Environmental Assessment Report and Environmental Monitoring Plan

List of AbbreviationsPMU/PMO Project Management Unit/Project Management Office CTC Center for Consultancy & Technology Transfer on Water and Environment EC Electrical Conductivity EIA En

LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

Environmental Assessment Report and

Environmental Monitoring Plan

Prepared by:

Dr Ngo Kim Chi,

Center for Consultancy, Technological Transfer on Safe Water

Executive Summary 7

1 Introduction and Project Background 10

1.1 P URPOSE OF THE R EPORT 10

1.2 B RIEF I NTRODUCTION TO THE EA R EPORT 10

1.2.1 Importance of the Project 10

1.2.2 Structure of the Report 12

1.3 B ASES OF A SSESSMENT 12

1.3.1 Laws and Regulations 12

1.3.2 Technical Documents 14

1.3.3 Main Design Documents 14

1.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment 14

1.5 R ELATIONSHIP TO F EASIBILITY S TUDY 15

1.6 EA T EAM 16

1.7 A SSESSMENT S COPE AND P ERIODS C OVERED 17

1.7.1 Assessment Scope 17

1.7.2 Periods Covered 17

1.8 A SSESSMENT F ACTORS 17

1.9 A SSESSMENT C LASSIFICATION 18

1.10 A SSESSMENT C RITERIA 21

1.11 A SSESSMENT F OCUS AND C ATEGORIZATION 21

1.12 A SSESSMENT P ROCEDURE 22

2 Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework 23

2.1 O RGANIZATIONS & A DMINISTRATIVE F RAMEWORK 23

2.2 N ATIONAL P OLICY & S TRATEGY FOR E NVIRONMENTAL P ROTECTION 23

2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam 23

2.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam 23

2.2.3 The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy 24

2.2.3 The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy 25

2.2.4 The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS 25

2.3 WB R EQUIREMENTS 27

3 Project description 30

3.1 P ROJECT G OALS 31

3.2 P ROJECT OBJECTIVES 32

3.3 P ROJECT C OMPONENTS 32

3.3.1 Description of Project components 32

3.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology 34

3.3.3 Policy development 35

3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring 35

3.4 I NDICATORS OF P ROJECT S UCCESS 35

3.5 P ROJECT AREA : H A T AY P ROVINCE 36

3.5.1 Hatay province 36

3.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province 36

3.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district 37

3.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay 37

3.6 P ROJECT AREA : D ONG N AI P ROVINCE 39

3.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province 39

3.6.2 Demonstration sites in Bien Hoa city 40

3.6.4 Demonstration of manure management technology 41

3.7 P ROJECT I NVESTMENT 42

4 Description of Existing Environment 42

4.1 P HYSICAL E NVIRONMENT , DONGNAI 42

4.1.1 Geography and Topography 42

4.1.2 Soil 43

4.1.3 Climate 43

4.1.4 Hydrology 43

4.1.5 Surface Water Quality 43

4.1.6 Groundwater Quality 43

4.1.7 Atmospheric Environment 43

4.2 E COLOGICAL E NVIRONMENT , D ONGNAI 43

4.2.1 Flora 43

4.2.2 Fauna 43

4.2.3 Nature reserves 43

4.3 S OCIO - CULTURAL E NVIRONMENT , D ONGNAI 43

4.3.1 Population 43

4.3.2 Cultural Background 43

4.3.4 Cultural Heritage 43

4.3.5 Infrastructure 43

4.3.6 Land Tenure and Land Ownership and Land use 43

4.3.7 Land use for livestock and crop 43

4.3.8 Labor source/Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities 43

4.3.9 Socio-economic Development Plan 43

4.4 N ATURAL CONDITION OF H ATAY P ROVINCE 43

4.4.1 Geography and Topography 43

4.4.2 Soil condition 43

4.4.3 Hydrographic 43

4.4.4 Air quality of Ha Tay 43

4.4.5 Climate condition 43

4.5 E COLOGICAL E NVIRONMENT OF H ATAY P ROVINCE 43

4.5.1 Fauna and Flora 43

4.5.2 Forest situation 43

4.6 S OCIO -C ULTURAL CONDITION 43

4.7 S OCIO - ECONOMIC CONDITION 43

5 Public Participation /consultancy 43

5.1 C ONSULTATION M ETHOD AND S UBJECT 43

5.1.1 Consultation with Family or Individual 43

5.1.2 Inter-agency and NGO Consultation 43

5.2 P UBLIC O PINION AND S UGGESTION 43

5.3 I NFORMATION D ISCLOSURES AND F EEDBACK 43

5.1.3 Information Disclosure Plan 43

5.2.2 Information on Public Disclosure 43

5.4 B ENEFICIAL P ARTICIPATION P LAN 43

6 Analysis of Alternatives 43

6.1 A NALYSIS OF “W ITHOUT P ROJECT ” A LTERNATIVE 43

6.1.1 Lacking policy framework for livestock waste management 43

6.1.2 Current Status of livestock waste management 43

6.1.3 Environmental pollution caused by livestock waste 43

6.1.4 Complaints of habitants in pig production areas 43

6.1.6 Lacking manure management technology 43

6.1.7 Existing constraints with manure management technology 43

6.2 A NALYSIS OF “W ITH P ROJECT ” A LTERNATIVE 43

7 Analysis of EA & Proposed Mitigation Measures 43

7.1 P OTENTIAL S OURCES OF E FFECT 43

7.2 A NALYSIS OF E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACT & P ROPOSED M ITIGATION M EASURES 43

7.2.1 Flora and Fauna 43

7.2.2 Soil Disturbance 43

7.2.3 Acoustic Environment 43

7.2.4 Air Quality 43

7.2.5 Water Quality 43

7.2.6 Cultural Heritage 43

7.3 A NALYSIS OF E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACTS & P ROPOSED M ITIGATION M EASURES 43

7.3.1 Lagoon System 43

7.3.2 Biogas production 43

8 Environmental Management Plan 43

8.1.1 Implementation Organizations 43

8.1.2 Role of PMO/PIU and Environmental specialist 43

Supervision Organization 43

8.2 E NVIRONMENTAL M ANAGEMENT P LAN 43

8.2.1 Monitoring Items 43

8.2.2 Monitoring Implementer 43

8.2.3 Monitoring Report System 43

8.2.4 Baseline Monitoring 43

8.2.5 Monitoring during implementation/construction 43

8.2.7 Monitoring Budget 43

8.3 E NVIRONMENTAL T RAINING /I NSTITUTIONAL S TRENGTHENING P LAN 43

8.3.1 Training Objectives 43

8.3.2 Training Courses 43

8.4 B UDGETS 43

9 Conclusions and Recommendations 43

9.1 M AJOR C ONCLUSIONS 43

9.2 R ECOMMENDATIONS 43

10 List of References 43

Annex A: TOR on EIA

Annex B: EA team

Annex C: Safe Guard Policy and Disclosure Information

Annex D: Public Health and Animal Health assessment

List of table:

T ABLE 1-1 P RELIMINARY I DENTIFICATION M ATRIX FOR M AIN E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACT F ACTORS OF LWMP 19

C APACITY BUILDING 34

T ABLE 3.1 L IVESTOCK POPULATION AND LAND USE IN H A T AY IN 2002 36

T ABLE 3.2 S TATISTICAL DATA IN FIVE DEMONSTRATION COMMUNES - T HUONG T IN D IST (2003) 38

T ABLE 3.3 L IVERSTOCK POPULATION IN D ONG N AI PROVINCE (2003)* 39

T ABLE 3.4 T OTAL AREA AND PIG POPULATION OF B IEN H OA C ITY 39

T ABLE 3.5 S TATISTICAL DATA IN FIVE DEMONSTRATION WARDS 41

T ABLE 4-1 T HE C LIMATIC C HARACTERISTICS OF DONGNAI PROVINCE 2000-2003 43

T ABLE 4-2 T HE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN DONGNAI 43

T ABLE 4-3 S URFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE PROJECT AREA IN DONGNAI P ROVINCE 43

T ABLE 4-4: L AND USE IN D ONG N AI 43

T ABLE 4-5 IMPORTANT N ATURE R ESERVE WITHIN THE PROVINCE 43

T ABLE 4-6 T HE POPULATION OF THE PROJECT DISTRICTS IN DONGNAI PROVINCE 43

T ABLE 4-8 T YPES AND NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK FARMS IN DONGNAI P ROVINCE 43

T ABLE 4-9: L AND USE FOR CROP AND PLANTED AREA , YIELD OF THE CROP IN DONGNAI 43

E XISTING CONSTRAINTS 43

T ABLE 6-1: L IVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SOLID WASTE IN V IETNAM , 2002 43

T ABLE 6-3: L IVESTOCK POPULATION OF REGION * 43

T ABLE 6-4: L IVESTOCK PRODUCTION DURING THE YEARS 1993-2003 AND THE PREDICTION 2005-2010 43

T ABLE 7-1 E STIMATED N OISE V ALUE OF C ONSTRUCTION M ACHINERY 43

T ABLE 8-1 E NVIRONMENT M ONITORING P LAN , LWMP AT V IETNAM 43

T ABLE 8-2 E NVIRONMENT M ANAGEMENT P LAN FOR LWMP 43

T ABLE 8-3 C ONSTRUCTION A IR Q UALITY M ONITORING P ROGRAM 43

T ABLE 8-8 C OST FOR E NVIRONMENTAL T RAINING C OURSE 43

T ABLE 8-9: C OST FOR TRAINING COURSE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL OFFICERS 43

T ABLE 8-10: W ORKSHOP ON PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION 43

T ABLE 8-11 T OTAL COST ESTIMATION E NVIRONMENTAL M ONITORING P LAN (EMP) & E VALUATION AT D ONGNAI , H A T AY

P ROVINCES

List of Abbreviations

PMU/PMO Project Management Unit/Project Management Office

CTC Center for Consultancy & Technology Transfer on Water and

Environment

EC Electrical Conductivity

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EMS Environmental Monitoring Station

EMD Environmental Management Division

EP Environmental Protection

EPS Environmental Protection Strategy

VEPA Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency

IFA International Fund Association

LWMP Livestock Waste Management Project

Masl Meters above sea level

MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

PEMD/PEMO Provincial Environmental Management Division/Office NPCS National Pollution Control Strategy

PPMO Provincial and district Project Management Office

SRV Socialist Republic of Vietnam

SEI Significant Environmental Issue

MPI Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment

EPS Environmental Protection Strategy

TSS Total Suspended Solids

TSP Total Suspended Particulates

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Livestock waste management Project (LWMP), a GEF funded project, is an

environmental project concentrating on livestock waste management manure recycling for agricultural development, and water protection The project was formally

authorized by the GEF Vietnam in 2003 The project was proposed by the Government

of Vietnam as environmental development project to seek for the financial support from GEF

The total investment of project is US 5.5 million, of which US$ 2.4 million will be fromGEF The proposed LWMP aims at improving the livelihood and health status of the livestock farmers in the project site in Dong Nai Province in the South and Hatay Province in the North through establishment of integrated and sustainable livestock waste management systems The project hopes to be viewed as a demonstration project and other interested parties could use project’s findings with regards to sustainable development of livestock production in their own development systems The project also aims at improving the overall living standards of farmers through improving cost effective methods of manure management, upgrading the quality of water resources and technological extension systems suitable for sustainable development of livestock sector, integrated with environmental protection

The proposed project covers two densely populated provinces, Dong Nai and Ha Tay The two provinces have also highest density of livestock population in the country and are facing serious environmental pollution caused by rapid development of livestock production in recent years

The annual average temperature in Hatay province is 22.30C, ranging between the minimum of 3.30C and maximum of 390C The average annual temperature in Dong Nai province is 27.00C varying from minimum of 24oC to a maximum of 28.6oC The average annual rainfall in Hatay province is 1900 mm, while in Dong Nai province it ranges from 1800mm to 2553mm Majority of precipitation occurs between June and October accounting for more than 60% of the annual precipitation

The project provinces have a typical tropical climate with warm and sunny climate Long sunny days and high available degree-days provide a good climatic environment for agricultural and livestock production

This environmental assessment report is prepared to satisfy relevant environment protection requirements of both Vietnam and the World Bank The project is classified

as World Bank’s Category B project, requiring discussion of significant environmental issues and preparation of an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP) During environmental impact assessment, the production system is upheld as the

mainstream while ecotypes serve as reference In association with the river basin

distribution in both provinces, the overall environmental impact of the project is

assessed; especial emphasis is given to the assessment of impacts to water resources on which the sustainable development of the project depends

The results of environmental impact assessment indicate that, in general, the proposed livestock waste management project in Vietnam has minimal negative environmental impact The implementation of subcomponents of the project, if successfully

implemented, is conducive to the improvement of the environment, and the project impacts on social environment are believed to be highly positive If the recommended mitigation and control measures, presented in this report are adopted, the impact of the project on the environment should be positive It is recommended that the World Bank and relevant departments in Vietnam support the implementation of this project and urge the earliest start of the project.

However, if the project locations are improperly selected, and/or if the proposed

mitigation measures are not implemented, the project can have potential negative impact on the natural and social environment, which might jeopardize sustainable development of the project On the other hand, if effective mitigation measures are implemented, the potential short and long term negative environmental impacts of the project will not be significant

The negative impacts on the environment during implementation/construction phase of the project in both provinces are believed to be temporal and of low magnitude The major potential impacts on the environment include: impact to vegetation due to

temporary land occupation at the construction sites, pollution of waste of daily life at the construction site and noise and dust of the construction machinery If the mitigation measures proposed in the EA report are implemented, the negative impact to the

environment during implementation/construction phase will be minimized

For most parts, implementation of the project should not cause any significant negative impact on the environment; on the contrary, it should generate positive impact on the ecological and social environment during project operation The development of code ofpractice and conducive policies on livestock waste management (regulation on

discharge of effluent, collection of the manure guideline, etc.) and dissemination of knowledge on cost effective preparation of organic manure, adaptive methodology on recycling (quantity and timing) of organic (livestock) solid and liquid manure in

agricultural activities, etc are believed to assist the reduction of nutrient loading and environmental pollution pressure due to livestock waste The improvement of manure management practices by using biogas digesters should have positive benefits by creating the energy source and should better quality of ecological environment within project areas

At present manure management technologies used in the project areas, especially in livestock production areas dominated by farmer households and small-scale farms with

10 heads of animals or less are inappropriate and are causing significant negative impact

on natural resources (soil, water and air) The problem is more serious in the Red River Delta where the land per farmer is only about 0.02 ha (including house and garden) and the natural system is suffering from significant nutrient overload The cost-effective manure management technologies that will be created by the project, if successfully implemented, should have significant positive impact on the ecological system within the project and to downstream water users

If the project is implemented as planned, project activities including capacity-building, awareness-raising, enforcement of policies and regulations through training of central and local government officials as well as farmers, and the development of national communication programs will generate positive impact to the ecological and social environment The introduction of improved manure management practices should be environmentally beneficial and should provide a condition, conducive of bettering the ecological environmental quality within project areas It should also improve health status of local communities and reduce incidence of zoonotic diseases The respiratory

diseases and water borne diseases should also be reduced Since rational use of organic composting will reduce chemical fertilizer application, this should also produce positiveimpact on environment by improving soil inherent fertility, soil structure, and water holding capacity In addition, the use of organic manure should increase soil faunal communities (both in number and variety), helping soil improvement and increased micro-faunal biodiversity

In order to minimize potential negative environmental impacts and to enhance positive impacts, the EA report proposed prevention/mitigation measures in Chapter 7 to

minimize potential environmental impacts In addition an environment management plan is prepared and is detailed in Chapter 8, in which the responsibilities of the Project Management Unit and other related institutions, environment management training and capacity building requirement and environment monitoring plan and their respective costs have been clearly detailed

1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND

Vietnam Government has prepared for the proposed GEF project for support to promoteLivestock Waste Management in Vietnam and integrating with the livestock waste management in the South East Asia in order to reduce the negative local and global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in the watersheds in the coastal areas of Vietnam The Project has been designed in order to lead to reduction

of land-based pollution from livestock production of the international water of the SouthChina Seas The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam, covering the two Regions of Vietnam with 02 representative provinces: Ha Tay Province in the North andDong Nai Province in the South that hereafter is called project provinces are the two selected site for the demonstration of the outcome of the Project

1.1 Purpose of the Report

The proposed Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam (LWMP) aims at improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing and reducing livestock production waste load that is currently polluting the local and

international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making systems for livestock management at the central and provincial levels in Vietnam.The achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of liquid and soil

pollution, leading to improvement of public health and a more equitable distribution of benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production The project will create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhancing institutional tools for the project-selected areas and the whole country to

implementation the Environmental Protection Plan

The aims of this EA report include:

(i) To analyze and assess present natural environment and the socio-economic

conditions in the project area and determine the scope and extent of future positive and negative impacts The implementation of the project is reviewed and examined

in terms of environmental protection;

(ii) To determine the potential environmental impacts and to disseminate the findings

to the project development and implementation teams; and

(iii) To prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminate the identified negative impacts and prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) for pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation of the project

The terms of reference (TOR) for compilation of the EA report between the Technical Consultant Organization here called FAO and the Local Consultant on EA is presented

in Annex A

1.2 Brief Introduction to the EA Report

1.2.1 Importance of the Project

Livestock growth rate has been increasing rapidly in the period of 1990-2003 The total amount of pig in the whole country has increased from 10 to 12.2 millions in ten years (1980-1990), an increase of about 18% However the number of pigs reached 20.2 millions in 2000, an increase of some 39%, doubling of rate of animal increase in a

decade According the most recent data, the pig number has reached 23.3 millions in year 2002

The 2002 statistical data indicate that the total number of poultry in Vietnam has been

233 millions of which 159 millions are chicken and 74 millions are ducks and geese The average of poultry growing rate reached 6.4% /year during the year 1990-2002.The growing rate of cattle reached 14%/year during 1990-2002 The total number of cattle was 11000 in 1990 and rapidly increased to 35000 in the year 2000 and to 55800

livestock production operations in Vietnam are based on household business and small private farms or enterprises Due to high demands, household and farming income has been increasing steadily in the animal breeding areas and in nearby area places

However, the economic development has caused environmental pollution and poor health condition within high population density communities next to the big cities such

as Hanoi, and Ho Chi Minh City, and especially in the surrounding provinces such as Hatay, Thai Binh, Hai duong, Haiphong, Nam dinh of the Red Delta River in the North and Tiengiang, Dong nai, Long An of Mekong Delta in the South Surface and ground water quality data monitoring have shown appreciable increase in organic and nutrient loading of water resources and their bacterial contamination

Biogas digester has been popular in small-scale farms of 5-100 pigs to treat livestock (pig) waste right at source The National Strategy on Safe Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation has had programs to support the farmers in installation of biogas Although techniques for building and operating biogas digesters are not

difficult, but not all operations are appropriately implemented Many constructed biogastanks are now unused, broken down, waste material, and/or leaking gases that impact negatively on local inhabitants In addition, the discharge leakage from biogas tanks have not met the discharge standards for the domestic wastewater as stipulated in TCVN6772:2000

The main problem of livestock waste management in Vietnam is that there are limited methods of livestock waste recycle are being introduced and guided The disintegration

to some extent between animal production and cropping as well as the lack of economicanalysis that strengthens the decision making of pomade’s in balancing the manure output, soil fertility and environment protection The problems are serious at the

medium scale farm and more difficult and more serious at the small scale or non point source That is why one Project on Livestock Waste Management is urgent demand in term of planning and policy makers and of the finding the appropriate manure

technology for Vietnam to be disseminated in the future

The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam has been designed to implement

in Vietnam located in South of China where the ecological and social environment is rather sensitive There are 64 provinces and over 54 minorities in Vietnam (but Kinh people make up about over 96% of the total population of Vietnam)

Livestock production in Vietnam economically less developed compared to other

countries in the Region Integrated project could have significant effect in creating the good opportunities for improving of the livestock-breeding farmers, increasing the quality of the livestock (especially pig and poultry) Implementation of the proposed project, although not in a large scale, but at a pilot level could have significant impact

on methodology used to improve the status and quality of livestock and livestock

environment and related natural resources (protection of water resources, water use efficiency, protection of soil resources) In addition, the livestock farmers, living within the neighboring district and provinces, could also adapt the lessons learned from the project implementation site that could provide additional intangible project benefits.The Project is seeking a win-win approach, i.e to both develop livestock through

hygienic environmental improvement, and assure sustainable reutilization of manure resources through nutrient balance for cropping The capacity building for the whole country will create better and sustainable livestock waste management, more efficient cost - benefit methods for stimulating the pubic participation in the field of livestock waste management

1.2.2 Structure of the Report

The report provides an assessment of the environmental impacts of the Implementation

of the Project It is arranged in the format provided by the World Bank for rural

development projects Section 2 describes the institutional and administrative

framework and the national policies and strategies in relation to such development schemes Section 3 provides a description of the proposed development project, while Section 4 provides a description of the existing physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical environment, which is specific to the proposed project and neighboring areas Section 5 describes the public participation whereas Section 6 describes the alternatives that have been considered in the project planning process, mainly with or without the project Section 7 identifies the potential impacts that could be expected from the proposed project both during construction and operation and proposes viable mitigation measures for to minimize these impacts Section 8 is devoted to the

presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for the proposed project including the implementation framework, a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan for the pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation periods and a training plan, while section 9 presents the general conclusions and recommendations

1.3 Bases of Assessment

This assessment was carried out according to the laws and regulations of the Republic and Socialism of Vietnam (RSV) and the World Bank technical documents A list of thematerial used for the preparation of this report is presented below

1.3.1 Laws and Regulations

The current legal EIA procedure in Vietnam is described in the following documents:

- The Law on Environmental Protection passed by the National Assembly on 27 December 1993 and promulgated by the President by Order No 29L/CTN on 10 January 1994

- Decree No 175/CP dated 18 October 1994, providing guidance in theimplementation of the Law on Environmental Protection and promulgated by thePresident

- A series of important subordinate legal documents promulgated by the Ministry ofScience, Technology and Environment (MoSTE), including:

+ Circular No 1420/MTg dated 26 November 1994 guiding EIA for operatingestablishments

+ Circular No 715/MTg dated 3 April 1995 guiding EIA for foreign directinvestment projects

+ Circular No 1100/TT-MTg dated 20 August 1997 guiding the preparation andappraisal of EIA reports for investment projects

+ Circular No 490/1998-TT-BKHCNMT guiding the preparation and appraisal ofEIA reports for investment projects (replacement for the Circular No 1100/TT-MTg)

- Other subordinate legal documents of important care:

+ Decision No 1806-QD/Mtg and Ordinance No 1807-QD/Mtg dated 31 December

1994, promulgating organizational and activity regulation of Council onappraising EIA reports and to issue the Certification “Register for compliancewith the environmental standards”, promulgated by the MoSTE

+ Official letter No 714-Mtg dated 3 April 1995, promulgating the appraisal form toEIA reports promulgated by MoSTE

+ Official letter No 812-Mtg dated 17 April 1996, promulgating the application formand decision to ratify EIA reports, promulgated by MoSTE

+ Decree No 26/CP dated 26 April 1996, defining the charge of the administrativeviolation on environmental protection, promulgated by the President of theGovernment

+ Circular No 276-TT/Mtg dated 6 March 1997, guiding the environmentalpollution monitoring for production and commercial facilities after their EIS isratified, promulgated by MoSTE

+ Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD dated 8 August 2000, guiding the preparation ofEIA reports for the construction planning designs, promulgated by the Ministry ofConstruction (MoC)

+ Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP - Governmental Decree, dated 11 November 2002,defining the functions, tasks, areas of competence and organization of theMinistry of Resources and Environment

+ Decision No 111/2002/QT-BTNMT dated 31 December 2002 defining function,task, and authority of the Department of Appraisal and EIA, promulgated by theMinistry of Resources and Environment

+ Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 02 April 2003, promulgating the foundation

of the Department of Resources and Environment (DoRE), renaming theDepartment of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) to the Department

of Science and Technology (DoST) DoST and DoRE belong directly to theprovinces/cities’ People Committee that are under control of the Central Authority.+ Joint Circular No 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV between the Ministry ofResources and Environment and the Ministry of Interior, guiding functions, tasks,areas of competence and organisation of the professional agencies in supportingthe People Committee in state management of resources and environment in thelocal area

Some latest changes:

In November 2002, a reform of Government took place in Vietnam The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) was divided into the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) and the Ministry of Science and

Technology (MoST) (Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP) In this new organization, MoNRE (the Department of Appraisal and EIA, Decision No 111/2002/QT-BTNMT) is

responsible for environmental management in general and appraisal of EIA in particular.For projects handled by the provincial and district authorities, the Departments of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) in the provinces or cities temporally are responsible to appraise the EIS

In April 2003, the Vietnamese President issued Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 02 April 2003, promulgating the foundation of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNRE), renaming the Departments of Science, Technology and

Environment (DoSTE) to the Department of Science and Technology (DoSTE)

(DoNRE) and (DoST) directly belong to the Provinces/Cities’ People Committee that is under control of the central authority

After that, in 15 July 2003, Joint Circular (between MoNRE and the Ministry of

Interior) No 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV promulgated that DoNRE are responsible forappraisal EIS on projects/units according to gradation (Section 2.8.3)

Therefore, any function, tasks, and areas of competence of MoSTE and DoSTE that are mentioned in the following sections will be considered those of MoNRE and DoNRE, respectively after the above documents become into force

1.3.2 Technical Documents

- The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.10;

- The World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information

- Terms of References (TOR) for an Environmental Assessment of the Project

1.3.3 Main Design Documents

- Proposal for Project with the GEF Fund;

- Feasibility Study Report for Project with GEF Fund;

- Area-wide integration (AWI) of specialized crop and livestock activities in Vietnamfunded by LEAD (FAO) - Final Project report, July 2003

All the above documents are available at the Department of Environment-MONRE or FAO representative office in Hanoi, World Bank Office in Hanoi

1.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment

This EA has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of both the World Bank and Vietnamese Regulation on environmental impact assessment of development projects The principles of the sustainable development objective and scientific evaluation are followed in the EIA and design of the environmental management plan for thetwo project sites The same attention is paid to both sustainable economic development and environmental protection through the use of appropriate livestock waste treatment

technology and environment protection so that the “handling without harm” and

agriculture growth can keep pace with the environmental protection and does not cause

significant negative environmental impacts Special attention is paid in this study to ensure that livestock wastes within project areas are reduced as much as possible, and the produced wastes (liquid and solid manure) is reused in farms to reduce to use of inorganic fertilizers in crop production The special attention is made to ensure that project is developed in a sustainable manner and detailed environmental management plans are developed to minimize/prevent any potential damage that project might cause

on the natural (ecological) or social environment As soon as specific project areas (sub-catchments) are identified within each province, more detailed environmental assessment of such component should be made to ensure that potential negative impacts

on ecological and social environment are kept to minimum For activities that could potentially cause environmental pollution (soil/water/air), more detailed and project specific measures will be developed in order to provide basic documents of environmentprotection to be used during project implementation To prevent duplication of effort and to reduce the project preparation cost, as much as possible the EA team has made full use of the available data and findings in preparation of this report

Since the project is generally a livestock waste management project and does not include any major land clearing or big construction activities, it is classified as a

Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01)

Therefore, the EA is carried out in a “simplified way” with main attention of the study being on the significant environmental issues (SEI) likely to be caused by the project This assessment was made based on the consultations with the World Bank consultants, Vietnamese Environmental specialists and Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency

An assessment method of environmental matrices is used for this EA This method has been widely used in the environmental assessment of various projects since proposed byLeopold, et al.1 (1971) An environmental matrix employs a list of project activities and

a list of environmental parameters or impact indicators The two are related in a matrix

in order to identify cause–effect relationships Column headings generally list the project activities while the row headings show the environmental parameters of the affected system Entries in the resulting matrix cells may simply show that an

interaction takes place or they may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the

interaction Table 1-1 represents the preliminary identification matrix, prepared for the LWMP

1.5 Relationship to Feasibility Study

According to the Environmental Protection Regulations for Construction Projects,

project construction unit should submit its EA report to the pertinent environmental protection agency with authority to review and approve, and the approval should be obtained during the feasibility study of the project In the preliminary design report, a specific chapter should cover environmental protection, inclusive of related national environmental standards, environmental impact mitigations and relevant design In addition, it should also cover the possible environmental impact from the project, mitigative or preventive measures to reduce/prevent environmental impact and potentialcauses of environmental pollution

As required by the World Bank, the EA report was prepared simultaneously with projectpreparation Report was prepared in close cooperation with the local PMU, the social assessment (SA) teams, other project teams working on different project components,

1 Source: Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E., Manshaw, B.B and Balsley, J.R (1971), A Procedure for

Evaluating Environmental Impacts, U.S Geological Survey Circular No 645, Government Printing

Office, Washington, D.C.

review of the feasibility study report and consultation with the local communities, and farmers The EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the SA teams and prepared questionnaires related to environmental issues to be asked by the SA team during their field visits This EA was prepared in close association with the study teams and should be considered as an integral part of the study A section must be added in thefinal project report to cover all environmental issues discussed in this report and the environmental management plan costs should also be included in the project budget.

In a bid to off-set or mitigate the potential impact to the environment at the design stage,the EA team has already provided the PMU with the draft working guidelines to satisfy the needs for environmental protection, and discussed with the feasibility team as how

to ensure coordination between environmental protection and economic development

As was mentioned earlier, the EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the social assessment (SA) teams and has held in-depth discussions with the said team as to define the questionnaire related to environmental management, and submitted the questionnaire to the SA team The EA team has used the main findings of the SA team

in the EA report The project could impact farm sizes, waste management methods, fertilizer application rates and sources on farmlands, and water use methods that are in use within the project areas The EA team discussed such issues in detail with the study teams and their comments were reviewed in detail The possible environmental issues were analyzed and necessary mitigation measures were considered and costed in the EMP In summary, the EA team has prepared the EA report, in close collaboration with other technical teams involved in the preparation of the feasibility study reports for the LWM Project

1.6 EA Team

The EA team is composed of 2 senior specialists and 6 experts for environmental impactassessment, with some 10 supporting staff The team members are primarily pertinent researchers from CTC and secondarily staff from National University, consulting firms familiar with the Vietnam ecological environment The posts of each EA team member, specialties, and tasks in this EA and the man-months used by each member are listed in Annex B

The Center for Consultancy and Technology on Water Supply and Environment –(CTC)the Organization for carrying out the services on environmental sciences, environmentaltechnology development in Vietnam CTC is currently staffed with approximately 60 research personnel, among which 2 are academicians of Vietnamese Academy of

Science & Technology, some 10 researchers and 30 environmental engineers

CTC has carried out a number of in-depth environmental research studies

Achievements from the studies have offered scientific basis and technical approach for the decision-makers in defining the national environmental standards for domestic wastewater discharge CTC is the member of the Steering Committee for the

Implementation of the Environmental Protection fee on Wastewater CTC is also a standing member of the Cau River Basin Protection Program, and is involved in

developing the national environmental management policies for different regions and sectors In terms of international cooperation, the CTC has established long-term relationship for cooperation with International institutions in more than 10 countries At present, CTC has eight projects in cooperation with Japan, USA, Denmark, Sweden, Canada, Spain and South Korea in Prevention of pollution from the industrial and domestic wastes

In addition to the basic and applied research, CTC has carried out a series of

environmental impact assessments for development projects, including review of hygiene production, and design of environmental engineering projects CTC has also undertaken a number of environmental impact assessment assignments such as: EA for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant at Thanh Tri district – Hanoi capital, EA for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant at Tam Ky Town- Quang Nam Province, EA for the development of Open economic Zone of Chu Lai – Quang Nam province, EA for industrial waste treatment and landfill at Dung Quat Industrial park CTC has

participated in number of EA with international funding agencies such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, CIDA and DANIDA

1.7 Assessment Scope and Periods Covered

1.7.1 Assessment Scope

The study area covered in the EA study covers in Vietnam, especially for the two high pollution density zones, one located in the North and other located in the South The two provinces have been selected as the pilot project sites

The project province in the North is Hatay including 05 selected communes

The project province in the South is Dong Naiincluding 05 selected districts

1.7.2 Periods Covered

The environmental assessment covers different phases of project implementation including:

1) Design Stage

2) Implementation/Construction period (02 years: 2005-2006)

3) Operation Period (03 Years: 2007-2009)

1.8 Assessment Factors

The proposed project is a Livestock Waste Management development project,

comprising institutional improvement, policy enforcement, manure technology

demonstration in order to mitigating livestock waste environmental impact, capacity building and extension at the central and local levels, and manure market mechanism development Therefore, the environmental impacts and their interactions are complex The assessment factors are identified using an environmental interactive matrix (Table 1-1) based on collection of secondary data, consultation with other study teams, the environmental sensitivities of the project areas, and lessons learned from other similar livestock waste management projects The identified environmental factors include: 1) Social Environment: public health, land use, socio-economy, downstream water users, and potentially minorities and disadvantaged people;

2) Ecological Environment: flora, fauna, nature reserves, freshwater fisheries; and3) Physical (natural) Environment:

- Water environment: surface and groundwater hydrology, surface and

groundwater quality (including pH, CODMn, nutrients such as TN and TP, and heavy metals, total coliforms, and algal bloom);

- Ambient Air: Odor, H2S, NH3, SOX, NOX, total suspended particulates (TSP);

- Soil erosion; and

- Solid and liquid waste (manure):

environmental impacts The water quality assessment focuses on the impact of

farmyard manure on surface and ground water and project impact on nutrient migration (TN, TP) to the South China Sea In special cases where large number of animals are confined in relatively small areas (intensive pig fattening, intensive poultry farms), while land use assessment focuses on the changes in land use practices through spatial analysis

Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP

Policy and Institutional Development

Livestock Waste Impact Mitigation

Manure technology demonstration

Local capacity-building and campaign, communication program at

Notes: 0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact

-1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact –3=Significant negative impact

* If native seed mix is applied, otherwise the effect is –2

+ If there is no competition for feed between wild animals and livestock, the impact is zero

Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP

Decision support tools development and regional co-ordination

Project Management and Monitoring

Notes: 0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact

-1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact –3=Significant negative impact

1.10 Assessment Criteria

According to the environmental function of the environmental protection administrativedepartments in the provinces, the following standards will be adopted for this assessment.The assessment standards include quality standards and discharge standards For qualitystandards, those required for protection of the functions in the recipient environment zone

in view of pollution inflow will be applied As to discharge standards, the dischargestandard of livestock wastewater effluent is not available in Vietnam at the moment;corresponding discharge standards of domestic wastewater for the sector will be applied

If standards are not available, pertinent discharge standards will be applied for each specialpollutant Based on the geographical distribution and environmental features in the projectareas, the following standards will be applied

1.10.1 Water Quality Standard

Class A of the Environmental Water Quality - Surface Water quality standard

(TCVN5942:1995) for drinking water source protection area;

Water quality – Ground water quality standard (TCVN5945:1995)

The Water Quality Standard for Coastal water Quality Standard (TCVN5943:1995);

Class III and IV of the Environmental Quality Standard for Domestic Wastewater (TCVN6772:2000) will be adopted for the assessment of wastewater quality from the livestockproduction sites to identified water body (Class IV and III designed for the hotel or guesshouse having up to 50 guesses and from 50-250 guesses)

Class B of Environmental Quality Standard for Industrial wastewater TCVN5945:1995.Class B for industrial wastewater to be discharged to the water source that could be usedfor irrigation (this standard has been used before 2000)

Water quality – Water quality guideline for irrigation (TCVN6773:2000)

B Drinking Water Quality Standard

(i) Sanitary standard for Drinking Water Quality QD1329/2002/BYT/QD

C Ambient Air Quality Standard

Air Quality - Ambient Air Quality Standard (TCVN5937:1996) for the residential areas;(ii) Air quality – Maximum allowable Concentration of hazardous substances in ambientair (TCVN5938:1995)

D Noise Quality Standard

Acoustic – Noise in public and residental areas- Maximum permited noise level(TCVN5449:1998)

1.11 Assessment Focus and Categorization

Since the project is generally an environmental improvement project dealing with livestockwaste management improvement and focuses on institutional strengthening, policy

development, improvement of livestock waste management plans, project management andmonitoring, and regional information sharing, and does not include any major land clearing

or construction activities, it is classified as a Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01)

The goals of this study are to ensure that the project does not cause any significant impact

on the physical, ecological and/or social environment of project provinces The study focuses on the potential impact of the project, especially on the manure technology

management demonstration sites and focuses on soil and water environment, the health of human inhabitants, domesticated and wild animals in project areas, and the biodiversity to ensure the sustainable growth within the project areas

Selection of Environmental Impact Factors

Social Environment Ecological Environment Physical Environment

Social Environment Ecological Environment Physical Environment

Alternative AnalysisEnvironmental Impact

Analysis

Fig 1-1 EA methodology of LWM Project

As requested in the Notice on Strengthening the EA work for Rural Development Project with Loans from International Financial Institutions (Document NO.324), LWMP has to implement the Vietnamese laws, regulations & standards on environmental protection (EP)and EA regulations and requirements In addition to the relevant Vietnamese regulations

on EA and being one proposed project to GEF Fund, the project should also follow the technical requirements of the World Bank The EA report is subjected to review and approval of the Department of Appraisal and EIS, MONRE and the World Bank Safeguard Group

2.1 Organizations & Administrative Framework

At present, a system of uniform environmental supervision and management is in place in Vietnam that is practiced by MONRE and local/provincial environmental management Department of the Department of Natural Resource and Environment ( EMP of DONRE) under the direction of the Provincial People Committee In addition to MONRE, each concerned ministry and commission has a separate environmental protection department that is responsible for sector environmental projects within their areas of interest They arealso ultimately under the supervision of MONRE and VEPA The organizational structure

of environmental administrative is presented in Fig 2-1

2.2 National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection

The environmental protection is considered as one of the major national policies in

Vietnam The long-term strategy is to develop projects that are both economically and environmentally sound

Vietnam has established an integrated legislative system for environmental protection The Vietnam legislation, regulations are as follow:

EA Report

Compilation of Environmental Monitoringand Management Plan

2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam

 Many significant environmental problems in Vietnam have not been solved whilethe pollution levels (foreseen) are increasing

 Significant challenges with having a sustainable development (having a balancebetween environmental, social and economic development benefits);

 Infrastructure for environmental protection is still inadequate, and capacity forenvironmental protection of the government and industries is limited

 Population growth and out of controlled immigration, poverty;

 Awareness of importance of environmental protection is limited

 Institutional organization and capacity for environmental protection is inadequate

 Requirement for higher environmental standards to join International EconomicIntegration and

 The global and regional environmental impacts are larger and more complex

2.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam

Pollution Prevention and Control

To solve severe environmental pollution and degradation situation

Sustainable natural resources

Environmental Protection of significant environmental sites

Biodiversity preservation

Fig 2.1: Environmental Organization Chart

1 2.2.3 THE MAIN ACTIVITIES IN IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGY

Awareness rising on environmental issues

Develop and enforce environmental Legislations and Regulations

Implement economic tools in environmental management

Take basic improvements in investing in environmental protection

Capacity building in management, research and implementation in environmental

management

Implementation of environmental protection work

Development of international cooperation in environmental protection

2.2.4 The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS

Vietnam has developed a draft document for pollution and prevention control under the environmental protection strategy Bellows are the main issues of the draft document

Pollution Prevention

A consistent framework of legal instruments and policies should be developed to support pollution control (prevention, treatment and remedy actions) It is necessary a sets of national environmental standards that should be completed The awareness of pollution control should be raised among communities Environmental considerations should be integrated with all provincial and ministerial/sectoral development plans and planning Thecompliance with EIA procedures should be enforced; larger and medium sized production industries should be encouraged to adopt cleaner production; pollution monitoring and scientific research and information should be better improved; and relevant financial mechanisms and policies should be appropriately developed

Legislation and Standards

Legislation is a major and effective tool to support a successful implementation of the NSPC Any laws and regulations must ensure all the people to be entitled to live in a healthy environment A consistency of pollution control measures to support sustainable development of the society, pollution and/or environmental accident prevention, treatment, and remedy; and an adoption of principles that users of the environment contribute their financial resources and polluters pay to pollution control Legislation and standards are mainly pollution prevention driven, and there is a need to develop some other instruments dealing with the treatment and remedy of pollution

It is time to review the established legal system, ranging from the Law on Environmental Protection (1993) to other relevant laws and ordinances passed by the National Assembly, the Government decrees and decisions, and circulars issued by ministries relating pollutioncontrol to remove possible duplications through their additions, amendments and deletions.By-law statutes should be developed to support environmental/pollution control fund raising, use and inspection Further studies on pollution control legislation should be carried out at regional level Specific guidelines for specific pollution treatments should be developed as the case of oil spill treatment or livestock waste treatment Specific guidance should be developed for specific treatments given to pollution occurred in urban, rural areas, marine, air, water, soil environments, and others with biological pollutants, solid andhazardous wastes, etc Environmental assessments and this guidance are considered one among pollution control activities

There is a need to develop relevant laws and regulations dealing with specific

characteristics of each environmental component, providing specific joint cooperative provisions in the field of Tran boundary pollution control with other regional countries In addition, other provisions should be made, dealing with reservation of rights to take self-protection of the environment on the basis of the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of the countries There is also an absence of any regulations dealing with compensations to damages and costs caused by transboudary pollution from the neighboring countries, etc.The “Polluter Pays Principle” should be recognized as grounds for establishing use fees, tradable emissions, direct and/or indirect responsibilities for compensation, and costs of cleaning-up, treatment and remedy of environmental accidents

These legal documents should ensure the publicity, democracy and community

participation in the decision-making of policies, project formulation and planning

While environmental protection requirements are already stipulated in the licensing

process of construction, means of transport use, production and services, but these

licensing procedures are still duplicated and complicated, and the monitoring, supervision and inspection have not been enforced leading to less effective environmental

performance

There are a larger number of environmental fees applied in Vietnam, namely pollution charge, discharge fee, administrative fee, resource use fee, product fee, review fee, and environmental protection charge These are levied on those organizations and individuals who use environmental components for their production and business activities, and administrative fines are imposed on violations against environmental protection laws and regulations

Environmental Standards: The established environmental standards should be improved (through additions and amendments, if necessary) New standards should be developed andissued, especially the discharge standard from livestock farm These include new standardsdealing with soils, sediments, fishery products, foods (particularly those for export), disposal and dumping of solid wastes and waste materials, food hygiene, production safety,techniques and technologies for specific sectors (such as oil and gas sector) New standardsfor emissions emitted from mobile sources and production line and technology need to be established and ultimately more stringent standards should be developed and applied for a number of specific provinces and river basins

Education and Awareness Raised to Involve community Participation

Awareness of pollution prevention should be raised among communities and political leaders through mass media and campaigns launched by the people’s associations (Youth, Women, and Children), grassroots units of villages and communes, schools, and enterprises

in order to build up their consciousness, and change their attitude toward pollution

prevention

Pollution prevention in particular and environmental protection in general, must be

included into curricula of all educational levels, from primary to tertiary education

To facilitate community participation in environmental protection in general and pollution control in particular, is a necessary and constant business It is necessary to develop

relevant plans to help the local people establish their own organizations to manage the environment themselves, and networks of environmental collaborators who can timely notify any sign of violations against the environmental standards, and EIA commitments to

the local people for their information and monitoring Any environmental initiatives and movements launched by the local people must be encouraged and facilitated.

National, Regional and Sectoral Environmental Planning, Strategic and “Post EIAs”

While the Law on Environmental Protection stipulates that all socio-economic

development policies, strategies and plans are subject to environmental impact assessment requirements, and must include environmental considerations with the goal of ensuring sustainable development of the country, but as previously discussed, this has not been complied at all Partly this can be attributable to a poor environmental awareness of

decision-makers, and a strategic EIA guidance that has been recently introduced on the other hand (2001) U to the year 2010 will ensure all these “strategies” ensured to undergo EIA procedures, which mean environmental considerations must be integrated into these strategies

Industrial production units and craft villages should be concentrated in to separate areas where waste treatment facilities are provided

It is noticed that this is the most effective and overall pollution prevention measure well consolidated by developed countries

Cleaner Production: is viewed as one of the most effective measures of pollution

prevention Awareness of cleaner production should be raised among all the production units to understand more savings in energy and raw material consumption, and less waste generation they can win through the adoption of cleaner production By 2010, it is strived that two-third of large, medium and small sized production units will adopt cleaner

production

Pollution Monitoring

Often, pollution monitoring is closely linked to environmental quality monitoring

programs, including monitoring of baseline environmental quality, impacted environments (consisting of biodiversity and forest cover loss, increased soil erosion, etc.) Excessive permissible levels for specific parameters have been identified in the past, but are not fully enforced Specific monitoring plans need to be developed and undertaken to ensure

enforcement of environmental standards In Vietnam, no monitoring plans or programs have been developed to measure other factors beside physical characteristics, chemical parameters, and a number of relevant biological parameters such as microorganisms, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos No specific monitoring plans and/or programs are specifically developed for LWM pollution monitoring This type of monitoring needs to

be developed to accurately identify pollutants, their spatial/temporal magnitudes and polluting sources Thus, the monitoring scope and frequency must be widened and

increased, respectively The national (DoNRE) inspectoral networks should carry out these monitoring activities At present, there is an absence of monitoring parameters for soil and sediment quality, pollution indicators, Tran boundary pollution monitoring, and

groundwater quality monitoring It is necessary to review all the established monitoring parameters and indicators in order to determine the monitoring frequencies and parameters

to be consistent with financial and technical resources available in the country

Operational Policy 4.04 Natural Habitat

Operational Policy 4.20 Indigenous People

WB Procedures on Information Disclosure

EA team has reviewed and understood the above policies and would follow the technical requirements of the WB as outlined in the WB EA Source Book

Fig 2.1: Curent EA procedure in Vietnam

Feasibility studyScreening

No EIA needed

No significant impact

Appraisal of preliminary EIS

Obvious serious andadverse impactsSignificant impact

Preliminary EIS

Review of detailed EIS byexperts of EMA (noappraisal committeeneeded)

Appraisal conclusion and Decision

Incomplete EIS

Serious and adverseimpacts, unacceptablesolutionsRequired

supplement of EIS

Cancel project

Register for compliance

with the environmental

standards

Need of detailed EIS

Complete EIS

Decision on EISapproval

EIA compulsory

Review of Registration

Certification: Register for compliance

Project can be implemented Sub steps of EIA

Results of EIA Level of complexity

Major steps of EIA

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed project is located in two selected province; Hatay Province in the North and Dong Nai Province in the South (Fig 3-1 and 3-2, respectively) LWMP, is a GEF funded project requested by MoNRE of Vietnam in coordination with GEF office in Vietnam FAO of the UN is selected as the executing agency for LWMP The GEF portion of the project investment is estimated at approximately 3 millions USD The project covers five communes in Thuong Tin district, Hatay Province and five wards of Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai province

Fig 3-1 Map of Dong Nai project province

Figure 3-2 Map of Ha Tay Project province

improvement of water quality in the South China Sea and seduction in manure related pollution levels in coastal waters

The proposed project, if successfully implemented, should lead to an environmentally sound geographic distribution of livestock production in Vietnam and the following global and regional environmental benefits:

 A consequent reduction of livestock production related waste load (animal wastecurrently contributes more than half of the total organic waste loads) that is currentlypolluting international waters (South China Sea)

 More effective conservation of freshwater and coastal marine aquatic biodiversity as aresult of reduced wastewater discharges into riverine and other wetland habitats

 A reduction of land degradation from excessive nutrient contents in areas surroundingintensive livestock production systems

 A significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (methane, nitrous oxides) andgases of local importance (ammonia and organic volatile) released from livestockwaste.

 Reduction of public health hazards and a more equitable distribution of benefitsgenerated from the rapidly growing livestock industry

 To increase the knowledge, skills of farmers and line agencies through capacity

building to facilitate betterment of economic and environmental condition of livestock production areas

3.2 Project objectives

The project’s objectives are to improve the living condition of the livestock farming communities in the project areas through the establishment of sustainable livestock waste management and reduction of nutrient loading of natural resources (soil and water) Achieving project objectives will not only lead to reduction of water resource pollution, it will also ensures better public health and zoonotic disease prevention The main objectives

of the project are:

1 To support sustainable development of livestock production in Viet Nam by reducing livestock waste induced environmental pollution within project area of influence through institutional development, policy enforcement and raising public awareness of livestock waste management related issues

2 To enhance living standards of livestock farmers (especially pig farmers) through improvement of living conditions and sanitation environment To promote socio-economic development and environmental protection of project beneficiaries through use of improved manure management technologies at the community level, by reusing livestock manure based on its nutrient value, and by using biological energy through biological treatment of wastewater from the pig raising farms

3 To improve the regional cooperation through increased awareness of decision-makers

in the field of livestock waste management and the need for nutrient load reduction of water resources

4 To improve the surface water quality as well as to prevent soil degradation by

promoting proper livestock waste management technologies based on cost –benefit analysis and appropriate monitoring of project activities

3.3 Project Components

3.3.1 Description of Project components

In order to reach the project objectives four main project components are identified An integrated approach is followed by the project Therefore, all project components and activities to be financed under these components are interrelated with the desired outcome

of improved social and environmental condition within project areas As a consequence, most of the activities are closely linked together The main project components and

activities of the Livestock waste management Project in Vietnam are:

Project Component 1: Livestock waste management Technology Demonstration

(a) demonstration of improved waste management techniques (including fund

management, public participation and technical assistance)

(b) Capacity building of local officials, extension workers and farmers in manure and nutrient management, animal health, and the impacts of livestock waste on public health, water pollution on public health

(c) Capacity building of local official, extention workers and farmer in manure

management technique (cost-effective solution: small biogas, composting…, decentralisation technology and centralisation livestock manure management technology)

d) Applying of appropriate livestock waste treatment technology biogas digester, anaerobic/arerobic manure treatment, cover lagoon, lagoon, composting or land use

of solid manure

In which criteria of project demonstration site selection is most importance for technology demonstration M & O cost of pilot technology is key factor for disseminating technology,

as well as learning and adaptation process

Project Component 2: Development of conductive policy for improved livestock waste management

(a) development of policies consist of regulation on environmental protection in livestock production, development of livestock waste discharge standards, master planing of livestock production, policies for promotion of organic fertilizers and clean meats

(b) capacity-building, awareness-raising and policy testing

(c) Enforcement of relevant policies and regulations; test of policy measures at local level

Project Component 3: Project management and monitoring

(a) Project Management

 PMO/PIU operation and regional co-ordination;

 Project Management Training

(b) Project Monitoring & Evaluation

 Implementation Progress Monitoring;

 Water pollution, nutrient-balances and other monitoring activities (e.g rate of compliance);

 Performance evaluation of demonstration sites

c) Regional support services

Activities for evaluation of project outcomes

Development of common decision support tools and standards

Capacity building, regional knowledge exchanges, facilitations, workshops

The Project Component 1 is accounting for about 50% of the total investment of the LWMP in Vietnam This component will be implemented based on the specifics of

livestock waste of the two regions: Hatay in the North and Dongnai in the South: livestock production from small scale livestock farming with limited land in the North and medium and large scale livestock farming in the South 3.3.1 Prevention of livestock waste and Conductive Policy

3.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology

(i) Design and implementation of improved waste management techniques in selected watersheds Establishment of improved waste collection, transportation and handling processes with final aim of using partially treated solid and liquid manure for irrigation on croplands

sub-(iii) Application of adaptive manure management technologies in demonstration sites.(iv) Training farmers in appropriate (adaptive) manure treatment technologies

(v) Organize public awareness campaigns

Selection of the demonstration sites will be dependent on the density of the livestock and population density The selected district/city should have the total amount of waste of 100,000 livestock heads and have medium/large scale of livestock farms and small-scale farms It means that the project will not only concentrate on point source pollution, but willalso consider non point pollution sources to have a comprehensive impact and to provide appropriate recommendation for nutrient load reduction in water resources

Technical assistance of this component will include the following solutions:

Waste minisation

 Waste minimization by reasonable use of water/breeding aliments;

 Through training courses, animal husbandry technique will be introduced to

livestock farmers to reduce the waste generation at source

End-of-Pipe Options

Based on the practical experiences in livestock waste treatment in Vietnam, the

corresponding FS report will emphasize the need for pollution reduction at source It has also suggested various end-of-pipe treatment options:

1) Solid waste treatment: Construct of the manure storage and guide the farmers make compost at small farms, construct composting holes at the commune level (for those with available land and where manure market is developed) Using locally available materials such as dry straw, straw ash and worm- earth to compost solid manure Treat wastewater at commune level by using sediment tank and available ponds

2) Installation of small biogas digesters (less than 20 m3) at household farms (twin sharingfor backyard raisers that are close to each other); Wastewater then will be treated at commune level by biological treatment: anaerobic, aerobic, anoxic processes Treated wastewater then can be used for irrigation or flow to the water bodies (ponds, rivers, etc) as long as discharge standards are met

3) Centralized (public) livestock waste treatment plant, consisting of sediment tank, anaerobic tank process, aerobic tank process and/or biological ponds

4) Centralized Biogas plant

Capacity building

The objectives of the training program are to assist the sustainable development and technology transfer to farmers, and provide technical and environmental management support during project implementation

The training activities can be divided into various categories including:

(i) management training for local officers and farmers (including study tours) on

variety of subjects such as nutrient balance management, environmental issues, prevention of water pollution from livestock waste, environmental protection law and regulation, livestock spatial planning, safe water supply and environmental sanitation;

(ii) training of trainers on the maintenance and operation of the livestock waste

treatment systems

(iii) Technical training (including study tours) This training sub-component is to

facilitate and supply technical and management knowledge on livestock waste treatment systems to ensure sustainability

(iv) Carrying out the communication program at local level

3.3.3 Policy development

Policy development insist of many activities related to making regulation, regulation testing, zoning and planing in livestock production

3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring

A well-designed monitoring and evaluation system will not only ensure project's successfuland timely implementation, but also in enhancing project impact by systematicallyanalyzing the lessons learned and their effective dissemination The main activities forproject monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by the project management office(PMO or Project PIU) in each project country Annual monitoring and evaluation reportswill be prepared that detail the Project implementation, progress of activities, and financesfor each subcomponent and the performance indicators In additional, implementation ofthe EMP is one major part of this component

3.4 Indicators of Project Success

The project success will be measures based on the following output and outcome

indicators:

(i) Reduction in total amount of livestock waste and diseases related to livestock waste transmition in the project site, especially in the demonstration sites;

(i) Rate of adoption of livestock waste management guideline on technology,

regulations, discharge quality of the livestock wastewater and provincial policies onlivestock waste management;

(ii) Number of community based livestock manure treatment systems that are prepared

and implemented livestock waste management technology (collection and

transportation of waste, storage and manure treatment or land use of treated

manures)

(iii) Water quality: N, P, BOD, COD, and total coliforms of water resources and

nutrient balances in soils compared against baseline data gathered during initial project implementation

(iv) Demand and interest for project intervention by farmers outside pilot watershed

areas

(v) Establishment of the manure trade and transport mechanisms and relevant

extension plans;

(vi) The overall increase in the income and health of participating pig raising farmers

3.5 Project area: Ha Tay Province

3.5.1 Hatay province

Although the proposed LWMP covers the whole country, two provinces, Ha Tay and Dong

Nai, have been selected as project provinces to demonstrate the effectiveness of the

proposed methodologies Description of the project will be divided into two separate

sections to simplify further analysis of the information

Ha Tây in the area of 2192 km2 is located in Red River Delta, near Ha Noi, capital of

Vietnam The total population of Ha Tay is 2,473,000, living in two provincial towns and

12 districts Ha Tay’s topography gradually slopes from Northwest to Southwest and it is

divided into two main areas Plain area is in the East of the province that occupies

two-third of total land and is about 5 to 7 m above sea level (masl) Hilly areas ares in the West

at about 25 to 50 masl Moutainous areas with elevations of over 300 masl occupy about

17,000 ha of the province, of which Ba Vi mountain is the highest at 1,282 masl

Ha Tay has many rivers and large lakes A number of major rivers flow through the

province including Red River (127 km), Da River (32 km), Day River (103 km), Tich

River (10 km), Nhue River (47 km), and Bui River (7 km) Nhue River is the main waste

receiving river within the province The larger lakes within the province are Dong

Mo-Ngai Son with an area of 1,260 ha and Suoi Hai 671 ha

3.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province

The proposed demonstration district is located West of Ha Tay province and borders with

Ha Noi in the North and Red River in the East The total area is 12,770 ha, of which 8,051

ha is in agricultural use There are 28 communes and one town with 201,100 residents with

48,965 families Two rivers flow through the district – Red river (16 km) in the East and

Nhue river (18 km) in the West The Nhue River is considered the main receptor of

livestock wastes in the district Water supply for human consumption is taken from 20-30

m deep wells

Table 3-1 presents the 12 districts of Hatay province, their river basins and their focus

livestock production information

Table 3.1 Livestock population and land use in Ha Tay in 2002

District Cattle

(heads)

Buffalo (heads)

Pig (heads)

Poultry/d uck

Rice (ha)

Corn (ha)

Sweet potato (ha)

Soybean (ha)

River basin

Chuong My 13209 3565 106725 1226670 19436 1418 1780 1516 Day,Nhue Thanh Oai 5477 1252 104059 1005460 16571 574 1037 260 Nhue Thuong Tin 2612 469 91804 681794 13099 816 311 1057 Red,Nhue

My Duc 7880 1696 74794 690672 14771 735 273 1242 Day,Nhue Ung Hoa 8803 1283 81145 753415 22471 1350 449 841 Day,Nhue Phu Xuyen 3066 534 90361 949862 18323 826 553 4236 Day,Nhue Quoc Doanh 2032 270 2226 65000 516 46 10 - Day,Nhue Total 98,166 28,604 1,117,422 9,912,191 168473 14700 10807 19664

Source: Statistics of Ha Tay, 2003

3.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district

Five communes are selected for project implementation – Van Phu, Van Tao, Chuong

Duong, Le Loi and To Hieu Table 3.2 presents general information about 5 selected

communes:

(1) Van Phu commune has small area of land and 80% of households are involved in

livestock production Manually processed by-products from brewery and rice noodle

operations are used as pig feed; therefore, 70% of households prepare and mix pig meal

themselves Pig production has been developed partly due to the availability of processing

industry by-products About 90% of households also utilize composted night soil

(2) Van Tao commune – 7 km far from Nhue River, is known for flower production and

cropping However, manure is not widely applied because of the difficulty of manure

transportation to the field There is one beer factory in the area that usesg 40 ton of raw

materials per day

(3) Chuong Duong commune has minimal expertise in manure management such as use of

biogas technology One farm of 500 pigs, using biogas, was visited Manure is sold for as

fish feed, and biogas effluent is discharged directly into drainage canal Presence of large

area of cropland in comparison with other communes is an advantage for pollution control

if manure is composted and used in crop production

(4) Le Loi commune – 4 km far from Nhue River, is widely recognized in the district due

to switching from paddy to fish pond and integration of livestock and fish pond operations

There is one wholesale market for poultry/duck at the commune and livestock is also

slaughtered at individual households that might add to the environmental pollution

(5) To Hieu commune – 7 km far from the district town and 2 km from Nhue River, where

90% of household raise pigs Feeding fish with manure is common is a common practice

3.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay

3.5.4.1 Installation of small bio digesters ( 9-10m 3 ) in households which have available

land (in residence land) and raise over 30 pigs is recommended

Bio digesters supply gas to farms at low cost, replacing costly fossil fuel Farmers could

also use most of the solid manures for crops as fertilizer

3.5.4.2 Improvement of animal pens is needed

3.5.4.3 Strength of manure treatment by composting in small farms:

Installation of settlement tanks for manure storage is deemed necessary (capacity of 2-4

m3) so that manure can be used as crop need for fertilizer arises

It is preferred to locate a place outside the village for manure composting, with easy accessfor manure transport by farmers that could also be used as manure market

Table 3.2 Statistical data in five demonstration communes - Thuong Tin Dist (2003)

Total area, ha

Number of villages

308.572

5228

391.326

5093

Number of households

No hh in livestock prod

1,4191,277

1,8781,502

1,005900

1,5091,297

2,9002,610Land for agriculture, ha

Paddy

Fish pond

232.7 2275.7

36022352.2

214168.927

31624057

401358.832.4Fertilizer (tons/yr)

660360297270,000

201020400

130401502,700

> 1,000 922816

Most hh

-2031

-Most hh

-1675216

22,0006,000

35,000(Combined)

20,000(Combined)

80,00050,000

40060

651025

79813

305020Source of water for hh

Well, %

River, %

1000

8119

4060

1000

1000

3.5.4.4 Installation of effluent collection schemes: Installation of pipe-work across the commune to collect effluent.

Underground drainage pipes or concrete covered canals are needed to be installed to transfer liquid manure and wash waters to centralized collection point for treatment Main canal (with 400mm wide x 500mm deep) is introduced in the commune level and sub- canal (250mm wide x 300mm deep) is from households to main canal.

3.5.4.6 Public treatment: In some communes the pollution of animal wastes has reached high levels and installation of

large communal biodigester is preferable All effluences will be delivered to the communal digester with a capacity of 50

to 100 m3 Produced gas will be supplied to farmers and the nutrient rich effluence can be used as crop nutrient.

Another option that is considered is the installation of sedimentation tanks (100 –200 m3) and ponds for aerobic treatment (300-500 m3) or ponds for bio-treatment (300- 400m2) The effluent should then be used as fertilizer for crop production This option might need to use a pump to transfer the effluent to the irrigation canals.

3.6 Project area: Dong Nai Province

Dong Nai is midland province at an average elevation of 100 masl and slopes of less than

80 The population of the province is 2,140,030 Its topography consists of four main areas:(1) low mountainous area has some high mounts such as mount Chua Chan (837 masl) and May Tau (700 masl), (2) hilly area forming the major part of Dong Naiprovince with average elevation of 45 to 200 masl, (3) ancient silt area at an elevation of 10 to 45 masl, and (4) plain area including rivers terraces and floodplains The province has a biggest national forest, Cat Tien (73,878 ha) in the North, 38,100 ha of which belongsto Tan Phu rural district of the province The province has 40 rivers and springs, of which the largest are Dong Nai River, Be River and La Nga River

The proposed LWMP in Dong Nai Province covers Bien Hoa City and five demonstration wards Hydrographically, the project district is within the catchment of Dong Nai, Thi Vai and Be Rivers

Table 3.3 presents the livestock population in project districts, Bien Hoa city, and in other livestock production areas of Dong Nai province

Table 3.3 Liverstock population in Dong Nai province (2003)*

769238135431,219193546871,412

156,37042,81845,02558,049123,27074,131185,00361,25125,547

* Poultry flock was 15 million in 2003

** Now is divided into two districts (Trang Bom and Thong Nhat)

3.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province

The city is located in an ancient Fluvisol area of some 154.67 km2 The major crops are vegetables (2,969 ha) and paddy rice (1,198 ha)

Table 3.4 Total area and pig population of Bien Hoa City

No Ward/commune Total area (ha) Swine herd Swine density

(pig/ha)