry rings, terracotta
animal statues Pottery dominatesin number over traditional coarse
pottery materials with external coloring (99.9% of total pottery debris)
In the second stage, small quantities of fine potterys appeared with
specifications about colors, materials and types, which are totally
different from the common ones in this place, but they have
similaritieswith other synchronic relics in the Southwest region
- An Phu site (Tinh Bien district, An Giang province) covers an
area of 42,407m2 On the ground surface, it appeared numerous pieces
of coarse pottery, stone axes, stone round pieces, flake and other relics
In the investigated hole, excavated in 2008, the size of 1.5m2, the
archaeologists determined the cultural layer which contains stone axes,
bracelets, graterand 11,184 pieces of coarse pottery and 12 pieces of
bones, horns of the deer In 2015, once more relics were surveyed and
evaluated similarly
- Go Cay Sung site (Tinh Bien district, An Giang province) cavers
an area of 11,000m2 In investigated holes that deployed in the area,
vestiges were found such as two axe-shaped pieces, one axe-broken
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corresponding to the three divided terrains and environment of the ancient alluvial terrace, mound-bank area that are nearthe estuary and seacoast, and delta
Types of relics include type groups which are classified by material, type, or classified and described in detail systematically Pottery collection are analyzed and identified in association with archaeological stratigraphy, which are the scientific basic for archaeologists to recognize the development of stages in TGLX region from pre-Oc Eo to Oc Eo culture
Chapter 3: Vestiges of pre-Oc Eo in Tu Giac Long Xuyen region-characteristis, dates and cultural relations
3.1 Vestige distribution
Vestiges of pre-Oc Eo and early Oc Eo in TGLX area are distributed in different terrain types corresponding to three cultural stages from early to late as following:
Stage 1: Pre-Oc Eo vestige is distributed on the ancient alluvial terracesurrounded blocks of the mountain, altitude +5m above sea level Stage 2: the vestige is distributed in the ancient alluvial terrace and low mounds and banks in the new alluvial delta plain, altitude from +2
to +3m, that bears the trace of the early trade port
Stage 3: the vestiges were distributed in the new alluvial low-lands, where manual manufacture and trade exchange developed strongly They have the structural characteristics of city, trade port
3.2 Type of vestige 3.2.1 Habitition vestige
The group of residential vestige on the ancient alluvial terrace: Dwelling on reinforced soil terrace is the common residential style, it has thick cultural layer and accumulates into high mounds
The group of residential vestige on the low mound-bank: the form
of reinforced soil terrace continuously exist, the staying style on the
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Ba The complex site, there are two types:
Type 1: It is rounded cylindrical shape, one end has four small
pronged pedestal
Type 2: 12 artifacts, it has cylindrical square shape, elongated and
shrunk at one end This type of pedesta is found in K9, its character is
close to that of the pottery pedestal found in Go A3 habitation site (Oc
Eo-Ba The) but it is smaller in size and its pottery material is coarse
sand of type 2, different from in botanic residue mixed husk material of
pottery pedestal in Go A3
Spindle whorl: 02 artifacts, they were discovered in Go Cay Tung
One of them is conical shape, that is characteristic of the spindle whorl
found in deposit layer of the Metal age in the Southern Vietnam
2.2.5.4 Pottery group that has exotic origin
It is hard pottery with printed pattern, the pottery style from coastal
in Central Vietnam was found in Go Cay Thi The artifacts such as
bowl, pottery jar with flared large rim made of sand pottery material
were found in Linh Son Nam jar burial and Go Oc Eo, Go Cay Thi
habitation layer They are close to the type of bowl discovered in Hoa
Diem site (Khanh Hoa province)
Kalanay pottery style: The fragments were decorated with
convex-indent embossed style or imprinted of shell’s edges, or pointed
geometric motifs On the fine sand pottery background, it is covered
with a dark brown coat that is characteristic of Kalanay pottery, it is
similar to the same pottery found in the Philippines, the central coast of
Vietnam to the Gulf of Thailand (Tho Chu island, Ko Samui island…)
2.3 Summary of Chapter 2
Chapter 2 systematizes and classifies of all materials, vestiges and
relics of pre-Oc Eo and early Oc Eo in the TGLX region
The vestiges are grouped according to the characteristic
distribution that is associated with the terrain of the three areas,
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piece, two pieces of graters, a earthware medal, a spout and a piece of metal pot; 1 pottery bowl, 3 pottery pots, 1 pottery piece with round shape, 1.419 rough pottery pieces, 02 pieces of porcelain, animal bone They are similar to pre-Oc Eo vestiges in this area
* Go Cay Trom site (Nhon Hung commune, Tinh Bien district,
An Giang province) is located in the north of Cam mountain, on a low mound area with a wide distributed space, about 11,000m2
Vestige was excavated in 2008 with an area of 1.5m2 Through its result, archaeologists determined the cultural layer of residential relic which was accumulated in the soil layer mixed black gray sand, with thickness 0.5m,it contains a lot of pottery pieces, including 294 pottery pieces made from sand and organic material, pottery bone is thin gray black, in addition there is 01 axe with shoulder They are close to other vestiges of pre-Oc Eo in the area
- Phum Quao site (Tri Ton District, An Giang Province) was
discovered in the 1980s and surveyed several times, it has a distribution space of about 3-4 hectares Through the results of the survey, a cultural layer thicker than 1.3 meters is identified, it contains a lot of pottery fragments, animal bone, stone objects These bear characteristics of the typical residential relic,characteristics of the typical relic that are close
to the vestiges in the region
-Go Me-Go Sanh site (Ba Chuc Town, Tri Ton District, An Giang
Province) spreadsin an large area around 4 hectares
The vestige was discovered in 1988 and surveyed in 2008 and
2015 Thereby a accumulated cultural layer is identify edits thickness from 1.2m to 1.6m Its gray sandy soil layer contains a large number of pottery fragments, such as pots, jars, cups, earthen stove, bowls They have typical characteristics of late proto-historical pottery which are highly similar with Go Cay Tung (phase II) and Giong Xoai pottery
- Go Dam Po site (Tri Ton district, An Giang province) is located
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on a mound of about 150m2, it was discovered in 1988 and surveyed in
2008 On the surface of the vestige, there are plenty pottery fragments
that have the same characteristics like pottery of pre-Oc Eo vestige in
these areas such as Phum Quao, Go Cay Tung, Go Me - Go Sanh
- Go Chau Thi site (Tri Ton District, An Giang Province) is
located on an area of low mounds, about 3 hectares, its composition is
gray sandy soil The test pits in 2014 revealed a cultural layer In its
3.5metters thickness of gray sandy soil there are pottery fragments of
containing odjects (jar, pot/vase, bowl) and earthen stoves
* Group of vestige in Thoai Son-Nui Sap area
- Oc Eo-Ba The complex site (Oc Eo town, Thoai Son district, An
Giang province) is a complex of various vestiges of different stages of
development from pre-Oc Eo to Oc Eo and post-Oc Eo
- Giong Xoai site is a sandy sand ridge, with low terrain and it
stretches to northeast-southwest direction
In this area, a lot of important vestiges and relics which belong to
Oc Eo culture were found At the same time, a residential cultural layer
of pre-Oc Eo was found It contains fragments of pottery objects for
daily utensil that includes two kinds of coarse and fine pottery such as
jars, pots, large bowls, earthen stoves The vestige is classified as
pre-Oc Eo stage and it is the first convergent point in pre-Oc Eo-Ba The
+ Go Oc Eo site was discovered under the architectural layer of
developing Oc Eo stage, it is an residential accumulated layer in the
black and muddy soil layer, it containspottery piecesof pots, jars, high
cups,earthen stove, pieces of tile, glass beads, precious stones…
+ Go Cay Thi vestige is the largest-scale mound in the center of
the “ancient town” Oc Eo At the mound, the foundation of two Hindu
monuments were buit by bricks and stone on the base that were
reinforced on the ground reinforced thoroughly Underneath the earlier
cultural layer, the accumulated black mud layer contains pottery such as
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(K3a, K3b),brim is shallow disc shape (K2b, K2c)
+ High cups: 1,230 fragments were found in cultural stages 2 and 3
of pre-Oc Eo and early Oc Eo complex site in TGLX Cups are structured with two containing parts and the base The container is deep and connected to the flat and slightly flared base; the middle part, between the containing part and the base is low cylinder, it includes three types:
Type 1: The containing part is bowl-shape and deep, with narrow bottom The base isslightly flared and flat, the rim of the base is wide and sharp edges
Type 2: the containing part has vertical rim, the body and the bottom form a sharp angle The base is slightly flared and flat, not often create sharp edges
+ Covers: there are 786 pieces, the cover has disk shape made
from fine pottery material type 6 There are three types:
Type 1: The disk shaped cover is large size (diameter 20-22cm), the inside of the cover has large-hook rim, there is a handle in the center The surface of the cover’s rim has progressive parallel lines Type 2: The disk shaped cover is medium size (diameter 14-18cm), the inside of the cover hassmall-hook rim The surface has the indented-spiral grooves flowing from the inside out
Type 3: The disk shaped cover is medium and small size (common diameter 10-13cm), there is a handle in the center with cap shape
2.2.5.3 Manufactured tools, made from terracotta
Mushroom-shape pottery: with a rounded cylindrical handle, the using side is flat rounded, the bottom side is convex curve This type of trowel was found in pre-Oc Eo vestiges in Nui Sam-Bay Nui area and
Oc Eo field, they are tools used in manufacturing pottery
Pottery pedestal: 15 artifacts are collected, they were discovered at the sites of Go Cay Tung, K9, Phum Quao, Go Me-Go Sanh and Oc