Link full download PDF test bank microbiology with diseases 4th edition by taxonomy

1 A incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline B prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline C incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, conval

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Test Bank Microbiology with Diseases 4th Edition by

Taxonomy

Exam

Name _

MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 1) Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? 1) A) incubation, convalescence,

prodromal period, illness, decline B) prodromal period, convalescence,

incubation, illness, decline C) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence D) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period,

decline E) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline

Answer: C

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2)

Two children attend the same daycare, but one child is at daycare in the

morning and the other

child attends the daycare facility in the afternoon Both children become ill with fifth disease within

a day of each other How might the pathogen have infected both children? 2) A) vector transmission B) fomite transmission C) vertical transmission D) droplet transmission E) direct contact transmission Answer: B

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly What measures might be taken by public

health agencies to stop the spread? 3) A) Shut down public transportation B) Identify and treat people who are infected C) Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves D) Facilitate access to vaccines E)

Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected Answer: E

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E)

1 4)

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are

hemolysin, coagulase,

hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin Which of these factors contribute to the ability

of S aureus to

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invade the body? 4) A) enterotoxin B) hyaluronidase C) coagulase D)

coagulase and hemolysin E) hemolysin Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5) A reservoir is 5) A) a source of microbial

contamination B) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time C) an environment that is free of microbes D) any microorganism that causes disease E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6)

In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008,

there were widespread

reports of typhoid fever Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? 6) A) contact B) contaminated water C) flies D) mosquitoes E) aerosols Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2

7) Aerosols may be involved in transmission of pathogens 7) A) direct B) droplet C) waterborne D) fecal-oral E) vector Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8) Which of the following is a sign of disease? 8) A) nausea B) cramps C) headache D) fever E) dizziness Answer: D

Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive

system? 9) A) Candida B) Bacteroides C) E coli D) Lactobacillus E)

both Candida and Lactobacillus Answer: E

In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza (“swine flu”) i

the United States By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was

reported as over 40,000 The

pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) disease 10) A) pandemic B) epidemic C) endemic D) opportunistic

E) sporadic Answer: B

11) Symptoms are 11) A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel B) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating C) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease D) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured E) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others Answer: A

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 12) Commensalism is best described as a(n) 12) A) source of contamination B) relationship between two organisms

where both members benefit C) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes D) relationship in which a microorganism causes disease E)

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relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and

the other is

unharmed Answer: E

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13) A pathogen is best described as 13) A) any

microorganism that causes disease B) an organism that remains in the body

for a short time C) a source of microbial contamination D) a microorganism

that remains with the person throughout life E) a microorganism that may

cause a disease under certain circumstances Answer: A

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14) The taxonomic approach to classifying

disease is based on the 14) A) means of transmission B) type of microbe

that causes the disease C) severity and duration of the disease D) type of

host for the microbe E) organs or organ systems affected by the disease

Answer: B

15) In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal

of entry for disease? 15) A)

A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with

contaminated

fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears B) A

person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite C) A pathogen

crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta D) Fungi digest

the outer layer of the skin E) A person receives an injection with a

contaminated needle Answer: A

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose

the ability to produce

fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence What function has this

pathogen lost? 16) A) the ability to adhere to cells of the body B) the ability to

establish a latent infection C) the ability to move from one location in the

body to another D) the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it E) the ability to

produce an endotoxin Answer: A

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 17) Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch’s postulates? 17) A) influenzae and the flu B) varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox C) hepatitis B

and D and liver cancer D) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy E) HIV and

AIDS Answer: A

18)

Chagas’ disease is transmitted by a bugpenetratewithbloodmouthpar vessels Which type

of exposure does this represent? 18) A) parenteral route B) contact C) skin

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portal D) fomite E) mucous membrane portal Answer: A

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 19) The condition called parasitism is

characterized as a(n) 19) A) nonsymbiotic relationship B)

relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is

unharmed C) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other D) relationship between two organisms where both members

benefit E) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes Answer: C

The close contact between newborns and family members allow them to

become with

microbes that become established as their microbiota (Choose the most accurate term.) 20) A) infiltrated B) infected C) contaminated D) parasitized E) colonized Answer: C

21) Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? 21) A) It must be possible to reisolate the

suspect agent from the infected experimental host B) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory D)

The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when

introduced into a

susceptible host organism E) The suspect agent must be present in all cases

of disease Answer: B

A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm The bacteria release toxins and

exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan

and bacteria absorb the

nutrients produced The relationship between the protozoan and the

bacteria would best be

described as 22) A) parasitism B) commensalism C) mutualism D) both commensalism and parasitism E) a nonsymbiotic relationship Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 23) A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired 23) A) by having unprotected sexual intercourse B) by being bitten by an infected insect C) by using a contaminated needle D) in a health care

facility E) by eating contaminated food Answer: D

24) An axenic environment is one 24) A) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time B) in which microorganisms remain with the

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person throughout life C) that is free of microbes D) contaminated by

microbial toxins E) that is a source of contamination Answer: C

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 25) Treatment with high doses of antibiotics

may lead to which type of nosocomial infection? 25) A) latent infection B)

endogenous infection C) zoonosis D) exogenous infection E) iatrogenic

disease Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 26) Fomites are 26) A) inanimate objects involved

in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens B) silent carriers of

infectious diseases C) animal sources for human pathogens D) insects that

transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host E) fecal

material from infected hosts Answer: A

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 27) Which of the following is NOT an example

of symbiosis? 27) A) tapeworm in the human intestine B) microbes passing

across the placenta to the fetus C) protozoa in termites D) bacteria in the

human colon E) tuberculosis in the human lung Answer: B Explanation: A)

B) C) D) E) 8

28) Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is

correct? 28) A) Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M B) Escherichia coli

and cytotoxin C) Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin D) Neisseria

gonorrhoeae and endotoxin E) Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A Answer:

A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 29)

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by

a cough and remain

viable in the air for an hour or more If a person inhales the bacteria from the

air, what type of

transmission has occurred? 29) A) waterborne B) airborne C) indirect contact

D) bodily fluid E) foodborne Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 30) Which of the following situations is NOT a way

in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? 30) A) The baby acquires the

residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal B) Microorganisms grow

in the respiratory tract after the baby’s first breat and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal D) Microbes cross the placenta

during pregnancy E) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from

the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery Answer: D

31) Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission?

31) A) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium B) cockroach transmission

of Shigella C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) tsetse fly transmission of

Trypanosoma E) louse transmission of Rickettsia Answer: B Explanation:

A) B) C) D) E) 32)

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low

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numbers, but in

immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe

respiratory problems The fungus is

best described as 32) A) resident microbiota B) a parasite C) transient

microbiota D) a mutualist symbiotic partner E) both resident microbiota and

opportunistic pathogen Answer: E

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 33) Which of the following is transmitted by the

parenteral route? 33) A) yellow fever B) pertussis C) warts D) gonorrhea E)

ringworm Answer: A

34) Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to

as infections 34) A) exogenous B) iatrogenic C) endogenous D)

opportunistic E) subacute Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 35) Mutualism is a relationship 35) A) where only

one member derives benefit from the other B) where one member of the

relationship benefits without hurting the other C) where one member of the

relationship may kill the other D)

where it is difficult to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of

the relationship

may provide for the other E)

that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or

both parties cannot live

without the other Answer: E

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 36) Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch’s postulates to study a disease? 36) A) descriptive C) analytical D) retrospective E) systemic Answer: A

37) The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as 37) A) a

relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other B)

a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit C) an

unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes

D) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits E)

microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life Answer: C

A person is exposed to desert air containing fungus spores and

develops valley fever as a result

Valley fever is an example of a disease 38) A) chronic B) latent C)

contagious D) subacute E) noncommunicable Answer: E

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was

12.43/100,000 cases This

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means 39) A) 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had

tuberculosis in the year 2000 B) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of

tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000 C)

there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the

year 2000 D) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the U.S

in the year 2000 E) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000 Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 12

40) Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? 40) A)

streptokinase B) collagenase C) lipid A D) coagulase E) neurotoxin Answer:

E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 41) Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as 41) A) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances B) microorganisms that remain with the person

throughout life C) microorganisms that never cause disease D) any

microorganisms that cause disease E) organisms that remain in the body for

a short time Answer: B

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 42) Microbes known as transient microbiota are 42) A) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain

circumstances B) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence

of preexisting microbes C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time D) sources of microbial contamination E) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life Answer: C

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 43) Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? 43) A) the decline period B) the prodromal period C) the incubation period D) the convalescence period E) the illness period Answer: E

44)

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to

become opportunistic

pathogens? 44) A) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth B) presence

of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine E) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin Answer: C

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 45) Which of the following diseases may be

reduced by improved public sanitation measures? 45) A) cholera B) rabies C) chickenpox D) malaria E) HIV Answer: A

Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) SHORT ANSWER Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question 46)

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Biological (sources/vectors/carriers) not only transmit pathogens, but

also serve as hosts for

the manipulation of the pathogen during some phase of cycle 46) Answer: vectors Explanation: 47)

The (incubation/morbidity/prodromal) period is the time between infection

and the

occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of the disease 47) Answer:

incubation Explanation: 48)

Persons with asymptomatic infections may be

(contaminants/reservoirs/zoonoses) of

disease 48) Answer: reservoirs Explanation: 49)

The degree to which a microbe is able to cause disease is known as its

(morbidity/virulence/toxicity) 49) Answer: virulence Explanation: 14 50)

The large populations of pathogenic microbes found in health care settings

contribute to

(nosocomial/iatrogenic/epidemic) infections 50) Answer: nosocomila

Explanation: 51)

Lipid A is a(n) (cytotoxin/endotoxin/exotoxin) that stimulates the body

to release chemicals

that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and

blood coagulation 51) Answer: endotoxin Explanation: 52)

The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently

in freshwater As a

consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve (nonliving/animal/zoonotic) reservoirs 52) Answer: nonliving Explanation: 53)

Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as

(sterile/aseptic/axenic) 53) Answer: axenic Explanation: 54) Virions attach to target host cell by means of (capsules/receptors/ligands) 54) Answer: ligands Explanation: 55)

The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a (latent/chronic/subclinical)

infection and may

be asymptomatic for a decade 55) Answer: latent Explanation: 56) Nervous

system function may be impaired by the action of

(endotoxins/neurotoxins/cytotoxins) 56) Answer: neurotoxins Explanation:

57) Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause

disease of the upper respiratory system This situation is an example of

(commensalism/mutualism/parasitism) 57) Answer: commensalism

Explanation: 58)

The study of when and where diseases occur is known as

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(analytical/descriptive/experimental) epidemiology 58) Answer: descriptive

Explanation: 59) The study of the cause of disease is known

as (epidemiology/etiology) 59) Answer: etiology Explanation:

15 60)

Toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract are

(endotoxins/enterotoxins/exotoxins) 60) Answer: enterotoxins

Explanation: 61)

Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of

(vehicle/direct/indirect) contact transmission 61) Answer: indirect Explanation:

TRUE/FALSE Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F

62) An infection always leads to disease 62) Answer: True False Explanation:

63) Koch’s postulates can be applied to every infecti causative pathogen 63) Answer: True False Explanation: 64) Normal

microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in

the body 64) Answer: True False Explanation: 65) Fomites cause disease by

direct contact 65) Answer: True False Explanation: 66) In commensalism,

one member of the relationship harms the other 66) Answer: True False

Explanation: 67) Bacterial cells with capsules are resistant to killing by

phagocytes 67) Answer: True False Explanation: 68) All diseases go through

the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness 68)

Answer: True False Explanation: 69) Biofilms provide an alternative means for

bacteria to attach to surfaces within the body 69) Answer: True False

Explanation: 70) A common cold is an example of a chronic disease 70)

Answer: True False Explanation: 16

71) A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively

characterize a particular disease 71) Answer: True False Explanation:

ESSAY Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet

of paper 72)

Researchers have proposed that the herpesvirus responsible for the

childhood illness roseola may cause a type

of T cell leukemia Ninety percent of the population has been infected by

the virus by two years of age, but the T

cell leukemia is relatively rare The virus can be cultured in the laboratory

in tissue culture, but not in mature

organisms Discuss the obstacles to applying Koch’s p of this disease Answer:

Koch’s first postulate,suspectagentthatmustthebepresent in every case of

disease, is met, but far more

people have the virus than have the disease This suggests that more than

the presence of the virus is

necessary for the leukemia to develop, and the additional factors may be

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difficult to identify The third

postulate states that the isolated suspect agent must cause disease

when introduced into a host This

situation presents two difficulties in satisfying the third postulate The first is that it is unethical to

deliberately expose humans to an agent that may produce life-threatening disease (the leukemia)

Additionally, ethical concerns aside, because such a large percentage of the population has been exposed

to the virus, a large pool of potential uninfected subjects does not exist 73) Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins Answer:

Both endotoxins and exotoxins are produced by Gram-negative bacteria Exotoxins are also produced by

Gram-positive bacteria Endotoxins and exotoxins differ in their mechanism of release and composition:

exotoxins are proteins or peptides that are secreted, leaving the cell

intact, whereas endotoxins are lipids

released only when the cell dies because they are a part of the

outer membrane The toxicity of exotoxins

is higher than that of endotoxins, but both can be fatal Both are heat

stable, but endotoxins can survive

an hour of autoclaving at 121°C, whereas exotoxins are not stable

above 60°C Exotoxins produce a strong

immune response, and therefore toxoid immunization is possible

Endotoxins produce fever, but only a

weak immune response, so toxoid immunization is not an option 74) Describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans Give an example disease for each type of reservoir Answer:

For a pathogen to enter a new host, it must survive in some site from which

it can infect the new host

These sites are considered reservoirs, which include the following:

1 Animal reservoirs, such as domestic or wild animals Examples: rabies, West Nile fever

2 Human carriers, which are individuals who are infectious and may be either asymptomatic or

symptomatic Examples: AIDS, tuberculosis

3 Nonliving reservoirs, such as soil, water, and food Examples: cholera, tetanus 75) What are the different types of symbiosis? List and give a

short definition and an example for each Answer:

There are three types of symbiosis: (1) mutualism, which is the

relationship between two organisms in

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