McGraw hill CCENT cisco certified entry networking technician study guide exam 640822 jul 2008 ISBN 0071591141 pdf

CCENT ™ Cisco ® Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide Exam 640-822... CCENT ™ Cisco ® Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide Exam 640-822 Matthew Walker Angie

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CCENT ™ Cisco ®

Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician

Study Guide (Exam 640-822)

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CCENT ™ Cisco ®

Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician

Study Guide (Exam 640-822)

Matthew Walker Angie Walker

New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid

This study/training guide and/or material is not sponsored by, endorsed by, or affiliated

with Cisco Systems, Inc in any manner Cisco ® , Cisco Systems ® , CCDA ® , CCNA ® , CCDP ® ,

CCNP ® , CCIE ® , CCIP ® , CCSP ® , CCVP ® , CCDE TM , CCENT TM , the Cisco Systems logo, and

the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert logo are trademarks or registered trademarks

of Cisco Systems, Inc., in the United States and certain other countries All other

trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners This publication and CD may be

used in assisting students to prepare for an exam Neither The McGraw-Hill Companies

nor Boson Software warrant that use of this publication and CD will ensure passing

any exam.

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or

by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher

0-07-164378-8

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-159114-1.

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps

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DOI: 10.1036/0071591141

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This book is dedicated to my father, Ronald Walker (1947–2008)

We miss you, Dad

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Matthew Walker is the IA Training Instructor Supervisor and a Sr IA Analyst at

Dynetics, Inc., in Huntsville, Alabama An IT education professional for over 15 years, Matt served as the Director of the Network Training Center and the Curriculum Lead and Senior Instructor for the local Cisco Networking Academy on Ramstein

AB, Germany After leaving the US Air Force, Matt served as a Network Engineer for NASA’s Secure Network Systems, designing and maintaining secured data, voice, and video networking for the agency He has written and contributed to numerous technical training books for Air Education and Training Command, United States Air Force, and continues to train, and write, certification and college-level IT and

IA Security courses Matt holds numerous commercial certifications, including Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), Microsoft Certified System Engineer (MCSE), CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker), CNDA (Certified Network Defense Architect), and Certified Pen Test Specialist (CPTS)

Angie Walker is currently the Chief Information Security Officer for the University

of North Alabama, located in beautiful Florence, Alabama Among the many positions she has filled over the course of her 20-plus years in Information Technology and Information Assurance are Manager of the Information Systems Security (ISS) Office for the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) South, as well as the lead for the MDA Alternate Computer Emergency Response Team (ACERT) She served as Superintendent of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) Communications and Information Training Center, Superintendent of the 386 Communications Squadron on Ali Al Saleem AB, Kuwait, and Senior Information Security Analyst for Army Aviation Unmanned Aircraft Systems Angie holds several industry certifications, including CISSP, Network+ and Security+, and a master’s degree in Information Systems Management With over nine years of IT and IA educational experience, she has developed and taught courseware worldwide for the US Air Force, as well as several computer science courses as an instructor for the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and Kaplan University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida

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About the Tech Editor

Bobby E Rogers is a Senior Information Assurance Analyst for Dynetics, Inc.,

in Huntsville, Alabama In addition to working in the Certification and Accreditation process for the U.S government, Bobby also leads penetration testing teams for Dynetics Bobby recently retired from the United States Air Force after almost 21 years, serving as a computer networking and security specialist, and has designed and managed networks all over the world He has held several positions of responsibility overseeing network security in both the Department of Defense and private company networks His duties have included perimeter security, client-side security, security policy development, security training, penetration testing, and computer crime investigation

As a trainer, he has taught a wide variety of IT-related subjects in both makeshift classrooms in tents in the desert and formal training centers He also has taught a wide variety of courses as a part-time contractor for several nationally known training centers and a major university Bobby is an accomplished author, having written numerous IT articles in various publications and training materials for the U.S Air Force, and has authored several training videos on a wide variety of IT security topics

He is also a regular security article contributor for several online IT sites

He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Information Systems from Excelsior College, and two Associates in Applied Science degrees from the Community College of the Air Force Bobby’s professional IT certifications include: A+, Security+, ACP, CCNA, CCAI, CIW, CIWSA, MCP+I, MCSA (Windows

2000 & 2003), MCSE (Windows NT4, 2000, & 2003), MCSE: Security (Windows

2000 & 2003), CISSP, CHFI, CIFI, CPTS, and CEH

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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

1 Networking 101 1

2 TCP/IP 31

3 Network Media and Devices 69

4 Ethernet Fundamentals 101

5 Switching: Moving Data Inside Your Network 129

6 Routing Essentials and IP Addressing 155

7 IP Address Subnetting 191

8 Interfacing with Cisco Devices 229

9 Cisco Switch Configuration 271

10 Cisco Router Configuration 315

11 WANs and WLANs 363

12 Applications, Security, and Troubleshooting 403

A About the CD 455

Glossary 461

Index 495

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CONTENTS

Foreword xvii

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxv

Introduction xxvii

1 Networking 101 1

Network Essentials 2

Network Definitions 2

Network Topologies 5

Network Categories 8

The OSI Reference Model 11

Functions and Advantages 11

The Layers 12

Network Components 17

Protocol Data Units 19

✓ Two-Minute Drill 23

Q&A Self Test 25

Self Test Answers 28

2 TCP/IP 31

TCP/IP and OSI Reference Model Comparison 32

TCP/IP History 32

Comparing the Models 33

Application Layer Functions and Protocols 34

DNS 34

DHCP 37

Other Protocols 39

Exercise 2-1: Viewing TCP/IP Protocols in Action 42

Transport Layer Functions and Protocols 46

TCP 47

UDP 50

Port Numbers and Multiplexing 51 For more information about this title, click here

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xii CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

Internet and Network Access Layer Functions and Protocols 53

IP and ICMP 54

Network Access Layer Protocols 56

3 Network Media and Devices 69

Network Media 70

Media Terminology 70

Copper Cabling 71

Fiber Cabling 77

Network Devices 79

NICs 79

Transceivers, Repeaters, and Hubs 80

Bridges and Switches 81

Routers 85

Security Devices 87

Putting It All Together 88

4 Ethernet Fundamentals 101

Ethernet History 102

Ethernet Characteristics 103

Frame Types and Addressing 103

Media Access 107

Data Flow 112

Ethernet Standards 116

5 Switching: Moving Data Inside Your Network 129

Switch Fundamentals 130

Physical Features 130

Switch Initialization Functions 133

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Contents xiii

Duplex and Speed 136

Switch Modes 137

Switch Design Considerations 139

Switch Installation and Connections 139

Looping and STP 140

VLANs 142

6 Routing Essentials and IP Addressing 155

Routing Fundamentals 156

Routing Logic and Data Flow 157

Routed and Routing Protocols 162

An Introduction to IP Addressing 168

IP Address Construction 168

IP Address Classes 171

IP Address Technologies 174

7 IP Address Subnetting 191

Foundation Skills 192

Binary Math 192

Boolean AND Operations 197

Exercise 7-1: Binary Math Skills 198

Subnet Essentials 199

Subnet Definition and Construction 200

Subnet Mask Creation Steps 202

Subnet Masks 206

Decoding Subnet Information 206

Applying Subnet Masks 208

Subnetting Tips 210

Exercise 7-2: Decoding and Applying Subnet Information 214

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xiv CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

8 Interfacing with Cisco Devices 229

The IOS and Configuration Files 230

The Boot Process 230

The Cisco IOS 234

Configuration Files 238

Access Methods 241

Exercise 8-1: Router Connection Methods—HyperTerminal and Telnet 244

The CLI 249

CLI Modes 249

CLI Help Features 252

Exercise 8-2: Basic CLI Usage 257

Comparing the Router and Switch CLI 258

9 Cisco Switch Configuration 271

About Cisco Switches 272

Models 272

Physical Characteristics 274

Initial Configuration 275

Using the System Configuration Dialog 276

Basic Configuration Options 278

Securing the Configuration 281

Passwords 282

exec-timeout 285

Exercise 9-1: Basic Switch Configuration 285

Configuring SSH 287

Exercise 9-2: SSH Configuration 289

Interface Configuration 290

VLAN1 and the Switch IP Address 291

Speed, Duplex, and Descriptions 292

VLAN Configuration 294

Exercise 9-3: Interface and VLAN Configuration 297

Port Security 299

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Contents xv

10 Cisco Router Configuration 315

First Steps 316

About Cisco Routers 316

Physical Installation 321

Configuration Fundamentals 324

Initial Settings 325

Exercise 10-1: Basic Router Configuration 327

Configure Routing 329

Exercise 10-2: Static Route Configuration 333

Dynamic Routing 334

Routing Configuration 336

Configuring RIPv2 337

Exercise 10-3: Configuring RIP 341

Configuring an Internet Access Router 342

11 WANs and WLANs 363

Wide Area Networking 364

WAN Fundamentals 365

Point-to-Point Technologies 368

Packet Switched Technologies 371

Remote Access Technologies 374

WAN Configuration Extras 378

Wireless Networking 380

Fundamentals 380

Installing Wireless Networks 384

Wireless Security 386

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xvi CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

12 Applications, Security, and Troubleshooting 403

Application Fundamentals 404

Application Needs and Quality 404

telnet (SSH) 407

Exercise 12-1: telnet Sessions 409

Network Security 410

Threats and Attacks 410

Mitigations 414

Troubleshooting 417

Troubleshooting Basics 418

Host Troubleshooting 423

Switch and Router Troubleshooting 426

Exercise 12-2: Using CDP 430

A About the CD 455

System Requirements 456

Installing and Running the Boson NetSim LE and BEE 456

Boson NetSim LE 456

BEE and Practice Exams 457

Electronic Book 458

CertCams 458

Help 458

Removal Installation(s) 459

Book Technical Support 459

Boson Software Technical Support 459

Glossary 461

Index 495

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FOREWORD

From Boson Software

The Cisco CCENT certification requires that you learn and master a number of skills As you read this book, incorporating Boson NetSim into your learning process will help you successfully complete the CCENT certification The Boson NetSim Limited Edition (LE) included with this book will get you started on your way, and additional capability from the full edition is available after purchasing an upgrade.Boson NetSim will help you with the practical hands-on portion of your education, and it ensures that you not only understand the concepts of routing and switching but that you can actually configure and implement routing and switching

on Cisco devices Once you feel you have mastered both the theory and the practical labs, you can test your knowledge using the exams included with this book and the CD You may also purchase ExSim-Max practice exams from Boson, available

at http://www.boson.com ExSim-Max is the most realistic practice exam on the market with questions that are well-written, technically accurate, and completely representative of those on the actual exam With ExSim-Max, you can be sure you are ready to pass the real exam

Boson NetSim is the most advanced network simulator on the market for learning how to configure a Cisco router and Catalyst switch Boson NetSim will not only help you become CCENT certified, it will actually help you learn and understand how to configure routers, switches, and networks

The Boson NetSim LE can be upgraded to the full edition for CCENT at any time at http://www.boson.com/mcgrawhill (with a valid activation code from your qualifying McGraw-Hill book) Upgrading enables all other Boson NetSim labs, commands, telnet, and advanced features Don’t forget to complete your study with ExSim-Max practice exams Thank you very much, and best wishes in your future studies!

Boson Softwarehttp://www.boson.com

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PREFACE

Of course, the primary focus of our book is to help you achieve the Cisco Certified

Entry-level Network Technician certification—but there’s more to it than that We’ve provided all the background and technical knowledge in this book that you’ll need to

be successful on the exam, as well as a few exercises and hands-on projects to increase your odds Hopefully, though, we’ll also succeed in two other, secondary but just as important, goals

First, after reading through this we’d be happy to see you emboldened with confidence Yes, we whole-heartedly believe, and would like to make sure you know, YOU CAN DO IT! Sure, certifications are hard—they’re supposed to be; if they were easy, everyone would do it—but this isn’t something you’re not capable of This book was written in the same manner we learned the information—in a simple, easy and, yes, fun fashion Look at it this way: If a couple of yahoos from Alabama, with four kids and two full-time jobs, can figure this stuff out, you should do just fine.Secondly, after all is said and done, we sure hope you don’t stop CCENT is

a great certification, but it’s not the end-all be-all Instead, it should be a great

beginning for you After you pass—and you know you will—follow it up with

personal practice, hands-on experience, and study Put into play what you’ve been studying for all this time and prove you know it Then, of course, start on your next certification—the CCNA

After you’ve completed the CCENT certification by passing the Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices (ICND) v1 640-822 exam, you’ll be (literally) halfway to

a CCNA certification The ICNDv2 640-816 exam covers the second half of the CCNA body of knowledge and is more Cisco IOS configuration-, and device-,

centric An excellent resource for studying for “part 2” is the Cisco Certified Network

Associate (CCNA) Study Guide (McGraw-Hill) by Richard Deal

of Cisco’s objectives and which chapter of this book covers each objective

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xx CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

In Every Chapter

Each chapter has several components designed to effectively communicate the information you’ll need for the exam:

■ Every chapter begins with the Certification Objectives These identify the

major topics within each section on the exam, dealing with the chapter topic Using these objective headings will help you keep track of where you are with your studies

■ Practice Exercises, step-by-step exercises providing hands-on experience,

are found in chapters with configuration objectives While some chapters require only knowledge and comprehension levels, other objectives require you to know how a specific configuration option is entered into the switch or router These practice exercises are designed to reinforce the chapter verbiage and provide insight into the skills that are likely to be an area of focus on the exam The information covered in these exercises is not simply for reading purposes—you’ll be required to perform configuration on a variety of scenario and simulation questions on the exam Don’t fail to prepare for them by simply reading over the practice exercises—practice them and be very, very comfortable with their focus These exercises will always work with the simulator product, produced by Boson and provided with this book, but they can be used anywhere Practice as much as you can with the simulator and with real equipment, should you have the opportunity

■ On the Job entries are found throughout all the chapters and are designed to

point out information and tips that will be helpful both in your day-to-day responsibilities and in studying for the exam Please note that while these notes provide insights, tips, and otherwise interesting tidbits of information, they are also sometimes used to reinforce testable material Don’t dismiss them as simply

“neat”—some of the mistakes and real-world issues described in these notes may prove the difference in correctly answering a question or two on the exam!

■ Exam Watch notes highlight specific information within the section on

which to focus your studies Do not rely on them totally, but be sure to read over them before the exam

■ An Inside the Exam entry is provided at the

end of each chapter and basically summarizes the important aspects of the chapter

in regards to the exam Tips and tricks mentioned in this section will definitely help you understand what to expect on the test

Remember the benefi ts and disadvantages of static routing, and

commit Table 6-2 to memory

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Preface xxi

■ The Two-Minute Drill is a full summary of the chapter, condensed and

organized for quick last-minute review

■ The Self Test section at the end of each chapter offers questions similar to those

found on the certification exams Answers and explanations of both correct and incorrect choices are provided to assist in understanding the material

Some Pointers

This may seem strange to say, since we wrote this book and hope everyone in the

networking arena gets a copy, but we’ll say it anyway: First and foremost, do not rely

on this book alone to pass your CCENT exam There’s not a book on the planet that, by itself, will fully prepare you for the test Read this book, using the pointers

we provide here to guide your study, but never forget to practice, practice, practice The benefit of hands-on real-world experience in preparing you for the exam is immeasurable This book is, we humbly feel, a great guide to follow in preparing for the exam, but you’ll definitely need plenty of practice outside its pages to succeed Once you finish reading this book, be sure to do a thorough review of everything:

1 Reread all the Two-Minute Drills These will serve as an excellent “cram”

session just before the exam

2 Reread all the Exam Watch notes Knowing the information to satisfy each

knowledge objective is one thing, but it’s only part of the battle To be truly successful, you’ll need to know what to expect on the exam itself Reading the Exam Watch notes will give you insights into how the information will be presented on the exam, and what to expect If you know this upfront, you won’t

be surprised on the exam, and your confidence will contribute to your success

3 Retake the Self Test sections at the back of each chapter Immediately after

reading the chapter, give the accompanying Self Test a shot Then, after you’re done with the entire book, go back and take each Self Test again Facing all the questions at one time is very similar to the exam itself, and will help with your study Please note that simply memorizing these questions and answers will NOT help you on the exam The Self Test questions are similar

to what you’ll see, but they’re not exact replicas

4 Use the Exam Test Engine on the CD The test engine, provided by Boson

Software on the CD accompanying this book, provides plenty of questions

to prepare you for the exam You can choose to quiz yourself on all questions, much like the exam itself, or target your study by focusing on a single category

✓

Q&A

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xxii CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

Categories roughly match the chapter outline of the book, to help mark your progression Additionally, you can also purchase extra tests from Boson Software at their web site (www.boson.com)

5 Do all the Practice Exercises in each of the chapters You will be required to perform

configuration and troubleshooting on simulators during the exam While CCENT doesn’t go overboard with these, you’ll definitely need to be familiar

with all the configuration commands and steps included in this text Use the

exercises in the book to reinforce concepts and prepare for the exam

Additionally, feel free to experiment on your own—especially if you have access

to equipment Interject problems to working environments and note various troubleshooting techniques you can use to fix the problem The configuration

of devices is a big part of the exam, but troubleshooting and examining configuration files for errors will play a large role in your success or failure

6 There may be some simulation questions on the CCENT exam In simulation

questions, you’ll be required to perform basic configuration and troubleshooting

tasks on a Cisco router and/or switch Therefore, it is important that you have good configuration skills Use the Practice Exercises to hone your configuration skills! You may come across a simulation scenario presenting

a flawed configuration on the exam The more you practice with the exercises and Boson’s NetSim, the easier it will be to spot these configuration errors right off the bat

Practice Exams and the Simulator

Hands-on practice and real-world experience are essential in your preparation for the exam The practice exercises and simulator built for this book are designed with exactly that in mind—giving you hands-on experience and an opportunity to practice

to your heart’s delight The network provided in the simulator should allow you ample opportunity to see all the command and configuration options in action The network

is displayed in Figure 1, with addressing for all exercises spelled out in Figure 2

This network provides every configuration option covered in the book As you go through the practice exercises, refer to Figures 1 and 2 to “see” how your configuration should be applied Additionally, don’t just rely on the exercises, as written, for your study Feel free to create your own configurations on each device

Use all the show and debug commands you want to see the IOS in action Finally,

after configuring the network to function, purposely change configuration options to see the results Using the practice exercises and your own creativity on this network will greatly increase your odds of passing the exam

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Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet Fast

Ethernet

Serial Point-to-Point (T-line or Direct- Connected in a Lab)

Fast Ethernet

2960-2 Switch

2960-3 Switch

2800-1 Router

2960-4 Switch 2800-2

Router

2960-1 Switch

PC-3

Fast Ethernet

2800-1

2960-3

192.168.1.3/24

2800-2 2960-2

2960-1

192.168.1.2/24

2960-4

192.168.2.2/24 FA0/1

FA0/1

FA0/3 FA0/2 FA0/2 FA0/3FA0/1

FA0/3

FA0/0: 192.168.1.1/24 S1/0: 172.16.0.1/24 (DCE)

FA0/0: 192.168.2.1/24 S1/0: 172.16.0.254/24 (DTE)

FA0/1

FA0/3

FA0/2 FA0/2

192.168.1.4/24

IP: 192.168.1.11 Mask: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC: 00-00-11-AA-BB-CC

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the following people:

■ This book would not have been possible without the support of Dynetics, Inc., and Matt’s supervisor, Paul Clark Paul’s willingness to help—no matter what was asked nor when—was critical throughout this entire process Balancing work, family, and writing is a tough business, and without the willingness displayed by Dynetics to support the effort, we never would have finished

■ A special thanks to Bobby Rogers for providing excellent technical insight on editing this book Bobby’s acerbic wit and his attention to details we simply didn’t think about proved vital to the success of this project

■ The team at McGraw-Hill (Jennifer Housh, Tim Green, Vasundhara Sawhney, and Jody McKenzie) is due several toasts at the local establishment

of their choice The unbelievable patience and support they displayed throughout every stage of this process was nothing short of amazing It’s been

an honor and a privilege to work with such an outstanding, professional, and fun group of people

■ Finally, there is no way this book could have ever even been started, much less completed, without a lot of understanding and patience from our children Faith, Hope, Charity, and Christian—thanks for putting up with

us All those nights of, “Not right now, Daddy’s writing,” are finally over! At least for now…

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INTRODUCTION

How to Take a Cisco Certification Examination

This introduction offers a host of information on your CCENT certification and prepares you for taking the actual examination In this section, you’ll find a brief overview of Cisco’s certification program, and some guidelines on methods of preparing and studying for the exam, including what to expect on the exam itself and some simple things you can do on test day to increase your chances of passing

Cisco’s Certification Program

Cisco now has a number of certifications, ranging from entry level (CCENT) and advanced routing and switching (CCIE) to network security, wireless, and VoIP Cisco recommends a variety of classes as training for these individual certifications, but they are not mandatory—all one need do to hold the certification is pass the appropriate test(s) With the right experience, study materials, and a good work ethic, you’ll pass any Cisco exam without necessarily attending the recommended course

Cisco is constantly changing and updating their certification requirements For more information about Cisco certifications and exams, visit Cisco on the Web at www.cisco.com/web/learning/index.html

Cisco’s web site is a veritable gold mine of information

regarding your certifi cation Not only will

you be referring to it for certifi cation

tracking purposes after your exam, but

you can also fi nd plenty of information to

help you achieve the certifi cation in the

fi rst place In addition to the objectives being tested for each exam, you will

fi nd exam-specifi c information, sample test questions, information on becoming certifi ed, demonstration tutorial videos, and the latest news on Cisco certifi cation.

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xxviii CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

Computer-Based Testing

I know you’d probably prefer to be told that a certification exam actually tests your skills in a real-world hands-on environment, but unfortunately this just isn’t true Imagine trying to ensure that a stable, secured, unchanging network is available at every test center, worldwide, for candidates attempting a certification

It simply couldn’t be—such logistics would preclude anyone from ever offering

a certification—especially those as far reaching as Cisco’s certifications To get around this, Cisco (and most vendors, for that matter) relies on a computer-based testing service, operated by Pearson Vue Pearson Vue provides a secured testing environment in a number of facilities around the world (there’s probably a Pearson Vue test center in your own town)

Tests on a Vue system are relatively straightforward and are similar from vendor

to vendor Cisco is unique in that they do not make use of the “adaptive” testing format (thank goodness) Cisco instead relies on a more traditional format, simply providing test questions in a random order and scoring participants according to their success or failure on each question However, there is another characteristic

of a Cisco test you will not find on any other vendor: Cisco does not allow you to mark a question for further review In other words, whether you answer the question

or not, once you press the “Next” button to move on, you are no longer allowed to view that question

Each test consists of a random set of questions pulled from an enormous pool

of them During the “beta testing” of the exam, Cisco will compile and refine a huge amount of questions for this pool Thus, when you receive your test, it simply retrieves a unique combination of these questions to test your ability Some are

I cannot stress this point enough: You are not allowed to skip

questions and return to them later on

a Cisco exam! Most test-takers will tell

you a good strategy on any exam is to

skip the questions you don’t know and

return to them later since many times

a question later in the exam will provide insight into those you don’t know On

a Cisco test, though, if you skip it, you miss it Sometimes you may need to pass one over for time purposes Just keep in mind that once it’s gone, you’ll never see

it again!

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Introduction xxix

straightforward multiple-choice questions, while others are based on a simulator (forcing you to use your hands-on experience as well as your “book” knowledge).Cisco exams are also timed—lasting usually 75 to 90 minutes, depending on the number of questions and the particular test The time you have remaining for your specific exam will be displayed in a small box on the corner of the computer screen

If your time elapses, the exam will be scored based on what you have answered up to that point (of course, all unanswered questions will be counted as incorrect answers).Lastly, the scoring of the test, and the feedback you’ll receive after an attempt, warrant some discussion As soon as the exam is over, your score will be calculated and displayed onscreen for your review It will also be passed on electronically to Cisco, for tracking purposes Whether you pass or fail, you’ll receive a printed report from the test administrator, showing your overall score and a score for each objective the exam covered Unfortunately, you will not receive a list of the questions you marked incorrectly

Question Types

Cisco uses many different question formats in their exams, most of which should be covered here in this section While you’ll find a brief overview of what to expect here, your best resource on any particular exam is to talk things over with other test-takers No, it won’t do you much good to ask exactly what’s on the exam, since each

is different, but you can get an idea of what types of questions to expect Check with

Cisco’s web site for something called the Cisco Network Professionals Connection Between this and other forums on the site, you can get a good idea of what the CCENT exam makeup will be like

True/False

Oh, I know what you’re thinking I can sense it a mile away, and although I don’t like the idea of shattering your hopes on anything, anywhere, I am going to shut the door on this one The simple 50-percent-chance classic true-or-false question will not be found anywhere on a Cisco exam This is not to say that Cisco doesn’t employ true or false logic on their tests—in fact, you’ll find quite a few questions like this—just that Cisco will test your ability to determine a true or false statement

or scenario using a multiple-choice question format An example would be,

“Choose the true (or false) statements from the following.”

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xxx CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

Multiple Choice

Multiple choice is the primary format for questions in Cisco exams These questions may be posed in a variety of ways; however, no matter which way the question is presented, one tip will always apply on these questions: ALWAYS read the question very, very carefully Sometimes you may understand the intent of the question perfectly, and know well what the answer is, only to wind up missing it because of

a “technicality.” For example, if the question asks you to choose two answers, choose two ONLY

Choose the Correct Answer Celebrate every time you receive one of these multiple-choice questions on the exam This is the classic format, requiring you to choose one correct option from the four or five presented In addition to the wording

“Choose the Correct Answer,” indicating a single response, these single-answer questions will display Windows radio buttons—allowing only a single response to

be entered One final tip: If the question states, “Select the best answer,” it’s also

a single-answer multiple-choice question

Choose X Correct Answers This type of multiple-choice question appears differently than the single-choice version listed earlier On these, the question will ask

you to choose X number of options, where X will be a number from 2 to (sometimes) 4

Instead of the radio buttons used before, you’ll find checkboxes used for marking answers It’s very important to keep in mind that these questions are all-or-nothing: All the correct answers must be selected, otherwise the entire question is marked as incorrect Additionally, the testing software prevents too many answers from being selected; if the question asks for two responses, you cannot choose three

Choose All that Apply Easily the most difficult, and unfortunately relatively common, multiple-choice question you’ll see on the exam, the choosing-all-that-apply type lets the candidate choose as many, or as few, answers as they wish Since you don’t know how many answers the exam expects, you are at a distinct disadvantage It’s important to note on these questions that they, too, are all or nothing enterprises:

If too few, or too many, answers are given, you will miss the question

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Introduction xxxi

question provides no choices (or help) at all You are simply given a scenario with

an empty text box and asked which command to enter You must then type the command, precisely as it should be, into the freeform textbox provided

Obviously this is challenging and is the reason this type of question usually isn’t

found on entry-level certifications If you see one, however, be sure to type the entire

command in—do not use a truncated version that would work just fine on a “real” router

Exhibits

While not actually a test question type in and of themselves, exhibits are a big part

of the exam, and you should know about them upfront You’ll find exhibits used constantly throughout your exam, with several questions sometimes referring to

a single exhibit These diagrams and pictures will normally appear in a separate window, which you can enlarge or minimize as you see fit, using a button on the screen

Scenarios

Scenario questions generally consist of one to two short paragraphs that describe a specific circumstance, network, or event, requiring you to pick the correct choice from a variety of answers Additionally, you may sometimes find several questions referring to a single scenario (sometimes referred to as a “testlet” question) On any scenario question, pay close attention to the wording of the problem (if

troubleshooting) and apply simple logic Oftentimes, reading the question first, and then returning to the scenario, proves a useful practice in navigating the exam

Simulations

Simulation questions require you to enter a basic configuration on a Cisco switch

or router, given a specific set of instructions and settings required You’ll need to know how to access the device, navigate through the various IOS modes, enter commands, and save configurations Additionally, sometimes these simulators have existing configurations with built-in errors that require you to troubleshoot and fix the problem The context-sensitive help functions within the IOS are supposed to

be available for you within the simulator, but don’t be surprised if it does not work exactly as you’d see it on a “live” router For example, the simulator may force you

to type certain commands completely, while allowing TAB and auto-complete on others

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xxxii CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

An important note here with this style of question is your ability to manipulate the simulator itself In other words, knowing what configuration to enter does you

no good if you cannot figure out how to enter the commands into the simulator in the first place Before the exam begins, you will be presented with a screen asking

if you’d like to become familiar with the simulator before the exam starts Do not

skip this It does not affect your time for the exam and ensures you won’t be wasting

valuable time during it figuring out how the simulator works Additionally, for a demonstration of what the simulator is like, you can also visit www.cisco.com and browse to the certification section to find the demo This example is very similar, but not exactly the same, as the simulator you would see on the real exam

Studying Techniques

When I’m asked, “How do I study for a Cisco exam?”, my first response seems almost out of place: To effectively study for the exam, first schedule the exam You’re probably thinking that’s lunacy, but trust me, it’s the only way Once your exam is scheduled, you’ll have a deadline and will be forced into studying for it I can’t count the number of times I’ve heard students say they were planning on scheduling the exam, “after I’ve had time to study for it,” only to greet me months later with the same excuse Let me assure you, soon-to-be fellow Cisco networking professional,

you’ll never think you’re ready for it without some kind of deadline to push you Sure,

take some time to read this book (and encourage everyone you know to pick up a

copy and do the same) and practice on your own, but schedule the exam as soon as

you can After reading through this book, schedule your exam no more than a month

out Spend that time studying, using the tips provided here, then just go knock it out!There are a million study tips out there, and just as many people willing to give them to you Our suggestions are pretty simple, straightforward, and easy: Make the best use of your time available and practice, practice, practice Time scheduling, for focused study, is the easy part—30 minutes of focused study time a day should do it Any more than 30 minutes a day will, most likely, burn you out—any less and you’re just not willing to work for this

Additionally, you’ll be amazed at how easy it is to study during times when you’d least expect it The principle is known as “stealing time,” and works very simply: While you’re accomplishing one task, make use of the slack time to work on another For example, create an audio tape (or CD) of yourself asking questions and providing answers Pop this into your vehicle on the drive to work and voilà, you’ve just added some free study time Want another example? How about creating a cheat

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facts and commands might, might, be enough to make it through a single exam,

but it’s certainly not going to be enough in the real world Your best bet, on both the exam and your job, is to not only know the “what” but the “how and why.” The best way to do this is to apply what you’ve read in this book on a system Try commands out Set up configurations that work, and then break them Throw in weird configurations a college guy might try on Saturday night after the big game (and a celebratory adult beverage or two) Of course there’s a little humor here, but you get the point: The more you see the configuration, commands, and traffic in use, the better you’ll know how they work and why you need them

One last note on studying deals with the “dark side” of the network certification world A wide variety of study guides and “braindumps” are available on the Internet Many of these are legitimate vendors wishing to provide helpful insight on making you a better network professional Others are charlatans, hoping to take your money

at any cost (pardon the pun) Do not rely on a single study guide or braindump downloaded from the Internet I can promise you, it’s NOT a copy of the Cisco exam and will do more harm than good to your studying If you do find a practice test or study guide on the Internet, verify the answers through your own research Simply memorizing test questions, from any resource, will NOT result in a passing score

Scheduling Your Exam

You can schedule any Cisco exam by calling Pearson Vue, or visiting their online registration web site at www.vue.com (if calling outside the United States, go to Vue’s web site to find your local number) Exams can be scheduled up to a year in advance, and can be rescheduled with 24 hours’ notice If you miss your test date/time, or fail to provide appropriate notice, you will lose your test fee

Payment for the exam is due upon registration with Vue and is accepted through

a variety of means, credit cards being the most convenient Vue e-mails a receipt and confirmation of your testing date, which typically arrives the same day you schedule the exam If you need to cancel or reschedule an exam, remember to call at least one day before your exam, otherwise you’ll lose your test fee

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xxxiv CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

If this is the first time you’ve ever attempted a Cisco exam, Vue will provide a unique number for testing with Cisco Be sure to keep this number handy and use

it for every Cisco test for which you register Additionally, address information provided when you first register is also used by Cisco to ship certificates and other related material, so make sure you get it right! You will also be required to give a valid e-mail address when registering If you do not have an e-mail address that works, you will not be able to schedule the exam Once you are registered, you will receive an e-mail notice containing your registration information for your scheduled exam Examine it closely to make sure it’s correct

Arriving at the Exam

You should always arrive early for your exam, giving yourself time to relax and review last-minute key facts While waiting for your exam, take the time to review notes, read over the Exam Watch sections of this book, and look over any cheat sheets and practice cards you have handy Generally speaking, so long as a computer system is available, you can start your test any time before your scheduled test time

So, after your last-minute cram session, when you’re ready, you can begin

Be sure to bring two sets of identification with you to the testing center

Acceptable forms include government-issued IDs (for example, a passport or driver’s license) and credit cards One form of ID must include a photograph After the identification, though, you won’t need anything else In fact, testing centers do not allow you to take anything else with you into the exam area: no books, papers, notepads, PDAs, cell phones, nothing

The test administrator will, however, provide you with a paper and pencil, or a small erasable marker board These are to let you write notes and perform calculations during the exam A helpful tip, though, is to hurriedly jot down any last-minute tidbits you looked at just before the exam, as soon as the administrator allows you to write

In other words, you can download everything in your brain directly to the paper or marker board before your exam ever starts Just remember that’s the only material you’ll have to write on during the test, so leave a little room! You’ll have to return the paper (marker board) to the administrator immediately upon completion of the test

In the exam room, the exam administrator logs you in to your exam, and you have to verify that your name and exam number are correct If this is the first time you’ve taken a Cisco test, you can select a brief tutorial for the exam software (which we mentioned before, and you should not skip) Additionally, you’ll be asked

to take a survey before the exam This does NOT count against your time, so take advantage of it and write down your notes during this survey

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Introduction xxxv

Before the test begins, you will be provided with facts about the exam, including the duration, the number of questions, and the score required for passing Once you click Begin Test, the clock starts ticking The test will appear full screen, with

a single question per screen Navigation buttons allow you to move forward to the next question but, as discussed earlier, not back The time countdown will appear

in the corner and a variety of buttons may be available depending on the question asked (a “Display Exhibit” button, for example) Periodically check to ensure you’re budgeting your time wisely Remember, once you pass over a question, it is scored immediately (you cannot return to it) Nevertheless, you don’t want to waste too much time on any one test question

Generally speaking, you’ll receive between 55 and 65 questions and will need to get at least 82–85% of them correct Cisco does not provide specifics on either the number of questions, or the passing percentile, so you’ll never really know until the exam is finished

The Grand Finale

As soon as your exam is completed, it will be graded automatically The actual real time that elapses between when you press Score Exam and when the results appear

on the screen is just under ten seconds In your mind, it will most likely seem like an eternity The result of your exam is displayed showing the minimum passing score, your score, and a PASS/FAIL indicator With some Cisco tests, the actual score isn’t displayed on the screen, only on the printed version of your test results

If you’re curious, you can review the statistics of your score at this time Normally, though, candidates are either so elated they can’t sit still or too dejected to bother looking at the screen Keep in mind, whether you pass or fail, Cisco does not show you the individual questions answered right or wrong Instead, you’ll get a generic list, showing categories and your results within each one This is also provided on the report that’s automatically printed at the exam administrator’s desk

Keep your results in a safe place and check back with Cisco’s web site over the next 48 hours to make sure your results are posted After some time (a week or so), you’ll receive a folder in the mail from Cisco containing your official certificate and other goodies

Retesting

If you don’t pass the exam, don’t worry about it Certification tests are, by design, very difficult and the vast majority of people who take them fail the first time

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xxxvi CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

Simply jot down those things you remember and go into the next attempt a little more educated on format and content Additionally, the score report will help guide your study efforts, showing those areas you were weakest in

Cisco makes you wait five business days before you can sign up for another exam During this time, continue with the study tips from before, but focus on those areas that need the most attention When you’re ready, contact Vue and schedule another exam You can track your current certification status by going to www.cisco.com/go/certifications/login You’ll need to use your Cisco testing ID number to log in

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Introduction xxxvii

CCENT 640-822

Exam Readiness Checklist

Beginner Intermediate Advanced

Official Objective Study Guide Coverage Ch#

Describe the operation of data networks

Describe the purpose and functions of

various network devices

Network EssentialsNetwork DevicesSwitch FundamentalsRouting FundamentalsWireless Networking

125611Select the components required to meet a

given network specification

Network EssentialsAbout Cisco SwitchesRouting Fundamentals

196Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and

their associated protocols to explain how

data flows in a network

OSI Reference ModelTCP/IP and OSI Reference Model Comparison

Network Devices

122Describe common networking

applications, including web applications

Application Layer Functions and Protocols

Application Fundamentals

212Describe the purpose and basic operation

of the protocols in the OSI and TCP

(Voice over IP and Video over IP) on

a network

Application Fundamentals 12

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xxxviii CCENT Cisco Certifi ed Entry Networking Technician Study Guide

Determine the path between two hosts

network and Internet communications

Network EssentialsTCP/IP and OSI Reference Model Comparison

Network DevicesWAN FundamentalsWireless Networking

1231111Identify and correct common network

problems at layers 1, 2, 3, and 7 using a

layered model approach

OSI Reference ModelTCP/IP and OSI Reference Model Comparison

Troubleshooting

1212Differentiate between LAN/WAN

operation and features

Network EssentialsWAN Fundamentals

111

Implement a small switched network

Select the appropriate media, cables,

ports, and connectors to connect switches

to other network devices and hosts

Physical MediaNetwork DevicesSwitch Fundamentals

335Explain the technology and media access

control method for Ethernet technologies

Ethernet CharacteristicsEthernet Standards

44Explain network segmentation and basic

traffic management concepts

Switch FundamentalsSwitch Design ConsiderationsRouting Fundamentals

556Explain the operation of Cisco switches

and basic switching concepts

Switch FundamentalsInitial ConfigurationAbout Cisco Switches

599

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Introduction xxxix

Perform, save, and verify initial switch

configuration tasks, including remote

access management

The IOS and Configuration FilesThe CLI

Initial ConfigurationSecuring the Configuration

8899Verify network status and switch

operation using basic utilities (including

ping, traceroute, telnet, SSH, arp,

ipconfig), SHOW, and DEBUG

switch (port security, deactivate ports)

Initial ConfigurationSecuring the ConfigurationInterface Configuration

999Identify, prescribe, and resolve common

switched network media issues,

configuration issues, autonegotiation, and

switch hardware failures

Initial ConfigurationSecuring the ConfigurationInterface ConfigurationTroubleshooting

99912

Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to meet

network requirements for a small branch office

Describe the need and role of addressing

in a network

Routing FundamentalsIntroduction to IP AddressingSubnet Tasks

Subnet Essentials

6677Create and apply an addressing scheme to

a network

Routing FundamentalsIntroduction to IP AddressingSubnet Tasks

Subnet Essentials

6677Assign and verify valid IP addresses to

hosts, servers, and networking devices in

a LAN environment

Subnet EssentialsSubnet Tasks

77Explain the basic uses and operation of

NAT in a small network connecting to

one ISP

WAN FundamentalsRouting Configuration

1110

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