Que upgrading and repairing PCs 17th edition apr 2006 ISBN 0789734044

Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition includes new and updated content covering the latest processors, motherboards, memory, and more, including a fully-loaded DVD with new video and

By Scott Mueller

Publisher: Que Pub Date: March 24, 2006 Print ISBN-10: 0-7897-3404-4 Print ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3404-4 Pages: 1608

Upgrading and Repairing PCs books for help with computer problems Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition includes new and updated content covering the latest

processors, motherboards, memory, and more, including a fully-loaded DVD with new video and reference material.

Register this book at www.quepublishing.com after purchase for access to exclusive

Upgrading and Repairing articles, sample chapters, and bonus video content!

By Scott Mueller

Publisher: Que Pub Date: March 24, 2006 Print ISBN-10: 0-7897-3404-4 Print ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3404-4 Pages: 1608

Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition

Copyright © 2006 by Que Publishing

All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission from the publisher No patent

liability is assumed with respect to the use of the informationcontained herein Although every precaution has been taken inthe preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume

no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liabilityassumed for damages resulting from the use of the informationcontained herein

as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark

Warning and Disclaimer

as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.The information provided is on an "as is" basis The author andthe publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to anyperson or entity with respect to any loss or damages arisingfrom the information contained in this book or from the use ofthe DVD or programs accompanying it

Bulk Sales

Que Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book whenordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales For

Scott Mueller is president of Mueller Technical Research (MTR),

an international research and corporate training firm Since

1982, MTR has produced the industry's most in-depth, accurate,and effective seminars, books, articles, videos, and FAQs

covering PC hardware and data recovery MTR maintains a clientlist that includes Fortune 500 companies, the U.S and foreigngovernments, major software and hardware corporations, aswell as PC enthusiasts and entrepreneurs His seminars havebeen presented to several thousands of PC support

professionals throughout the world

Scott personally teaches seminars nationwide covering all

aspects of PC hardware (including troubleshooting,

maintenance, repair, and upgrade), A+ Certification, and datarecovery/forensics He has a knack for making technical topicsnot only understandable, but entertaining as well; his classesare never boring! If you have 10 or more people to train, Scottcan design and present a custom seminar for your organization

Although he has taught classes virtually nonstop since 1982,Scott is best known as the author of the longest running, mostpopular, and most comprehensive PC hardware book in the

world, Upgrading and Repairing PCs, which has not only been

produced in more than 17 editions, but has also become thecore of an entire series of books

Scott has authored many books over the last 20+ years,

including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 1st through 17th and Academic editions; Upgrading and Repairing Laptops 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing Windows; Upgrading and

Repairing PCs: A+ Certification Study Guide, 1st and 2nd

editions; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Technician's Portable

Reference, 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Field Guide; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Quick Reference;

Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Linux Edition; Killer PC Utilities; The IBM PS/2 Handbook; and Que's Guide to Data Recovery.

Scott has produced several video training packages covering PChardware, including a 6-hour, CD-based seminar titled

Upgrading and Repairing PCs Training Course: A Digital Seminar from Scott Mueller Scott has also produced other videos over

well over 2 million copies, making it by far the most popularand longest-running PC hardware book on the market today

Scott has been featured in Forbes magazine and has written several articles for Maximum PC magazine, several newsletters, and the Upgrading and Repairing PCs website.

If you have suggestions for the next version of this book, anycomments about the book in general, or new book or articletopics you would like to see covered, send them to Scott viaemail at scottmueller@compuserve.com or visit

www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com and click the Ask Scottbutton

When he is not working on PC-related books or on the roadteaching seminars, Scott can usually be found in the garageworking on several vehicular projects

Contributors and Technical Editors

Mark Edward Soper is president of Select Systems and

Associates, Inc., a technical writing and training organization.Mark is a 23-year veteran of the technology field, with an

extensive background in training, technical book and magazinewriting, technical editing, online content development, and

research

Mark first began to work with PCs in the days of the originalIBM PC, PC-XT, and PC compatibles Mark provided sales, salessupport, and technical training for these computers, as well asfor Atari, TI, Commodore 64, and CP/M-based systems for

crossed over to multiple titles in the Upgrading and Repairing series Mark has assisted Scott with Upgrading and Repairing

PCs since the 11th edition and has contributed to Upgrading and Repairing Networks, 2nd edition and Upgrading and

Repairing Laptops Mark has coauthored Upgrading and

Repairing Servers; Upgrading and Repairing Networks, 5th

edition; Upgrading and Repairing PCs: Technician's Portable Reference (1st and 2nd editions); Upgrading and Repairing PCs: Field Guide (the latest version of the Technician's Portable

Reference); and Upgrading and Repairing PCs: A+ Certification Study Guide, 2nd edition Mark also assists Scott with

www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com, the official website for thebook series

Mark has also authored the Complete Idiot's Guide to High-Speed Internet Connections, the Absolute Beginner's Guide to Cable Internet Connections, TechTV's Upgrading Your PC (1st

Platinum Edition.

Will Schmied is an Active Directory architect and business

applications analyst at a Fortune 100 shipping company As afreelance writer, Will has worked with many publishers,

including Pearson and Microsoft Will has also worked directlywith Microsoft in the MCSE exam-development process and isthe founder of the popular MCSE certification portal

www.mcseworld.com

wife, Chris; their children, Christopher, Austin, Andrea, and

Hannah; their dog, Charlie; and their cats, Smokey, Evin, andSocks When he's not busy working, you can find Will enjoyingtime with his family or cheering on his favorite ice hockey team

Mark Reddin (MCSE, A+) has been the primary technical

editor on Upgrading and Repairing PCs for three editions As is

the case with many technology professionals, what began as ahobby for him became the foundation for a career He startedtinkering with computers during the time of the early

Commodore and Atari systems (with all those wonderful

games) Exposure to the budding IT world while attending BallState University led him to a serious exploration of computerand network technologies Since that time, he has been

involved in the industry in many capacities, ranging from a

system support and repair specialist to owning and operating anindependent reseller corporation Mark has also been involvedwith numerous Que publications over the last several years,providing development and technical verification He currently

develops Exam Cram titles for Pearson Education.

The new 17th edition continues the long tradition of making thisthe most accurate, in-depth, and up-to-date book of its kind onthe market This new edition is the product of a great deal ofadditional research and development over the previous editions.Several people have helped me with both the research and

production of this book I would like to thank the following

people:

First, a very special thanks to my wife and partner, Lynn Overthe last few years, she has returned to school full-time, in

addition to helping run our business She graduated with fullhonors, receiving a degree in multimedia and web design Sheused her creative and technical skills to shoot and produce thevideo that is included with this book I'm extremely proud of herfor all I've seen her accomplish in the last few years The

dedication she has shown to her work has been inspiring

Thanks to Lisa Carlson of Mueller Technical Research for helpingwith product research and office management She has

fantastic organizational skills that have been a tremendous help

in managing all the information that comes into and goes out ofthis office

I must give a special thanks to Rick Kughen at Que Throughthe years Rick is the number one person responsible for

championing this book and the Upgrading and Repairing series His office is like a shrine to Upgrading and Repairing PCs,

sporting a complete (and very rare) collection of every singleedition of this book

Thanks also go to my newest editor, Todd Green This is Todd'ssecond trip through this series and he has been instrumental in

adding Upgrading and Repairing Windows to this series as well

as pushing forward new editions of Upgrading and Repairing

manuscripts through a very tight publishing schedule cannot beoverlooked I'd also like to thank the other editors, illustrators,designers, and technicians at Que who work so hard to

complete the finished product and get this book out the door!They are a wonderful team that produces clearly the best

computer books on the market I am happy and proud to beclosely associated with all the people at Que

I would also like to say thanks to Mark Soper, who has addedconsiderable expertise in areas that I might tend to neglect.And thanks to Mark Reddin, who has become the primary

technical editor for this book and who not only is extremelydiligent in verifying details, but also makes numerous

suggestions about additional coverage, all of which are greatlyappreciated His input has been extremely important in helping

me to ensure the highest level of technical accuracy and depth

of coverage

Thanks also to all the other readers who emailed me with

comments, and even your criticisms I take them seriously andapply them to the continuous improvement of this book I

especially enjoy answering the many questions you send me;your questions help me understand areas of the book that

might need to be clarified and point out additional coverage thatshould be added Interaction with my readers is the primaryforce that helps maintain this book as the most up-to-date and

relevant work available anywhere on the subject of PC

hardware

Finally, I would like to thank the thousands of people who haveattended my seminars; you might not realize how much I learnfrom each of you and all your questions!

Many of my all-night writing raves are fueled by a variety ofpossibly less-than-nutritious (but very tasty and loaded withenergy) food and beverage In particular, this book continues to

be fueled by many pounds of Starbucks coffee processed via akiller Capresso automatic coffee/espresso machine (utter

nirvana for an addicted coffee drinker like me), cases of CokeClassic (no Pepsi allowedgotta have the burn!), Red Bull andAMP energy drinks, Trolli Brite Crawler Eggs, and Pearson's

Salted NutRolls For special occasions when I really needed aboost, I enjoyed a couple of bottles of Skeleteens Brain Wash,the ultimate energy drink There you have it, the three majorworkaholic nerd/geek food groups: caffeine, sugar, and salt!

We Want to Hear from You!

As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic

and commentator We value your opinion and want to know

what we're doing right, what we could do better, what areasyou'd like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdomyou're willing to pass our way

As an associate publisher for Que Publishing, I welcome your

Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems

related to the topic of this book We do have a User Services group, however, where I will forward specific technical

questions related to the book.

When you write, please be sure to include this book's title andauthor as well as your name, email address, and phone number

I will carefully review your comments and share them with theauthor and editors who worked on the book

Welcome to Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition Since

debuting as the first book of its kind on the market in 1988, noother book on PC hardware has matched the depth and quality

of the information found in this tome The 17th edition

continues Upgrading and Repairing PCs' role as not only the

best-selling book of its type, but also the most comprehensiveand complete PC hardware reference available This book

examines PCs in depth, outlines the differences among them,and presents options for configuring each system

More than just a minor revision, the 17th edition of Upgrading

and Repairing PCs contains hundreds of pages of new, revised,

and reworked content The PC industry is moving faster thanever, and this book is the most accurate, complete, in-depth,and up-to-date book of its kind on the market today

I wrote this book for people who want to know everything abouttheir PCs How they got started; how they've evolved; how toupgrade, troubleshoot, and repair them; and everything in

between This book is for all those professionals and PC

enthusiasts who want to know everything about PC hardware.This book covers the full gamut of PC-compatible systems fromthe oldest 8-bit machines to the latest in high-end 64-bit

multigigahertz speed PC-based workstations If you need toknow about everything from the original PC to the latest in PCtechnology on the market today, this book and the

accompanying information-packed disc is definitely for you

This book covers state-of-the-art hardware and accessories thatmake the most modern personal computers easier, faster, andmore productive to use Inside these pages you will find in-

depth coverage of every PC processor from the original 8088 tothe latest Pentium D and Athlon 64

glamorous PC components Every part of your PC plays a criticalrole in its stability and performance Over the course of thisbook's 1,600+ pages, you'll find out exactly why your

motherboard's chipset might just be the most important part ofyour PC and what can go wrong when you settle for a run-of-the-mill power supply that can't get enough juice to that

monster processor you just bought You'll also find in-depthcoverage of technologies such as new processors, graphics,

audio cards, PCI Express, DVD+/-RW drives, Serial ATA, USB2.0, and moreit's all in here, right down to the guts-level

bringing you So, here is a short list of the major improvements

to this edition:

A completely updated look at the newest processor familiesfrom Intel and AMD as well as the chipsets and

motherboards that support them Dual-core processors arethe latest rage, and their impact on our collective

computing experiences is not to be underestimated

A detailed look at how chipsets and motherboards are

evolving, especially with regard to PCI Express We alsoexamine how the type of bus interconnect technologies

implemented for a chipset and CPU affect your entire

system's performance

The landscape of the graphics card market continues to

performance using technologies like NVIDIA's SLI and ATI'sCrossfire

With all the power today's PC hardware craves, the

venerable PC power supply of yesterday is no longer up tothe task of keeping every power-hungry component wellfed Given that, the power supply chapter has been

extensively revised to include everything you could possiblywant to know about the latest supplementary power

connectors

As always, we have new, high-quality technical illustrations.Every year we add, modify, and generally improve on thehundreds of figures in this book These new and revisedillustrations provide more technical detail, helping you

understand difficult topics or showing you exactly how tocomplete a task

Just like last year, you'll find a DVD-ROM plastered to theinside back cover of this book On it you'll find all the usualstandbys, such as the Technical Reference and completeelectronic versions of prior editions Rather than recycle thesame video clips from edition to edition as many of my

competitors do, I've once again included new video clips forthis edition For this edition, there are more than two hours

of video on everything from examining the latest CPUs andmotherboards to building a modern system and setting up asecure home network

As with every edition, I've done as much research and

homework as humanly possible to ensure that this volume isthe most consistent and up-do-date text on PC hardware you're

memory, and even case and power-supply improvements Thebook discusses proper system and component care, specifiesthe most failure-prone items in various PC systems, and tellsyou how to locate and identify a failing component You'll learnabout powerful diagnostics hardware and software that enable asystem to help you determine the cause of a problem and how

such systems

The amount of storage space available to modern PCs is

increasing geometrically Upgrading and Repairing PCs covers

of-the-art storage devices

an understanding of disk configuration and interfacing that canimprove your diagnostics and troubleshooting skills You'll

develop a feel for what goes on in a system so you can rely onyour own judgment and observations and not some table ofcanned troubleshooting steps

Upgrading and Repairing PCs is written for people who will

select, install, configure, maintain, and repair systems they ortheir companies use To accomplish these tasks, you need alevel of knowledge much higher than that of an average systemuser You must know exactly which tool to use for a task andhow to use the tool correctly This book can help you achievethis level of knowledge

Scott has taught millions of people to upgrade and build PCs.Some of his students are computer experts, and some are

computer novices But they all have one thing in common: Theybelieve Scott's book changed their lives Scott can teach

anyone

Chapter-by-Chapter Breakdown

This book is organized into chapters that cover the components

of a PC system A few chapters serve to introduce or expand in

Chapters 1 and 2 of this book serve primarily as an

introduction Chapter 1, "Development of the PC," begins with

an introduction to the development of the original IBM PC andPC-compatibles This chapter incorporates some of the historicalevents that led to the development of the microprocessor andthe PC Chapter 2, "PC Components, Features, and System

Design," provides information about the various types of

systems you encounter and what separates one type of systemfrom another, including the types of system buses that

differentiate systems Chapter 2 also provides an overview ofthe types of PC systems that help build a foundation of

knowledge essential for the remainder of the book, and it offerssome insight as to how the PC market is driven and where

components and technologies are sourced

Chapter 3, "Microprocessor Types and Specifications," includesdetailed coverage of processors from Intel and AMD Becausethe processor is one of the most important parts of a PC, thisbook features more extensive and updated processor coveragethan ever before I dig deeply into the latest processors and thelatest socket types designed to interface with them

Chapter 4, "Motherboards and Buses," covers the motherboard,chipsets, motherboard components, and system buses in detail.This chapter contains discussions of motherboard form factors,including specifications on everything from Baby-AT to the

various ATX and new BTX standards A chipset can either make

a good PC better or choke the life out of an otherwise high-speed CPU I cover the latest chipsets for current processor

families, including chipsets from Intel, AMD, VIA, NVIDIA, SiS,ALi, and more This chapter also covers special bus

architectures and devices, such as high-speed Peripheral

printable, so be sure to print the codes for your BIOS in caseyou need them later

Chapter 6, "Memory," provides a detailed discussion of PC

memory, including the latest in cache and main memory

specifications Next to the processor and motherboard, systemmemory is one of the most important parts of a PC It's alsoone of the most difficult things to understand because it is

somewhat intangible and how it works is not always obvious Ifyou're confused about the difference between system memoryand cache memory; L1 cache and L2 cache; external and

integrated on-die L2 cache; SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs; SDRAMversus DDR SDRAM versus RDRAM versus the new DDR2

DRAM; 60-nanosecond EDO versus PC133 versus PC3200, this

is the chapter that can answer your questions

Chapter 7, "The ATA/IDE Interface," provides a detailed

discussion of ATA/IDE, including types and specifications Thiscovers the Ultra-ATA modes that allow 133MBps operation andwhy they won't increase your PC's performance much There'salso more new content on Serial ATA, the technology that isbeginning to replace the parallel ATA we have been using forthe last 16 years

Chapter 8, "Magnetic Storage Principles," details the inner

workings of magnetic storage devices such as disk and tapedrives Regardless of whether you understood electromagnetism

Chapter 9, "Hard Disk Storage," breaks down how data is stored

to your drives and how it is retrieved when you double-click afile

Chapter 10, "Removable Storage," covers every type of

removable storage drives you're likely to see used on a system,both young and old From floppies to Zip disks to flash memorydrives and magnetic tape drives, it's all here

Chapter 11, "Optical Storage," covers optical drives and storageusing CD and DVD technology, including rewritable CD and DVDdiscs

Chapter 14, "Audio Hardware," covers sound and sound-relateddevices, including sound boards and speaker systems Qualityaudio has become an increasingly important part of any good

PC, and in this chapter I help you learn which features to lookfor in an audio card and which types of audio cards and chipsare suited to your needs

Chapter 15, "I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE

1394 and USB," covers the standard serial and parallel ports

FireWire 800

Chapter 16, "Input Devices," covers keyboards, pointing

devices, and game ports used to communicate with a PC,

including wireless peripherals that finally let you cut the cordwithout sacrificing responsiveness

Chapter 17, "Internet Connectivity," compares your options forgetting on the information superhighway using either low-speeddialup connections or the multiple high-speed connectivity

methods that have come to the home desktop, including DSL,cable modems, and satellite

Chapter 18, "Local Area Networking," covers setting up a wired

or wireless Ethernet network in your home or small office I

show you how to install NICs, make your own Ethernet cables,and set up Windows networking services

Chapter 19, "Power Supplies," is a detailed investigation of thepower supply, which still remains the primary cause of PC

system problems and failures When you buy a new PC, thisundervalued component is the one most likely to be skimped

on, which helps explain why it's the source of so many

problems often attributed to Windows, memory, and severalother components You'll also find detailed specifications on thepower connectors found in systems from AT to ATX and BTX.They're not all built equal, and making the wrong connectionscan be dangerous to you and your PC

Chapter 20, "Building or Upgrading Systems," is where I showyou how to select the parts you'll need for your upgrade or tobuild a PC from scratch Then, I walk you step by step throughthe process This chapter is loaded with professional photos thathelp you follow along

(called overclocking) A detailed examination of system cooling

is also found here, from air cooling, to liquid cooling, and evenrefrigeration The latest chassis upgrades to improve cooling arealso discussed, and a simple modification is detailed that candramatically improve the cooling in existing systems for lessthan $10

Chapter 22, "PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance," coversdiagnostic and testing tools and procedures This chapter alsoadds more information on general PC troubleshooting and

problem determination Here, I show you what the prepared PCtechnician has in his toolkit I also show you a few tools youmight have never seen or used before

updated segments on processor and motherboard technology,modern system building, and even a little home networking

how-to thrown in for good measure

There's also my venerable Technical Reference material, a PDFrepository of material that has appeared in previous editions of

Finally, there's also full PDF versions of the 10th through 16th

editions of Upgrading and Repairing PCs All told, there's more

PC hardware content and knowledge here than you're likely tofind from any other single source

Scott's Website: upgradingandrepairingpcs.com

Don't forget about the www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com

website! Here, you'll find a cache of helpful material to go alongwith the book you're holding I've loaded this site with tons ofmaterial, from video clips to book content and technology

updates These articles are archived so you can refer to themanytime

I also use this site to post your reader questions and my

answers The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) is a

tremendous resource because you benefit from the hundreds ofreader emails I answer each month Log on and post a

question I endeavor to answer each and every email

personally

If you find that the video on this book's disc isn't enough, you'llfind even more of my previously recorded videos on the

website Not to mention that it is the best place to look for

information on all of Que's Upgrading and Repairing titles In the last year, we've released Upgrading and Repairing Laptops,

Second Edition and the first edition of Upgrading and Repairing Windows Near the same time this book is released there will

also be a 5th edition of Upgrading and Repairing Networks and the new, (very) long-awaited premiere of Upgrading and

Repairing Servers.

Be sure to check the upgradingandrepairingpcs.com website formore information on all my latest books, videos, articles, FAQs,

A Personal Note

When asked which was his favorite Corvette, Dave McLellan,former manager of the Corvette platform at General Motors,always said, "Next year's model." Now with the new 17th

edition, next year's model has just become this year's model,until next year that is

I believe this book is absolutely the best book of its kind on themarket, and that is due in large part to the extensive feedback Ihave received from both my seminar attendees and book

readers I am so grateful to everyone who has helped me withthis book through each of its 17 editions, as well as all the loyalreaders who have been reading this book, many of you sincethe first edition was published I have had personal contact withmany thousands of you in the seminars I have been teachingsince 1982, and I enjoy your comments and even your

criticisms tremendously Using this book in a teaching

environment has been a major factor in its development Some

of you might be interested to know that I originally began

writing this book in early 1985; back then it was self-publishedand used exclusively in my PC hardware seminars before beingprofessionally published by Que in 1988

In one way or another, I have been writing and rewriting thisbook for more than 20 years! In the more than 18 years since it

was professionally published, Upgrading and Repairing PCs has

proven to be not only the first but also the most comprehensiveand yet approachable and easy-to-understand book of its kind.With the new 17th edition, it is even better than ever Your

comments, suggestions, and support have helped this book tobecome the best PC hardware book on the market I look

forward to hearing your comments after you see this excitingnew edition

Scott

Computer HistoryBefore Personal ComputersModern Computers

History of the PC

Many discoveries and inventions have directly and indirectlycontributed to the development of the personal computer as weknow it today Examining a few important developmental

landmarks can help bring the entire picture into focus

The first computers of any kind were simple calculators Eventhese evolved from mechanical devices to electronic digital

computing Turing later worked on breaking the German Enigma code.

1936 Konrad Zuse begins work on a series of computers that will

culminate in 1941 when he finishes work on the Z3 These are considered the first working electric binary computers, using electromechanical switches and relays.

1945 John von Neumann writes "First Draft of a Report on the

EDVAC," in which he outlines the architecture of the modern stored-program computer.

1946 ENIAC is introduced, an electronic computing machine built by

John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert.

1947 On December 23, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John

Bardeen successfully test the point-contact transistor, setting off the semiconductor revolution.

1954 The IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator establishes itself as the

first massproduced computer, with the company selling 450 in one year.

1959 IBM's 7000 series mainframes are the company's first

transistorized computers.

1959 Robert Noyce's practical integrated circuit, invented at Fairchild

Camera and Instrument Corp., allows printing of conducting channels directly on the silicon surface.

1960 Bell Labs designs its Dataphone, the first commercial modem,

specifically for converting digital computer data to analog signals for transmission across its longdistance network.

1964 IBM announces System/360, a family of six mutually

compatible computers and 40 peripherals that can work

together.

1975 Telenet, the first commercial packetswitching network and

civilian equivalent of ARPAnet, is born.

1975 The January edition of Popular Electronics features the Altair

8800, which is based on Intel's 8080 microprocessor, on its cover.

1975 The visual display module (VDM) prototype, designed by Lee

mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers.

1979 Motorola introduces the 68000 microprocessor.

1980 John Shoch, at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, invents

1984 IBM releases the PC-AT (PC Advanced Technology), three times

faster than original PCs and based on the Intel 286 chip The

AT introduces the 16-bit ISA bus and is the computer on which all modern PCs are based.

1985 Philips introduces the first CD-ROM drive.