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HUE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE UNIVERSITYNGUYEN VAN TONG THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVELS IN VIETNAMESE LITERATURE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY PhD THESIS OF VIETNAMESE LITERATURE...

HUE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN VAN TONG

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVELS IN VIETNAMESE LITERATURE IN THE

TWENTIETH CENTURY

PhD THESIS OF VIETNAMESE LITERATURE

HUE – 2019 HUE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN VAN TONG

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVELS IN VIETNAMESE LITERATURE IN THE

HUE - 2019

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THE BEGINNING 1.The reason of choosing topic

1.1.Nowadays, Autobiographical novel terminology(“autofiction’’ in French, or “autobiographical novel” in English)

is not strange in the literary This terminology was known thefirst time in 1977, when Serge Doubrovsky had the invention ofcombining two words together: “auto’’ and “fiction” [20, p.43]

On the world, autobiographical novel became popular from the

20th century, connected closely with some famous writers suchas: Ch.Dickens (the author of David Copperfil), M.Gorki (the

author of “Thoi tho au”, “Kiem song”, “Nhung truong dai hoc cua toi”), L.Tolstoy (the author of “Thoi tho au”, “Thoi nien thieu”,

“Thoi thanh nien”), Aragon( “Ga dan que” ), Claude Simon ( “Dien vien”, “Cay keo”), M.Duas ( “Nguoi tinh” ), etc However, that does

not mean that autobiographical novel had become familiar to allthe readers as well as had been recognized by literaryresearchers and critics Because in the way of defining the genre,literary researchers and critics are also not homogeneous:according to some documents, autobiographical novels arenovels which were written in the form of narration throughfiction; some documents have the different definition ofautobiographical novels, in which the author is both a narratorand a character, sharing the same title, and the name proves that

it is a novel…[20, p,34-35] Up to now, in Vietnam,autobiographical novel have not yet a specific genre However, inthe process of artistic creation, many writers used the element ofautobiography as material in their novels From early test ofwriters in the first half of the twentieth century such as Tan Da,Nguyen Hong, Manh Phu Tu, Lan Khai, etc to the writers in thesouthern city: Thanh Tam Tuyen , Mai Thao, Duyen Anh, VoHong, Tuy Hong, etc Especially, after the period of renovation,the number of autobiographical novels appeared plentiful in theliterature circles, formed the strong flow Many writers haveused the autobiographical element as a form of art to innovateand refine the novel

1.2 This is also the reason why we choose "The features ofautobiographical novel in Vietnamese literature in the twentiethcentury" as a research topic in order to find the movement, the

development process as well as the achievement both in terms ofcontent and form, contributing to clarify the aspect ofautobiographical novel - a potential sub-genre in the process ofthe movement.

2 Objectives and tasks of the research

2.1 Objectives

With the subject of autobiographical features in Vietnameseliterature of the twentieth century, the thesis author aims toidentify and explain the characteristics of autobiographicalnovels in Vietnamese literature throughout the length of thetwentieth century

2.2 Tasks

To systematize the research directions, access toautobiographical nature novels which are already, analyze,explain to clarify something which is left open and identifyspecific research; Clearly define the foudation premise for thedevelopment of autobiographical novels;Briefly summarizes thesubjects of study in the overall relationship of Vietnameseliterary life and applied theories in the research process;Analysis of the origins and development of autobiographicalnovels is based on the relationship between the reality of theauthor's life and the world of art in the work through differentstages in order to find the motive law of this sub-genre

3 Subjects and scopes of the research

3.1 Research subjects

The subjects survey of the thesis are autobiographical novels

in Vietnamese literature of the twentieth century

3.2 Research scopes

The dissertation focuses on the study of autobiographicalnovels in Vietnamese literature of the twentieth century on thefollowing aspects: basic premise formed; The movement of thenovel is autobiographical in various ways; expressions of thissub-genre

4 Research methodology

Biography method; Statistical methods, classification;Interdisciplinary approach; Comparison method;

5 New contribution of the dissertation

We choose the research topic The characteristics ofautobiographical novels in Vietnamese literature in 20th century

as a latest and indispensable research direction This is a topicthat has both theoretical and practical value, not duplicated with

other researches.

When surveying autobiographical novels of Vietnameseliterature for a century, we have tried to establish the basiccharacteristics of autobiographical novels based on thetheoretical basis, formation premise as well as the movement ofautobiographical novels within a century

From the systematize theories of autobiographical novels,the dissertation offers practical research interpretations tooutline some of the specific characteristic concepts ofautobiographical novels

As a specialized study, the dissertation also established anoverview of the movement, development and appearance ofautobiographical novels in Vietnamese literature in the twentiethcentury

The dissertation also contributes to confirm the role andposition of autobiographical novels in the process anddevelopment of modern Vietnamese novels

6 Structures of the thesis

Chapter 1: Overview of research situation; Chapter 2:Theoretical basis and autobiographical imagery in 20th century

of Vietnamese literature; Chapter 3: Autobiographical novels inVietnamese literature in the twentieth century - From thesensory perspective and the human; Chapter 4: Autobiographicalnovels

in Vietnamese literature in the twentieth century- seen from themode of expression

CHAPTER 1: THE OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH

1.1.The research on autobiography in the world was introduced in Vietnam

The first autobiographical works in the world began toappear in modern Western Europe However, this official noun had

to wait until the end of the 18th century, when the genre began toflourish in Europe and North America The first research documentsabout autobiographical genres appeared in the early twentiethcentury with the monographs of Anna Robson Burr (1909), Wayne

Shumaker (1926) But it was not until 1960, when “Design and Truth in Autobiography” of Roy Pascal began to study

autobiography as "a creative activity’’ By the 1970s, Jame Olney –

an American literary critic, in his autobiography, wrote: " thetransition to "ego" when you have the aware of its existence will

shape and determine the nature of the autobiography and in thisprocess we will both discover and recreate ourselves - has begunthe autobiographical topic in the debates " [155].

In the last three decades of the twentieth century, alongwith the proliferation of autobiographical genres, literaryresearchers and critics no longer see autobiographical as

"periphery", they see it in many different dimensions in the role

of a literary genre Hence, whole system of theory is well defined

One of them is Le Pacte Autobiographique of Philippe Lejeune's

(1975) But in the last two decades of the twentieth century,when autobiography became more abundant, the problems ofresearching the autobiography came back , seem to be thepreviously autobiographical theories and Le Pacte Autobiographique of Philippe Lejeune's is almost impossible to

keep up with the diversified development of autobiography.Many researchers focus on exploring the world of autobiographyfrom the field of creative psychology and ethnology, from cultureand art psychology

1.2 The research on autobiographical and autobiographical novels in Vietnam

In Vietnam, from the early days, when the autobiographicalnovel appeared with a strange face, Vietnamese academics in theearly twentieth century began to focus on its development Among

the works, “Nha van hien dai” of Vu Ngoc Phan is perhaps the first

study of autobiographical aspects Gradually, especially in theprocess after 1986, the standpoint and the thinking art changed,facilitated the appearance of autobiographical tendency whichattracted the attraction of literary researchers and critics Hence,the researches on this tendency are also more and more flourish

These include some following researches, such as: From the renewal to look back the history of exchanges interacting with Western literature (Phong Le); The renewal of Vietnamese literature since 1975 (Nguyen Van Long); Stories and autobiography of Phan Boi Chau (Hoang Duc Khoa); Approaching Vietnamese novels in the renovation period (Bich Thu); Prose of Vietnam 1975 - 1995 (Nguyen Thi Binh); Vietnamese literature in the transition (La Nguyen); Literature and market economy in the last ten years (Nguyen Phuong); The art of point of view in Vietnamese novels in the period of renovation (Mai Hai Oanh); Novel, an irreplaceable value (Ma Van Khang);

The movement of prose genres in the period of renovation

(Ly Hoai Thu); Century novel (Nguyen Vy Khanh); Autobiographical tendency in Vietnamese novels (Do Hai Ninh); The relationship between autobiography- novels and some other forms of autobiography in contemporary Vietnamese literature (Do Hai Ninh); Some explanations about the phenomenon of autobiography in the prose of Vietnamese women authors from

1900 to present (Ho Khanh Van); The autobiographical character

in contemporary Vietnamese women novels (Tran Huyen Sam).

Autobiography and autobiographical novels in our countryhave had a long series of formation and development However,

so far, compared to other genres, it seems that it has not receivedthe favor from literary researchers and critics According to oursurvey, there are many authors who are focus on investigatingautobiography and autobiographical novels, but it is generallyonly a combination of perceptions and evaluations Or, if so, just

a brief survey (Autobiographical novels in contemporary Vietnamese literature by Do Hai Ninh), there has not been an

intensive study of the autobiographical and autobiographicalfeatures of 20th century Vietnamese novels

1.3 The evaluation and comment on specific works

1.3.1 The period before 1945

A century-long survey, from the early traces ofautobiographical novels to the novel's mainstream of Vietnamesefiction, we find that the existence of autobiographical novels is due

to the "reading" of the readers through all ages, including thepresence of super-readers, who provide a link between this sub-genre and the readers

Here, we summarize the articles, the research on theautobiographical novels in Vietnamese literature in the period

before 1945: “Nha van hien dai” (Vu Ngoc Phan); “Nhung ngay tho au” - a special memorable autobiography (Nguyen Ngoc Thien);

“Song nho of Manh Phu Tu” (Bui Huy Phon); “Two spaces in Song mon” (Do Duc Hieu); Read back and look back on "Song mon" (Phong Le); “Featured autobiography style in Song mon” (Nguyen

Ngoc Thien), etc

It is possible that studies of autobiographical novels thattook place before 1945 were written at different time Thesestudies often generalize, or they only exploit the singularity ofthe works both in terms of content and art

1.3.2 The period from 1945 to 1975

For a long time, in the period from 1945 to 1954,

autobiographical novels almost did not appear on Vietnameseliterature In the years after 1954, this novel began to reappear

in the heart of the South and in the resistance, with some works

such as: “Vong tay hoc tro” of Nguyen Thi Hoang, “Bep lua” of Thanh Tam Tuyen, “Toi nhin toi tren vach” of Tuy Hong, “Nguoi ve dau non” and “Hoa buom buom” of Vo Hong, etc The appearance

of these works can be seen as remarkable achievements ofautobiographical novels in Vietnamese literature from 1954 to1975

However, the majority of these novels have been widelyacknowledged and evaluated by researchers in the study of

contemporary fiction: The novel of 1961 published by Phuong

Thao on Encyclopedia (121) January 15th, 1962; Comment on the modern novel by Nguyen Ngu I, published in Encyclopedia

No 136, September 1st , 1962; The modern novel (1963) (New Life Publisher); The novel in 1964 of Thu Thuy (News in February, 1965); One year of novels by Nhat Tien published on

Bach Khoa No.266 - 266 (January 15th , 1968), etc

1.3.3 The period from 1975 to the end of the twentieth century

Since 1975, when the country began to revive gradually, it

is also the time when autobiographical novels have flourished,

among them are novels: “Thoi xa vang” of Le Luu, “Noi buon chien tranh” of Bao Ninh, “Tuoi tho du doi” of Phung Quan, “Chuyen ke nam 2000” by Bui Ngoc Tan, “Mien tho au” of Vu Thu Hien and

other works of Ma Van Khang,etc

We would like to point out the writings and comments on

the specific works that came out in this way, including: The development of Vietnamese prose after 1975 (Le Tien Dung); Prose of Vietnam 1975 - 1995 (Thai Thi My Binh); Le Luu and narrative narration in “Thoi xa vang” (Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang - Ngo Thu Thuy); “Noi buon chien tranh” from America (Pham Xuan Nguyen); "Noi buon chien tranh" written about postwar period from heroism to the need to innovate writing (Pham Xuan Thach); Self-aware narrator in "Noi buon chien tranh" (Cao Kim Lan); Special features of Phung Quan’s art (Vinh Man); “Chuyen ke nam 2000” – un published indictment (Le Minh Ha); Reading “Chuyen

ke nam 2000” by Bui Ngoc Tan (Nguyen Thi Hai Ha); “Song tu truong II” (Thuy Khue); Reading " Chuyen ke nam 2000" by Bui Ngoc Tan (Tran Binh Nam).

In our survey scale , we found that researchers through a

variety of approaches have evaluations and comments onautobiographical novel based on many aspects, from the author,the work to the subject, the character to the view of narrative art.This is not only a source of information but also providing anuseful theoretical basis for the study of autobiographical novels.

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BASIS AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL APPEARANCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

OF VIETNAMESE LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction of Category

2.1.1 Autobiographical novels

Using the terminology of autobiographic in this thesis, wewould like to concretize the works where the author usesautobiographical material to fictionize a novel, including theautobiographical novels which have the shapes and theautobiography characteristics in the novel In these novels,almost every author selects the novel genre to "rewrite" his lifestory But in the process of creativity, each writer has a way ofhandling the material of the true life in their own ways

2.1.2 The concept of autobiography

According to some research papers on the autobiography

of scientists, the first autobiographical works began appearingfrom the modern time in Western Europe But by the beginning

of the eighteenth century, a new official autobiography was used.However, in order to have a fairly full definition of

autobiography, it has to wait until the work Le Pacte Autobiographique of Philippe Lejeune's Narrative was born

(1975) In this treaty, Philippe Lejeune defined:

"Autobiographical is a genre of self-rediscovery, in which a man

is genuinely telling his or her own life, emphasis on private life,especially in the history of personality formation" [150] The

Dictionary of French Literature from A to Z defines:

"Autobiography is a literary genre at which the author rewrites a

story about his own life" [92, p 35] The dictionary of literature of

Do Duc Hieu (chief editor) defines the autobiography as "aliterary genre in which the author tells the story of his life The

main character of the story is the author "[92, p 35] Le Ba Han's

Dictionary of Literary Terminology (co-editor) defines

"autobiographical as a literary work of a narrative type written

by the author about his life" [33, p.389] From the abovedefinitions, it can be seen a noticeable point in the opinion of theauthors: it is recognized that the autobiography is a literarygenre in which the material made the main work from theauthor's real life

2.1.3 The concept of autobiographical novels

In the novel seminar, at the Strasbourg University (1970),there were a number of discussion around the role anddevelopment path of the autobiographical novel in the time ofnovel genre renewal It has many argued that the fusion andpenetration between the novels and the autobiography hasopened a promising development direction in the future for thenovel genre However, in fact, there have still many contraryopinions

There are many authors who disagree with the inclusion ofthe autobiography in a novel work and cannot innovate the novel

by the way of narrative in the first person (autobiography) In theAutofiction & Cie Workshop (novel autobiography and co-type)held at the Nanterre University (1992), in the AutobiographyNovels essays: A bad genre? (l'autofiction: un mauvais genre?),Jacques Lecarme confirms that autobiography novels are "stories inwhich the author is both a narrator and a character, sharing a titletogether, and the name demonstrates the novel" [20, p 35] T.S.Eliot again said that "the advancement of the artist was therelentless abandoned himself, the reduction of personal factors"[94, p 40] According to Pierre Alexandre, the Autobiography (self-fiction) is the story, in which the author is both a narrator and acharacter, they share the same title together, and the text and/oraround the text shall prove that is fictional "[20, p 35]

It is possible to say that autobiographical novels arefictitious art based on the biography of the author's life Thedetails from the author's life become the material to make thenovel work

2.1.4 Novels are nonfictional in relation to similar categories

2.1.4.1 Relationships with memoir and diary

These are genres associated with the story of private life,these are ideal types which are able to "certificate" to honestdescribe the experience of the times, but if the diary is oftenassociated with topicality time, done as a record of occurring dailyactivities, with specific date numbers, autobiographical novels andmemoirs are often backward from time by the author, found thepast - recount the events that have taken place in his life The diary

is often a monologue, written for their own, and the novel has anautobiographical character, written in order to express and give toothers But, there is a clear distinction region betweenautobiographical novels and memoir By, on the shaft of theliterary genre system, the nature of signing is the record, requiringthe accuracy of the events and evaluation of an intuitive manner ofthe written The fictional elements, if any, only carry the samefunction as additives to support the visual events The nature ofthe novel is fictional to form the complete literary images.Furthermore, memoirs often need time to "fill up" the memoryregion, so there is usually no ego in the present In contrast, inautobiographical novels, there is often a self in the past that looksback on the past as a journey to find ourselves

2.1.4.2 Correlation with autobiography

The similarities and differences in the nature andcharacteristics of autobiographical and autobiographical novels can

be documented in the following table:

Characteristics

Genre\

Subclass

The truth of private life Person

The relationship between the author - the character - the storyteller Autobiography Play a central role The first person, I The author - thecharacter - the

May be similar, but not

completely

fiction identical.

From what we investigated and studied onautobiographical novels, we preached the notion ofautobiographical novels as the basis for the thesis:

Autobiographical novels is one kind of novel which the author uses his own personal material to fictionalize the art world of fiction In the autobiographical novel, the self-portraiture of the author is refactored into an artistic creation Thus, the relationship between the author - the narrator - the central character of the work is quite similar match.

2.1.5 The basis of autobiographical novel

2.1.5.1 The birth and development of new genres

Before the appearance of Western-style autobiographicalsystems such as: novels, autobiographies, autobiographicalnovels, short stories , Vietnamese literature has also had asystem of character type that is shaped throughout the length ofthe background middle-time literature To the twentieth century,

on the basis of cultural and social changes, Vietnamese literaturehas made new variables, only for less than half a century (1900-1945), Vietnamese literature has soon been a relatively completesystem of genres The remarkable thing here is that nearly allgenres that are formed and developed in the modernizationprocess exist "in dynamic state", which has a combination ofmutual penetration This is one of the factors that stimulate thedevelopment of literature, at the same time it also makes eachcategory more abundant and more diverse Along with themobilization of the system of genre, one of the most rewardingphenomena is the process for the modernization of literature onthe category of genre that is booting from a prose that is first to

be a novel genre, one of the genres though was present in themiddle-life literature but not much achievement Novel, a genrebearing a bold "Life view from a private perspective it iscapable of combining most of the artistic abilities of otherliterary genres," [33, p 330], along with a category

"Unsuspended" it attracts the other genre into its structure itmakes them infect the transformation and its incompleteness Itallures them in a powerful way to its orbit "[76, p 27 – 30] As aresult of the novel's characteristics, the novel has anautobiographical character, a sub-intermediate between thenovel and the autobiography

2.1.5.2 The personal appearance of the literature

In the early twentieth century, France accelerated thecolonial exploitation, making Vietnam’s social structure of aprofound changes: from a feudal country with a longstandingrice farming to a semi-colonial one Especially, the one-day-widetravel of Western culture into Vietnamese social life has a strongimpact on literary life This fact has created the individual humanbeing have the occasion to be awakened and quickly became thecentral factor, changing Vietnamese literature in the earlytwentieth century The explosion of this personal consciousnesswas conceived throughout the length of the Chinese literatureand by the early twentieth century, due to the integration ofWestern culture that had relay for the birth of the pregnancy,which became a fresh self-sufficient technique.

2.2 The appearance of the autobiographical novel in twentieth century

2.2.1 The period from the beginning of the twentieth century to 1945

On the background of the literary life of the New Testament,the novel works of self-fiction also began to shape their sub-genremirrors on the literature In the early days when Phan Boi Chau or

“Giac mong lon” came out, the reader was still like a fish out of water, but then there were a series of novels such as “Boc dong”,

“Muc mai nuoc mat”, “Chiec cang xanh”, “Song nho”, “Da trang”,

“Ngam mieng”, “Hai nguoi dien giua kinh thanh Ha Noi”, “Song mon”

published with the story of self-confidence, which quickly gravedinto the heart of the reading of worry Nonetheless, the personalpronoun "I" means the absolute meaning of individual writers in thenovel still have certain limitations However, the presence of the ego

in the autobiographical novels has also created significantachievements for Vietnamese literature on the path ofmodernization

2.2.2 The period from 1945 to 1975

From the initial step at the first half of the twentiethcentury, autobiographical novels saved the bold marks through aseries of works in the middle of the southern urban in the years

of resistance When “Muoi dem nga ngoc” of Mai Thao was come

out, the public opinion of the readers had seen the shadow storylove beyond the Eastern cultural framework hidden in the heart

of "three people" as the story of love of Mai Thao and Thai Thanh

Until “Vong tay hoc tro” of Nguyen Thi Hoang also did the wave of

public opinion of the doubt whether this would be the love story