AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES **************************** NGUYEN MINH DUC STUDY ON ACARICIDES RESISTANCE OF THE RED SPIDER MITE Oligonyc
Trang 1AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
****************************
NGUYEN MINH DUC
STUDY ON ACARICIDES RESISTANCE OF THE RED SPIDER MITE
Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acarina: Tetranychidae) ON TEA AND THEIR
MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS AREA OF
Trang 2The thesis was completed at: Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Supervisors: 1 Ass Prof Dr Le Van Trinh
2 Dr Nguyen Thi Nhung
At … hour, day… month … year 2019
This thesis can be accessed at:
1 Vietnam National Library
2 Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
3 Library of Plant Protection Research Institute
Trang 3INTRODUCTION
1 Urgency of the thesis
Red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae Nietner) is a popular insect which caused
yield and quality lost on tea Nowaday, insecticides have been used as the first choice of tea growers There was number of insecticides which used to have high effective in controlling red spider mite, however, their effectiveness has reduced rapidly recently The determination of insecticide utilization’s status and the evaluation of resitance ability
of red spider mite are the basic for constructing effective management of resistance Consequently, the research namely “Study on acaricides resistance of red spider mite
Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on tea and their management in
the northern mountainous area of Vietnam” has been conducted because of its urgency
2 Objectives and requirement of the thesis
2.1 Objective: To determine resistance level and formation rate of resistance of red
spider mite against common groups of insecticide Based on results of the research, propose some solutions to manage resistance of red spider mite in tea cultivated area in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam
2.2 Requirement
To evaluate actual situation of pesticide utilisation in controlling insect pests in
general and red spider mite in particular on tea in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province
To determine resistance level and formation rate of resistance of red spider mite against popular chemical acaricides that used to manage red spider mite in tea cultivated area in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province
To evaluate effectiveness of intergrated red spider mite management based on the rational use of pesticides
3 The scientific and practical significance of the thesis
3.1 The scientific significancen of the thesis: Providing information, latest update of
scientific references on the extent of damage, resistant index and formation rate of resistance groups of pesticides which have been using popularly to control pests in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province
3.2 The practical significance of the thesis: The result of this research is to determine
scientific basis in construction of resistance management solutions against red spider mite in IPM on tea contributing to safe and sustainable utilization of pesticides in tea production
4 Object and scope of the thesis
4.1 Object of the thesis:Resistance of red spider mite (O coffeae Nietner) on tea
4.2 Scope of the thesis: The research focuses on evaluatation of pesticide utilization
state on tea in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province Susceptibility level and resistance formation rate of red spider mite against some groups of chemical and solutions for reduction in chemical resistance in Thai Nguyen province are researched as well
5 New research findings of the thesis:
The research firstly provides scientific references in a systematic way the resistance
Trang 4level and resistance formation rate of red spider mite against 11 active ingredients (Abamectin, Azadirachtin, Dimethoate, Emamectin benzoate, Fenpyroximate, Fenpropathin, Hexythiazox, Matrine, Propargite, Pyridaben, Rotenone) which have been using popularly in controlling pests on tea in mountainous region of northen Vietnam Adding some references on the efficacy of technical measures to restric the development of red spider mite and propose resistance management of red spider mite as well
6 Thesis structure: The thesis has 119 pages includes introduction, content (3
chapters), conclusion and suggestion with 36 tables, 7 figures The references has 125 individuals with 41 Vietnamese references, 82 English references and 2 references downloaded on the Internet
CHAPTER I SCIENTIFIC BASIS AND LITERATURE REVIEWS 1.1 Scienfific basis
The utilization of pesticides on tea are not the same in different countries lead to the variation in rresistance formation in tea plantation area Resistance management solutions of red spider mite are also different Consequently, research on insecticide resistance of red spider mite is needed to conduct in particular condition
be damaged more severely than that with shade (Das, 1959b) In southern India, red spider mite has successive generations and appears on tea plants throughout the year and the density reaches a peak from March to April Low temparature, high humidity and heavy rain has detrimental influence to the development of red spider mite (Sudarmani, 2004)
1.2.2 Actual situation of insecticide utilization to control red spider mite on tea
In Shizuoka (Japan), tea growners spray 16.9-21.6 times per year and 4.1-8.1 times per year in average to control insect pest and disiease pest, respectively (Takafuji and Amano, 2001) Recently, there are number of new insecticides such as Propagite, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox, Bifenthrin, Fenazaquin and Spiromesifen has been used to manage red spider mite (Anomyous, 2012; Babu and Muraleedharan, 2010; …)
1.2.3 Resistance of red spider mite
The repeated use of acaricide leads to the increase in serious damage of red spider mite to tea production The decline of susceptibility of red spider mite against insecticide groups is one of the reasons for increasing number of populations (Sarker and
Mukhopadhyay, 2008; Roy et al., 2008; Shahoo et al., 2003) According to Roy (2009),
Trang 5among chemicals which have been tested on red spider mite populations in Terai and Dooars - India, LC50 of Ethion and Dicofol were higher than 300ppm LC50 of Propagite were 46.246 and 97.110 in average in Terai and Dooars, respectively That of Fenazaquin and Fenpropathrin were less than 10ppm In northern of Bengal, India, the resistance against 5 chemicals namely Ethion, Dicofol, Propargite, Fenazaquin and Fenpropathrin
of red spider mite have observed and the results showed that Terai popupation had lowest susceptibility to all of them in comparision with Dooars pupolation Susceptibility level corresponds to number of acaricides in 2 regions indicated selective population pressure
caused by acaricide (Roy et al 2010a) In laboratory, LC50 value of Ethion, Dicofol, Profenofos, Propargite, Fenpropathrin, Ferazaquin and Abamectin of populations in the northern of India were 687.18ppm, 534.04ppm, 241.684ppm, 90.256ppm, 12.549ppm, 4.319ppm, 2.405ppm, respectively Among number of acaricide, Abamectin has highest toxic and Ethion is opposite LC50 values went down corresponding to egg-killed insecticides namely Fenazaquin, Profenofos, Propagite, Fenpropathrin, Ethion, Dicofol
and Abamectin, respectively (Roy et al., 2012) In Terai, India, population in which
Ethion group were used frequently, LC50 value was 79-100 times higher in comparision with others where acaricide was not used The result was similar with Fenpropathrin in which LC50 value was 73-108 times higher than others without using acaricides (Soma et al., 2017)
1.2.4 Management of the resistance of red spider mite
According to Sudarmani (2004), in north India, the proportion of tea leave which is infected by red spider mite in tea field without shaded trees was high because of high temperature and long lighting time on leave Tea plant with shaded trees develops well
and reduces number of red spider mite According to Roy et al (2010a), egg-killed
insecticide utilization is one of the strategic solution for red spider mite management
Roy et al. (2010b) also said that at egg stage, Fenazaquin had lowest value of LC50, followed by Profenofos, Propargite, Fenpropathrin, Ethion, Dicofol, Abamectin and Azadiractin, respectively
The process of red spider mite management includes: 1) Measures should be taken
(Two rounds of spray at 15 days interval) during December and January in young and
unpruned tea; skiffed tea – February; pruned tea – early March; 2) after severe attack of
mite impose two rounds of applications must be followed at an interval of 7 -10 days
(April – October: 7 days and Nov-March: 10 days); 3) avoiding an application of sulfur formulation during hot sunshine and dry spell; 4) collecting tea leaves on the surface; 5) during full cropping seasons spraying should be undertaken as spot treatment only; 6) for pruned tea monitoring is necessary soon after tipping; 7) avoid spraying at noon in sunny weather; 8) mixing of acaricides with foliar nutrients, insecticides and others should be
avoided for retaining the toxicity of the acaricides and better control in red spider prone
sections; 9) remove serious infected tea plants; and 10) thorough drenching of top,
middle and bottom hamper of bushes with pray fluid spray fluid is mandatory to kill the residual population (Das, 1960; Gurusubramanian và Borthakur, 2005)
Trang 6Adult has 4 pair of legs, segmented leg with a lot of scattered sharp hairs The body is separated into 2 parts, the head and chest + abdomen with the size are 0,06 – 0,09mm x 0,05 – 0,07mm, 0,25 – 0,31mm x 0,17 – 0,24mm, respectively One to two days after hatching, female starts laying eggs which have flat sphere shape and the size is around 0,09-0,12mm There is a curve and small hair in the middle of the egg New egg laid has light pink color, then turn to red-brown and getting dark brown before hatching New hatching red spider mite has light pink body, the size is 0,13-0,15mm x 0,10-0,12mm with 3 pair of legs (Nguyen Van Hung and Nguyen Van Tao 2006) In the laboratory condition with the temperature and relative humidity (RH) are 27,5oC and 81,6%, respectively, lifetimes of red spider mite on Trung Du Xanh and PH1 varieties are 10,70 days and 10,86 days, respectively (Pham Thi Mai, 2010) Depend on environmental conditions, particularly temperature, red spider mite’s lifespan vary from 11,2 to 12,8 days Each female is able to lay up to 79 eggs, oviposition rate is highest at the date of 5th – 10th from the first day of laying egg Female can lay egg during 20 days The most favourite temperature for the development of red spider mite is 30oC, number
of egg laid increase to 88 eggs/each and lifetime is only 11,2 days compared to 12,8 days
at 25oC (Nguyen Thai Thang, 2000) According to Nguyen Khac Tien (1994), red spider mite is the most dangerous insect pests on tea There are two peak of density per year, the
1st is from Ferbruary to May and the 2nd is from September to November
1.3.2 Actual situation of insecticide utilization to control red spider mite on tea
The number of spraying varied from 9 to 16 times per year in key points of tea plantation in Ba Vi district, periodic spraying rate is still high, up to 75% and most of farmers spraied without “4 right regulation” (Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, 2009) According
to the investigation in Thai Nguyen province from 2005 to 2006, 28.8% to 33.3% of interviewed farmers admitted that they spraied insecticide less than 16 times per year while 60.0%-66.7% of interviewers did 16 to 20 times per year (Nguyen Van Toan and Pham Van Lam, 2014)
1.3.3 Resistance of red spider mite
Although insecticides which have been spraied on tea plant, have broad spectrum effects, however, do not work well with red spider mite and they even promote the development of this pest Otherwise, those chemicals destroy natural enemies, thus red spider mite is able to develop much more than before spraying (Nguyen Van Hung and Nguyen Van Tao, 2006)
1.3.4 Management of the resistance of red spider mite
There is not any deeply research on resistance of red spider mite against chemical
in Vietnam There are some researches on management of red spider mite on tea (Nguyen Van Dinh, 1994; Luong Thi Huyen, 2017; Nguyen Tran Oanh, 2012; Nguyen Thai Thang, 2000; Nguyen Thi Thu et al., 2016; Vu Thi Thuong et al., 2015)
Trang 7CHAPTER II MATERIAL, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Location and schedule
The research has been conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse in Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), in the field in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province from 2014 to 2018
2.2 Materials and equipments
Pesticies, tea varieties, equipments in lab and on tea fields
spider mite according to the method of IRAC (2009) and Sato et al (2005)
Investigate population dynamic of red spider mite according to QCVN 01-118 issued by MARD (2012), Sudarmani (2004), Nguyen Van Hung and Nguyen Van Tao (2006)
Investigate natural enemies on tea according to the method of Pham Van Lam
(1997) Evaluatie effectiveness of acaricides according to the method of Kumari et al (2012), Knight et al (1990)
Evaluate the effectiveness of alternative utilization of management resistance of
red spider mite against insecticides according to Le Truong et al (2005) and Nguyen
Tran Oanh (2012)
Building model and propose technical measures to control resistance of red spider mite in IPM method based on the research’s results and Intergrated Tea Management Process (Nguyen Van Hung and Nguyen Van Tao, 2006)
2.5 Analysis
The efficacy of insecticides was canculated by Abbott formula (1925) ; Sarmah (1999) and Henderson-Tilton (1995) LC50 was calculated by Finney's 1971 Probit program Resistance indices (Ri) was determined according to FAO (1980)
Data was processed by IRRISTAT 5.0 program
Trang 8CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Field investigation of pesticide utiliation’s status in red spider mite management
in Phu Tho province and Thai Nguyen province
3.1.1 Insects and spider mites on tea in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province
3.1.1.1 Insects and spider mites on tea through interview with farmers
In two research area, green hopper and mosquito bug are two major insects on tea The ratio of farmers who consider that green hopper is the most popular one in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province were 99.8% and 97.1%, respectively In term of posquito bug, those were 77.1% and 70.9%, respectively In Thai Nguyen province, the percentage of farmers who believe that red spider mite is serious threat to tea production was 81.0% in average meanwhile it was 67.3% in average in Phu Tho province
3.1.1.2 Insects and spider mites on tea through field investigation
In 2004, we found 13 spieces on tea including insects and spider mite in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province The common spicies (with frequency encounter
is over 50%) were green hopper, mosquito bug, and red spider mite in Thai Nguyen province and mosquito bug and red spider mite in Phu Tho province
3.1.2 Pesticie utilization status in pest management on tea
3.1.2.1 Number of pesticide application on tea in one year
According to an interview in Hoa Binh commune, La Bang commune, and Phan
Me commune (Thai Nguyen province) in 2014, tea growners spraied 14.4 times/year in average (vary feom 12.37 to 16.89 times) In Phu Tho province, the interview was conducted in Phu Ho commune, Tien Phu commune, and Vo Mieu commune, the result illustrated that tea growners applied pesticides with lower quantity than that in Thai Nguyen province and the average application was 12.0 times per year (vary from 9.82 to 14.16 times)
3.1.2.2 Concentration and doze
Table 3.4 Concentration of insecticides and acaricides were used in 2014
Increase in comparison with
Trang 9interviewers said they applied pesticides with 2-3 times in comparision with the recommendation from producers In term of Phu Tho province, it was 5.68% The number of farmer who increased concentration and doze of pesticide in Thai Nguyen province was higher than that in Phu Tho province (Table 3.4)
3.1.2.3 Sort of pesticide
The active ingredients namely Abamectin and Emamectin benzoate (Avermectin group) were used popularly to control insect pests on tea The percentage of farmer households who applied abamectin were 31.32% and 26.93% in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province, respectively Otherwise, the ratio of farmer households who spraied Emamectin benzoate were 10.19% and 18.15%, respectively In term of other active ingredients, the numbers varied from 0.14% to 6.34% in Thai Nguyen province and from 0.02% to 5.16% in Phu Tho province The mixture of pesticides applying to control insect pests on tea was a combination between abamectin and emamectin benzoate (3.67% farmer households used/ highest) and mixture of Fenitrothinon and Trichlorfon (5.16% farmer households used/ highest) in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province, respectively
Table 3.7 Single active ingredients were used to manage red spider mite
Điều hòa sinh
Notice: Toxic group * : according to WHO -: Do not use
1 Investigation sites: Hoa Binh commune (Dong Hy district); La Bang commune (Dai Tu district); Phan Me commune (Phu Luong district)
2 Investigation sites: Phu Ho commune (Phu Tho district); Tien Phu commune (Phu Ninh district); Vo Mieu commune (Thanh Son district)
Trang 10Table 3.8 Mixtural pesticides used for management of red spider mite on tea in
2014
Toxic group*
Proportion of households using (%) Thai Nguyen1 Phu
Tho2Avermectin,
Benzoylurea Abamectin + Chlorfluazuron II+II 0,35 - Avermectin,
Noitice: * : Toxic group: according to WHO , - :do not use
1 Investigation sites: Hoa Binh commune (Dong Hy); La bang commune (Dai Tu); Phan Me commune (Phu Luong)
2 Investigation sites: Phu Ho commune (Phu Tho); Tien Phu commune (Phu Ninh); Vo Mieu commune (Thanh Son)
Abamectin was the most popular active ingredient which applied to control re spider mite on tea Proportion of households used above chemical were 19.16% and 26.37% in Thai Nguyen province and Phu Tho province, respectively Follow by Abamectin, Propargite was the 2nd popular active ingredient which was chosen by
Trang 11farmers in Thai Nguyen province meanwhile Emamectin benzoate was chosen in Phu Tho province with 10.18% and 15.02%, respectively Other ingredients had low proportion, varied from 0.13% to 8.45% and 2.78% to 9.47%, respectively (table 3.7)
In investigation sites in Thai Nguyen province, Abamectin + Alpha cypermethrin was the most popular mixtural pesticides to manage red spider mite with the proportion of households using reached 4.85%; follow by other combination of Abamectin + Acetamiprid (3.78%) and Emamectin benzoate + Matrine (3.45%) There were 0.27% of interviewed household mixed 3 active ingredients In Phu Tho province, two mixtural ingredients of Abamectin + Petroleum oil got highest percentage; follow by the combination of Abamectin + Matrine and combination of Emamectin benzoate + Matrine with the proportion of 3.58% and 3.27%, respectively (table 3.8)
3.1.2.4 Arcaricide utilization’s situation in some local areas
There were 14 active ingredients (10 groups) which have been applied to control red spider mite in La Bang commune (Thai Nguyen province) Abamectin had highest percentage using of households with 28.31% In term of Emamectine, it was 16.39% and that of others varied from 0.64% to 12.37% In Phu Ho commune (Phu Tho province), tea growners have applied 10 active ingredients (9 groups) to manage red spider mite With 43.1% of households using, Abamectine was the first choice of farmers, follow by Emamectin benzoate, Fenpyroximate, Propargite with proportion of 14.57%; 15.44%; and 12.76%, respectively Utilization ratio of other active ingredient in Phu Ho commune was from 0.14% to 4.73%
3.2 Resistance level of red spider mite against some common acaricides using in tea production
3.2.1 Resistance level of red spider mite against some chemicals
3.2.1.1 Thai Nguyen population
Thai Nguyen population had highest Ri with Dimethoate among all experimental active ingredients and it was 14.3 In term of other active ingredients including Fenpropathrin, Propargite, Abamectin, and Emamectin benzoate, Ri were 11.6; 11.3; 11.3; and 11.2, respectively Otherwise, Ri of Thai Nguyen population was 10.3 with Fenpyroximate and Pyridaben They were 3.2; 5.3; 3.; and 4.6 with Azadirachtin, Matrine, Rotenone, and Hexythiazox (table 3.11)
Trang 12Table 3.11 Resistance level of red spider mite against some common chemicals in Dai Tu commune (Thai Nguyen) (PPRI, 2014)
Active
ingredients
Commercial name
LC50 (ppm) and limited value of 95%
Ri
Populations collected in Thai Nguyen
Susceptible population Dimethoate Bini-58
40EC
1228,8634 (1041,4096-1437,7701)
85,9345 (74,0815-99,6840) 14,3 Fenpropathrin Danitol
10EC
159,0812 (137,6135-183,7388)
13,7139 (11,8838-15,8258) 11,6 Fenpyroximate Ortus
5SC
42,134 (38,6907-45,8841)
4,0907 (3,7598-4,4507) 10,3 Hexythiazox Nissorun
5EC
14,0742 (12,7715-15,4957)
3,0596 (2,7815-3,3656) 4,6 Propargite Comite
73EC
181,1582 (158,7714-206,7015)
16,0317 (14,0629-18,2761) 11,3 Pyridaben Alfamite
15EC
29,9091 (26,7726-33,0650)
2,9038 (2,5766-3,2726) 10,3
(0,7098-0,8714)
0,0696 (0,06287-0,0770) 11,3 Azadirachtin Trutat
0.32EC
2,3642 (2,1745-2,5538)
0,7388 (0,6937-0,7839) 3,2 Emamectin
benzoate Tasieu 1.9EC
0,8538 (0,7706-0,9460)
0,07623 (0,0688-0,0845) 11,2
0.36SL
3,5187 (2,9870-4,1415)
0,6639 (0,5645-0,7807) 5,3
2.5EC
2,8251 (2,6360-3,0143)
0,7636 (0,7436-0,7835) 3,7
Notice: Target was adult re spider mite
Collected in Oct and Nov 2014
3.2.1.2 Phu Tho population
Resistance index of Phu Tho population was not high with Propargite, Abamectin, Fenpyroximate and they were 11.5; 11.3; and 10.2, respectively In term of Matrine and Azadirachtin, Ri were 4.8 and 4.6 (Table 3.12)
Consequently, Phu Tho population has just shown resistance against Propargite and Abamectin; it has not clearly displayed resistance against Fenpyroximate and has not resisted against Azadirachtin, Matrine
Trang 13Table 3.12 Resistance level of red spider mite against some common chemicals in
investigation site (PPRI, 2014)
Ingredient name Commercial
name
LC50 (ppm) and limit value of 95%
Ri
Populations collected in Phu Ho-Phu Tho
Susceptible population Fenpyroximate Ortus 5SC 39,5301
(35,1267 - 44,6843)
3,8755 (3,2794 - 4,4561) 10,2 Propargite Comite 73EC 183,8344
(160,2341 -203,8748)
15,9856 (13,3480 -17,3285) 11,5
(0,6538-0,8861)
0,06269 (0,0579-0,07156) 11,3 Azadirachtin Trutat
0.32EC
3,3562 (2,8794-3,7653)
0,7296 (0,6128-0,8463) 4,6
0.36SL
3,4262 (2,6583-4,0285)
0,7138 (0,5166-0,8041) 4,8
Notice: Target was adult re spider mite
Collected in Oct and Nov 2014
3.3 Resistance development speed and across-resistance ability of red spider mite
3.3.1 The increase of resistance speed of red spider mite
After 12 generations continuously exposed to an active ingredient, LC50 of experimental active ingredients increased remarkably LC50 of Abamectin against red spider mite went up to 15.4 times In term of Hexythiazox, LC50 increased only 4.6 times Otherwise, Pyridaben, Propargite and Fenpyroximate had an increase in LC50 7.0; 7.3; and 11.5, respectively (table 3.13)
Table 3.13 LC 50 of some active ingredients against red spider mite after 12 generation
3.3.2 Reduction of resistance without chemical exposure
After 5 generations without exposition to chemical, LC50 of Abamectin was reduced the most by 9.3 times Meanwhile, LC50 of Pyridaben, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox decreased 6.7; 5.7; 5.3 times, respectively In contrast, LC50 of Propargite reduced at least, only 4.6 times (table 3.14) That means the resistance of red spider mite against Propargite was more stable than others