Ẩn dụ ý niệm trong các diễn ngôn chính trị (trên tư liệu tiếng anh và tiếng việt) tt tiếng anh

The scope of research The dissertation focuses on structural metaphor and ontological metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses of a number of political leaders such Engl

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN TIEN DUNG

CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN POLITICAL DISCOURSES (FROM ENGLISH & VIETNAMESE

The thesis is completed at:

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

VIỆN NGÔN NGỮ HỘC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÁC HỘI

VIỆT NAM Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Hong Con

Examiner 1: Prof Dr Do Viet Hung

Examiner 2: Prof Dr Nguyen Quang

Examiner 3: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Van Tinh

The thesis is defended at the Board of Examination of Academy level, summoned at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi

At … o’clock date … month … year 2019

Archived at:

the National Library

the Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

PREFACE

1 THE NECESSITY OF THE TOPIC

1.1 From the perspective of the cognitive linguistics, metaphor is a typical and effective cognitive instrument for human to conceptualize abstract concepts, and a human’s reasoning mode of the world Most human’s cognitive process of the surrounding world is based on metaphorical concepts which are to structurize and exert effects on human’s languages Apart from its importance, metaphor is found prevalent

in all facets of life Metaphor is used commonly in daily conversations and in such fields as economics, politics, culture, education, science The most fundamental and universal concepts of the world are cognitized via metaphorical mappings originating from realistic and specific experiences undergone or accumulated in daily life Reseaching metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics is a new trend which draws the interest of many temporary linguists

1.2 There has been much research on literature, poetics, science, law, press and

on metaphor in political discourse in the world However, research on conceptual metaphor in Vietnam is limited in terms of number and variety, let alone research on metaphor in political discourse

1.3 Conceptual metaphor in political discourse is a complex but attractive issue since each political discourse contains tactics, strategies and impacts of the whole political system and a culture which are expressed vividly and persuasively through the use of political metaphor of political speakers

The choice of the dissertation topic “Conceptual metaphor in political discourses (from English and Vietnamese resources)”, the researcher wishes to offer

additional evidence in this field of research in Vietnam, helping to further clarify how native speaker of English and Vietnamese cognitize the world

2 THE OBJECT AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH

2.1 The object of research

The object of research in this dissertation is conceptual metaphors in a number

of political discourses of political leaders in such English speaking countries as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia as well as Vietnamese political leaders

2.2 The scope of research

The dissertation focuses on structural metaphor and ontological metaphor in

English and Vietnamese political discourses of a number of political leaders such English speaking countries as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia as well as Vietnam since the 20th century

3 THE OBJECTIVE AND DUTY OF RESEARCH

3.1 The objective of research

The thesis researches the use of structural and ontological metaphors in English and Vietnamese political discourses from the perspective of cognitive linguistics in an attempt to clarify the features of various types of conceptual metaphors commonly used in English and Vietnamese political discourses, the role of these conceptual

metaphors, the similarities and differences of conceptual metaphors in the political discourses of the two languages The thesis then presents explanations to the similarities and differences (if applicable) on the linguistic, cultural and reasoning basis

3.2 The duty of research

(1) Investigating the research and theoretical basis of conceptual metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses;

(2) Collecting and describing conceptual metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses to clarify the use, the conceptualization and the role of conceptual metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses;

(3) Contrasting to figure out the similarities and differences and analyze the effects of language, culture and reasoning to explain the above features of conceptual metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses

4 METHODOLOGY

The thesis uses such methods of research as: analysis and description; discourse analysis; comparison-contrast In addition, the following techniques are also utilized: statistics and classification

5 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE DISSERTATION

5.1 In theory

The research findings will contribute to concepts, linguistic phrases, semantics, pragmatics and mappings of conceptual metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses, a little-researched field in Vietnam The research will also assert the advantage of cognitive linguistics and theory of conceptual metaphor in the analysis and comparison of English and Vietnamese political discourses

5.2 In practice

The thesis will help linguists to futher understand conceptual metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics in English and Vietnamese political discourses The research will also help translators and interpreters of political English, lecturers and students majoring in English have deeper understanding of English and Vietnamese political discourses

The research findings will help with the translation and interpretation of political materials, compilation and design of Engligh teaching materials, especially for the ESP context, improving the effectiveness and quality of teaching material use and English teaching – learning at the universities

6 THE STRUCTURE OF DISSERTATION

The thesis comprises three chapters (apart from the Preface, Conlcusion, List of dissertation-related published works of the researcher, List of References, and Appendices): Chapter 1: Overview of previous studies and Theoretical Base; Chapter 2: Investigating the structural metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses; Chapter 3: Investigating the ontological metaphor in English and Vietnamese political discourses

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES AND THEORETICAL

BACKGROUND 1.1 Overview of previous studies

1.1.1 Researching metaphor from the traditional perspective

The classic linguistic theory regards metaphor as an issue of linguistics rather than of reasoning or action; and metaphor is believed not to be found in daily language In other words, metaphor is found only in poetics - a special type of language Metaphor is based on the similarities or comparison between the literal and figurative meanings of a linguistic phrase and such similarities make it possible to explain the use of a word in metaphorical manner Some Vietnamese linguists also see the similaritiers between two objects as the base of metaphor (Do Huu Chau, 1962; Nguyen Thien Giap, 1998)

1.1.2 Researching metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics

1.1.2.1 Foreign research

Research in cognitive linguistics dates back to the 1980s with such names as G Lakoff, M Johnson, G Fauconnier, Ch Fillmore, R Jackendoff, R Langacker, L Talmy, M Turner, A Wierzbicka Unlike the traditional perspective, cognitive linguistics regards metaphor as an important instrument for conceptualization Cognitive linguistics studies metaphor via experiences and sees metaphor as a cognitive phenomenon rather than a linguistic one

In 1980 Lakoff and Johnson initiated the theory of conceptual metaphor and in the past years, the theory has developed intensively and extensively The initial research trend regards conceptual metaphor as arising mainly from embodiment Lakoff (1987) points that the emotional metaphors are found in language and arise from human’s cultural and bio-physical ground Grady (1997) has made major progress in the theory of metaphor when asserting hat daily experience and emotional experience of human is the ground for subjective assessments of linguistic cognition Fauconnier và Turner (2002) have developed the theory of blended space with metaphorical mappings serving as a neuro map and creating natural neuro mechanisms in metaphorical reasoning on the physical basis

Later, with some other researchers, Lakoff has developed the theory about the role of metaphor in the creation of human’s conceptual system and structure of natural language into the theory of embodied mind, researching the reliance of human’s reasoning capacity and worldview on the structure of human’s body and mind

Metaphor is a cognitive mechanism through which the logic of abstract concepts

is replaced with the logic of more concrete concepts It is a significant mechanism through which we can have complicated reasoning The cognitive mechanism of metaphor comprises the source domain and target domain in human’s perception with the features of the source domain mapping onto the target domain Both the source domain and target domain are concepts structured as the field-function, center-

periphere model with the concepts in the center being universal and the periphere

comprising linguistic and national cultural elements to be found in a typical cultural

“frame” or “foundation” The focal point of conceptual metaphor is not the language but the way we conceptualize a mind field through another mind field

Researchers in other fields have also applied the theory of conceptual metaphor

to investigate metaphor in law, poetry, politics, psychology, physics, computer science, math and philosophy Research findings of metaphor structure have helped to clarify the way man reasons in certain intellectual fields

1.1.2.2 Domestic research

In Vietnam, Nguyen Lai is regarded as the first linguist researching cognitive

tendency with the textbook “Words denoting to movement in Vietnamese language”

(1990) which studies the semantic development of words denoting movement RA - VÀO, LÊN - XUỐNG, ĐẾN - TỚI, LẠI - QUA, SANG - VỀ from the perspective of cognitive linguistics with the embodiment theory seeing the human’s body as the source

The one who officially laid the foundation for cognitive linguistics in Vietnam

systematically is Ly Toan Thang (2005) with the book titled “Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận – từ lý thuyết đại cương đến thực tiễn tiếng Việt” The author studies the way to

perceive space and time in languge when approaching the space with the centered principle; accordingly, language reflects the way man perceives the world through pairs of location concepts according to the position of man in the space like above - under, front - back, right - left, in - out,… and time concepts according to the position of man through 3 tenses: past, present and future

man-In 2008, Nguyen Van Hiep looked at the approach of cognitive linguistics to the role of meaning when analyzing and describing syntax In 2009, Tran Van Co systematically and comprehensively synthesized the central issues related to the

theory of conceptual metaphor from the “Metaphors we live by” of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and “Women, Fire and The Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about The Mind” of Lakoff (1987)

In the recent years, most research in cognitive linguistics has been in conceptual metaphor Phan The Hung (2007: 12) rejects comparison view when claiming that

“metaphor is not simply the hidden comparison but the classification under the deep structure of reasoning” The author states that: metaphorical comparison conforms to the layer of hierachy and the nature of classification is the basis of metaphor; metaphor is irreversable and the relation between 2 objects in metaphor is not assymmetric Vo Kim Ha (2011) studies the expression of metaphor in Vietnamese language according ot the theory of prototype in comparison with English and French using the press articles and literature works as the linguistic data Ha Thanh Hai (2011) researches the conceptual metaphor in English – Vietnamese economic press articles on the basis of the relation between language, culture and reasoning Ly Lan (2012) studies from multi-perspectives the “embodiment” in the expression of emotional concepts of HAPPINESS, LOVE, SCARE, ANGER Tran Thi Phuong Ly

(2012) studies the conceptual metaphor of plants, the conceptual transfer model from concept of plants to other concepts Vi Truong Phuc (2013) investigates the emotional conceptual metaphors of human Nguyen Thi Bich Hanh (2015) uses the conceptual metaphor theory to study conceptual metaphors in the lyrics of Trinh Cong Son, a research work with the cross-interaction between language, poetry and music; Nguyen Thi Bich Hop (2012) also uses the theory of conceptual metaphor to study the cognitive features and cultural traits of Vietnamese people through the conceptual metaphor “food” Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc (2015) investigates the use of conceptual metaphor in American political speeches

It can be stated that in Vietnam, the issues of cognitive linguistics in general and the theory of conceptual metaphor in particular have drawn the interest of many linguists Nevertheless, research of conceptual metaphor in political discourses in Vietnam is still limited, highlighting the necessity of further research on the issue

1.1.3 Research of conceptual metaphor in political discourses

1.1.3.1 Foreign research

There have been a number of research works on conceptual metaphor in political

discourses in the world In his book “Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don’t, Lakoff (1996) analyzes the viewpoints being the foundation of

political thinking in the US and sees the conceptual metaphor FAMILY at the center

of the social conceptualization system in American politics Lakoff has listed a number of common conceptual metaphors namely THE NATION IS A FAMILY, THE GOVERNMENT IS A PARENT, THE CITIZENS ARE THE CHILDREN Vestermark (2007) investigates the choice and use of conceptual metaphor in inaugural speeches of four American Presidents: Ronald Reagan, George H.W Bush, Bill Clinton and George W Bush, coming to the conclusion that the deliberate use of conceptual metaphors in the speeches of the four Presidents is to exert an impact on the attitude and thinking of the listeners The author has noticed the frequent use of personification concept to regard America as a person in the speeches of the four Presidents, with the conceptual metaphors namely NATION AS A PERSON, NATION WITH HUMAN ATTRIBUTES and NATION ACTING AS HUMAN Analysing of 06 discourses of President George W Bush, Fadda (2006) notices the appearance of the conceptual metaphor WAR AS A FAIRY TALE Meadows (2006) analysing the speeches of American politicians about Iraq in the 2004-2005 period also confirms the commonality of the conceptual metaphor WAR AS A FAIRY TALE

Arcimaviciene (2008) witnesses the commonality of the conceptual metaphors POLITICS AS SPORTS / GAMBLING in the UK while the metaphor POLITICS AS

A TEAM GAME / HUNT is common in the Republic of Latvia despite deriving from the same general conceptual metaphor POLITICS AS SPORTS

Taiwo (2013) mentions the commonality of such conceptual metaphors related

to the nations, politicians and politics in English political discourses of Nigeria as

NATION AS A FAMILY, NATION AS A PERSON, POLITICIAN AS BUILDER, POLITICS AS A BATTLE and POLITICS AS A JOURNEY

Stenvoll (2011) points out the presence of the conceptual metaphor POLITICS

IS PHYSICS, Pikalo (2011) points to the conceptual metaphors INDIVIDUALS AS SOCIAL ATOMS, STATES AS MASS PARTICLES, and Ringmar (2011) mentions STATE AS A MUSICAL DIRECTOR and STATE AS A MACHINE

Investigating the conceptual metaphor NATION AS A FAMILY in speeches of American politicians like Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and John McCain, Ahrens and Sphia Yat Mei Lee (2009) notices the more common use of the metaphor GOVERNMENT AS A NURTURING PARENT than the use of the metaphor GOVERNMENT AS A STRICT FATHER no matter whether those are from the Republican party or the Democratic one Such findings differ from the previous comments of Lakoff (1996) that Republican party members tend to refer to the model

of STRICT FATHER in their speeches

It can be seen that research on conceptual metaphor in political discourses varies but research findings reveal a high degree of concentration on such conceptual metaphors as NATION AS A PERSON, NATION WITH HUMAN ATTRIBUTES and NATION AS A FAMILY, which is in line with the viewpoint of Lakoff (1996)

1.1.3.2 Domestic research

In Vietnam there has been some research on conceptual metaphors in political

discourses Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc (2015) in her thesis titled “Ẩn dụ trong văn bản diễn thuyết chính trị Mỹ và việc dịch ẩn dụ từ tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt” has

classified conceptual metaphors in political discourses into 14 source domains (13 source domains already mentioned in previous research and a newly found source

domain – economic / financial value) and 4 common target domains Nguyen Tien

Dung (2015) studies the structural conceptual metaphor NATION IS A BUILDING

in English and Vietnamese political discourses and confirms the universal similarity

in the way the US and Vietnamese politicians express the conceptual metaphor NATION IS A BUILDING In another work, Nguyen Tien Dung (2016) investigates the conceptual metaphora in English political discourses and notices the diversity of conceptual metaphors in English political discourses but the common focus on such ontological metaphors as NATION AS A PERSON, NATION WITH HUMAN ATTRIBUTES and NATION AS A FAMILY Resrarching the conceptual metaphor POLITICS AS A JOURNEY in articles on Nhan dan newspaper – online version, Nguyen Thi Bich Hanh and Ho Thi Thoa (2018) point to 4 conceptual metaphors: POLITICS AS A ROCKY JOURNEY, POLITICS AS A JOURNEY OF TRAVELERS WITH THE SAME PURPOSE, POLITICS IS A JOURNEY OF DIRECTION AND CHOICES, POLITICS IS A RACE TO DESTINATION and confirm the existence of the simulation mechanism of 2 domains (journey and politics) in the language and culture of the Vietnamese Nguyen Tien Dung (2018) investigates the conceptual metaphors in speeches of President Ho Chi Minh and notices the commonality of such sources as HUMAN ACTIVITIES, FAMILY,

JOURNEY, BUILDING and LIVING BODY with 22 different conceptual metaphors

As a matter of fact, research on conceptual metaphors in political discourse is considerable but is still limited in Vietnam, failing to draw the interest of many Vietnamese linguists in the cognitive approach

1.2 Theoretical background

1.2.1 An overview of cognitive science and cognitive linguistics

Cognitive science was born in the second half of the 20th century with the purpose to study human’s intelligence from perception to action, from language to reasoning Cognitive science concerns the mind and the way information is processed

in the mind Cognitive science sets the goal to find answers to the reasoning and experience of the world, the conceptual system and the way to organize human’s conceptual system

In the late 1970s, some research in linguistics started turning towards the cognitive approach with the interest in the relation between language and mind, between language elements and the externalities, specifically the way human perceive and classify objects and phenomena in the surrounding world mapped onto language

By the late 1980s, cognitive linguistics theory was developed by Fillmore, Talmy and especially Lakoff with his research on metaphor and Langacker with the formation of cognitive grammar theory

According to Ly Toan Thang (2008), cognitive linguistics is a new trend in modern linguistics with the foucs being “researching language on the ground of human’s experience and perception of the world as well as the way human perceive and conceptualize the surrounding world” Tran Van Co (2007) states that cognitive linguistics researches human’s mental process through natural language and differentiates the two pictures of the world from the view of cognitive linguistics: the scientific picture of the world formed form the logical concepts reflecting human’s cognition of the objective reality; and the language picture of the world being the way human embody the worldview through language materials with the objective reality perceived by different body organs

It can be said that cognitive linguistics is a way to approach languages based on human’s experiences of the world and the way human perceive and conceptualize the world Cognitive linguistics is confined to cognitions related to human’s study and use of languages The objective reality reflected in human’s brain forms the world and structure of cognition Cognitive linguistics aims at researching the effects of cognitive structure and the rules of cognitive structure on languages

Ly Toan Thang (2005) states that cognitive linguistics consists of three main approaches with different key points: the “experience” approach, the “prominence” approach and the “attention getter” approach

1.2.2 Concepts and conceptualization

Cognitive models are structured by concepts Cognitive linguistics regards concepts

as the top research object Concepts are understood as a unit of perception, the mental

symbols reflecting the way human perceives the surrounding world and interacts with that world Concepts include relatiopns and impressions being experiences of language users Concepts cover pragmatics, interaction, society-culture of languages in use Concepts are not only the outcome of the reflection of the objective world into human’s mind but also the product of the cognitive process Concepts are universal and national since they are closely attached to a nation’s language and culture The structure of concepts reflects the psychology of language and is the mid-layer linking language and cognition

Conceptualization is understood as the process to form concepts, the process of development from feeling to reasoning; in other words, conceptualization is the

process of development from abstract reasoning to vivid intuition One of the

fundamental theories of cognitive linguistics is: semantics is conceptualization Language units express concepts which are co-related in meaning to those language units This relation is visualized in a conceptual structure comprising the concept shadow and the concept foundation, also called cognitive domains Hence, the meaning of language units must be defined in terms of shadow concepts and

foundation concepts

1.2.3 Conceptual metaphor

Conceptual metaphor is one of the form of conceptualization, the mapping of one structure from a concept domain onto another concept domain, the means of cognition of man in general Therefore, the similarity between conceptual metaphors

in different languages is fundamental and the difference, if there is, is found in the dimension being activated; in other words, conceptual metaphors of different languages are mainly alike and the difference is only found in language expressions reflecting the differences in the choice of the perspectives of a concept or partial concepts in a concept domain

The cognitive mechanism of conceptual metaphors is related to two knowledge domains, namely the source domain and the target domain, which exists inherently in

human’s perception The two domains are systematically connected for there are systematic similarities between the two domains or a relation in line with human’s experiences

Conceptual metaphor is a combination of mappings from the source domain to the target domain where metaphorical linguistic expressions display conceptual metaphors The source domain and the target domain are concepts structured as the field-function model: center-periphere, with the concept in the center bearing universality of mankind and at the periphere being national language and culture in a specific cultural “frame”

The view “the target domain is the source domain” illustrates the tendency of

man reasoning about abstract concepts through more concrete concepts

The mapping in the conceptual metaphor structure is a fixed system of correspondences between elements forming the source domain and the target domain When the system of correspondences is activated, from the source domain the

mappings are transferred onto the target domain It can be said that to perceive the sense of a conceptual metaphor, it is necessary to understand the system of mapping

of the source-target pair

1.2.4 Classification of conceptual metaphor

1.2.4.1 Classification as to the cognitive function

Orientational metaphor

Orientational metaphor organizes the whole system of concepts in co-relation with another system with the foundation being the experiences of mankind about the surrounding space in the daily life Most orientational metaphors are related to spatial positioning with the anti-paring like up-down, in-out, front-back, deep-shallow, center-periphere,… Orientational metaphor is not arbitrary but based on physical and cultural experience

1.2.4.2 Classification as to the source domain

Apart from classification as to the cognitive function, conceptual metaphors can also be classified according to the source domain Deignan (1995) identifies 12 common source domains in English Kõvecses, Lakoff, Johnson and some researchers

in their studies of political discourses have added 3 source domains, raising the total number of common source domains of conceptual metaphors in English to 15

1.2.5 Discourse and political discourse

Discourse refers to language action, language in use in socio-cultural context Discourse is a unity, organized and structured according to certain rules and order Regarding the fields of knowledge, discourse can be grouped as: literature discourse, scientific discourse, religious discourse, moral discourse, economic discourse, political discouse, press discourse, administrative discourse, legal discourse and military discourse

Political discourse is decided by the political context with the author/speaker being political irganizations or politicians; the addressee being the general public; the objective, content and function of discourse being political issues The goal of political discourse is to manipulate the listener and serve as an important instrument for the political speaker to pursue and execute power Political discourse is the discourse of power, closely attached to the concept of power Political speakers use

metaphor to persuade listener since metaphor is one of the most common instruments

to exert heavy-weight persuasion and undertake the propaganda in political discourse

of politicians

Chapter 2 INVESTIGATING STRUCTURAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND

VIETNAMESE POLITICAL DISCOURSES 2.1 Structural metaphors in English political discourses

2.1.1 Structural metaphors with the source domain HUMAN ACTIVITIES

2.1.1.1 POLITICS AS A JOURNEY

Conceptual metaphor POLITICS AS A JOURNEY is commonly found in political discourses and can be defined according to the following mapping:

a) traveler politicians / government

b) path / road political activities

c) destination political goals

d) means of transport policies of government

The main features of the conceptual metaphor POLITICS IS A JOURNEY are

go / move forward, step, journey, traveler, path/pathway, road, route

The conceptualization of political activities as a journey can help with clear visualization and awareness of the issue Politicians also face problems in their political career They bear burdens, making it hard to move to the destination Such burdens can be the responsibilities and duties on those who are national leaders The journey is mainly towards ahead on a fixed route However, the travelers may lag behind their companions as they fail to surpass the obstacles And sometimes they find themselves at a crossroad and they wonder which path to choose to get to the destination Likewise, in the political life, politicians sometimes face problems and have to make a hard decision, choosing an appropriate policy to reach the set goal Under this concept, there are a number of sub-level conceptual metaphors POLITICS AS A ORIENTATIONAL JOURNEY, POLITICS AS A JOURNEY ON

A ROUTE, POLITICS AS A JIOURNEY OF TRAVELERS WITH THE SAME DESTINATION, POLITICS AS A JOURNEY WITH OBSTACLES

2.1.1.2 POLITICS AS BUILDING

The conceptual metaphor POLITICS AS BUILDING comprises two sub-level conceptual metaphors THE NATION IS A BUILDING and POLITICIAN IS A BUILDER The conceptual metaphor POLITICS AS BUILDING can be identified as the following mappings:

a) foundation base of a political system

b) building government system

c) collapse failure of political system

d) fracture weakness of government

system đ) stability stability of political system

e) builder political leader

f) build form political system

g) cement connector of government

system The features of the sub-level conceptual metaphors THE NATION IS A BUILDING and POLITICIAN AS A BUILDER are often expressed through such

words and phrases as build / rebuild, cement, collapse, construct, crack / fracture, foundation / ground, shaking, solid, stable, wall

The concept BUILDING is a very familiar concept to human since it is one of the

essential needs of human: food, clothes, accommodation and workplace Human evolved from apes to primitive people living in caves and late civilized people living and working in modern buildings It can be said that building sites develop through time, marking the development and evolution of human’s civilized society Hence, it

can be seen that the concept building is an appropriate source domain to help us express the abstract concept nation growing and developing

2.1.1.3 POLITICS AS WAR

Human often conceptualizes the source domains of war and conflict in the fields

of politics, love, argument and economics; therefore, the conceptual metaphor POLITICS AS WAR is one of the most common conceptual metaphors expressed in political discourses