Test bank for anatomy and physiology from science to life 2nd edition by jenkins

A an atom has the characteristics of the element B the nucleus of an atom is make up of protons and neutrons C the proton has a positive charge and the neutrons has no charge D electrons

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Test Bank for Anatomy and Physiology From Science

to Life 2nd Edition by Jenkins

CHAPTER 2- The Chemical Level of Organization

Choose the best answer to each of the following questions

1) The four elements making up about 96% of the body's mass are represented by the symbols:

Level of Difficulty: Easy

2) Which statement about an atom is not true?

A) an atom has the characteristics of the element

B) the nucleus of an atom is make up of protons and neutrons

C) the proton has a positive charge and the neutrons has no charge

D) electrons are found in shells around the nucleus

E) a neutral atom has more neutrons than protons and electrons

Answer: E

Reference: 2.1

Level of Difficulty: Medium

3) The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element is the:

A) atom

B) molecule

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4) Which of the following carry a negative charge?

A) protons only

B) neutrons only

C) electrons only

D) both protons and electrons

E) both electrons and neutrons

Answer: C

Reference: 2.1

5) An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of:

A) neutrons in the nucleus

B) electrons in the nucleus

C) protons in the nucleus

D) electrons orbiting the nucleus

E) electrons it can lose when bonding

Answer: C

Reference: 2.1

6) Isotopes are

A) charged atoms that gained or lost electrons

B) atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass

C) able to release radiation if their nuclei are unstable

D) atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost shells

E) atoms with the same numbers of neutrons but different numbers of protons

Answer: C

Reference: 2.1

7) What determines the atom’s chemical properties?

A) protons

B) neutrons

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8) Which of the following is an ion and why?

A) O2

because it contains an unpaired electron in its outer shell

B) Na+ because it has lost an electron

C) Co-60 because it is radioactive

D) H2 because it is sharing electrons

E) H-3 because it has two extra neutrons

Answer: B

Reference: 2.1

9) A manufacturing company uses a very effective solvent that is composed of groups of atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shells Which of the following is true?

A) The solvent’s atoms are isotopes with unstable nuclei that releases radioactivity

B) Workers using the solvent have decreased risk of cataracts, atherosclerosis, or cancers

C) Inclusion of antioxidants in workers’ diets may help protect them from effects of the solvent

D) The solvent is electrically neutral and therefore poses no risks to workers

E) The unpaired electrons in the solvent atoms will stabilize molecules in the workers’ bodies

Answer: C

Reference: 2.1

Level of Difficulty: Hard

10) Which of the following is true of the chemical formula, H2O2?

A) The formula represents four atoms sharing electrons

B) The formula represents an element

C) The formula represents two ions of hydrogen and two ions of oxygen

D) The formula indicates the presence of two molecules each of hydrogen and oxygen

E) The formula indicates the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to oxygen

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Answer: A

Reference: 2.1

11) Which of the following does NOT indicate a

A) is a stable compound, such as vitamin C

B) is an electrically neutral compound

C) can break apart important body molecules

D) is caused by exposure to the sun

E) all of the above

Answer: C

Reference: 2.1

13) Which of the following is true?

A) Chemical bonds are repulsive forces between the atoms of molecules

B) The valence electrons involved in bonding are found in an atom’s innermost shell

C) Atoms tend to react to decrease the stability of the arrangement of their electrons

D) The most reactive atoms already have 8 valence electrons

E) Atoms tend react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell

Answer: E

Reference: 2.2

14) Salts are formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms that tend to form cations and those that tend to form anions Which of the following pairs of ions would likely form a salt?

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A) potassium ion, iodide ion

B) chloride ion, iodide ion

C) magnesium ion, calcium ion

D) sodium ion, iron (II) ion

E) calcium ion, hydrogen ion

Answer: A

Reference: 2.2

15) All of the following are true of ionic compounds EXCEPT

A) Many ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids

B) Ionic compounds have consistent ratios of cations to anions

C) Solid ionic compounds are found primarily in the soft tissues of the body

D) Ionic compounds have a neutral electrical charge

E) Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Answer: C

Reference: 2.2

16) Covalent bonds are found in

Level of Difficulty: easy

17) Each molecule of oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen sharing two pairs of electrons equally Which of the following best describes the chemical bond between the oxygen atoms?

A) covalent bond

B) polar bond

C) double bond

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D) nonpolar bond

E) double nonpolar covalent bond

Answer: E

Reference: 2.2

18) Which of the following compounds is polar covalent?

A) are stronger than either covalent or ionic bonds

B) tend to destabilize large molecules such as proteins

C) are relatively uncommon between molecules in the body

D) form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms

E) enhance gas exchange in the lungs

Answer: D

Reference: 2.2

20) Between which of the following pairs would H bonds be likely to form?

A) H2 and CH4

C) CO2 and H2O

D) A, B and C are correct

E) Only B and C are correct

Answer: E

Reference: 2.2

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21) In a chemical reaction,

A) the starting materials are called products

B) the ending substances are called reactants

C) electrons are exchanged or shared to make atoms more stable

D) matter is created or destroyed

E) the starting and ending materials have identical properties

Answer: C

Reference: 2.3

22) The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body is called

23) All of the following are true EXCEPT

A) Energy is the capacity to do work

B) The energy stored in body fat is potential energy

C) The energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy

D) Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy

E) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

Answer: D

Reference: 2.3

24) Glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate It requires the hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules, but ultimately generates 4 ATP molecules Glycolysis is best described as

a process

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25) The kinetic energy needed to break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called

26) Which of the following influence the rate of a chemical reaction?

A) the concentration of the reactants

B) the temperature

C) the presence of catalysts or enzymes

D) Both A and B are correct

E) A, B and C are correct

Answer: E

Reference: 2.3

27) The function of a catalyst is to:

A) convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

B) store energy released during exergonic reactions

C) act as the chemical link between atoms in a covalent bond

D) lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

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E) keep particles in a colloid from settling out

Answer: D

Reference: 2.3

28) Which of the following is true of a catalyst?

A) It is changed by the chemical reaction in which it participates

B) It helps orient colliding molecules so that a reaction is more likely to occur

C) It raises the activation energy required for a reaction to occur

D) It prevents chemical reactions from occurring under physiological conditions

E) It changes the difference in potential energy between reactants and products

Answer: B

Reference: 2.3

29) Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions in the body?

A) They are exergonic

B) They are used to release energy from structural molecules

C) They may be represented as A + B 

AB

D) They are decompositions

E) They convert large molecules to smaller ones

Answer: C

Reference: 2.3

and energy These conversions are

A) catabolic

B) exergonic

C) anabolic

E) Both B and C are correct

Answer: D

Reference: 2.3

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31) Which of the following is an exchange reaction?

D) B and C are correct

Answer: D

Reference: 2.3

32) Inorganic molecules

A) are usually structurally complex

B) contain no carbon atoms

C) include glucose, amino acids and triglycerides

D) are not water soluble

E) contain only covalent bonds

A) Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain oxygen atoms

B) Inorganic compounds contain no chains of carbon atoms

C) Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain hydrogen atoms

E) Both A and C are correct

Answer: B

Reference: 2.4

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34) The most abundant and important inorganic compound found in living systems is

35) Hydrophilic solutes are those that:

A) dissolve easily in lipids because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds

B) dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds

C) dissolve easily in water because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds

D) dissolve poorly in water because they contain polar covalent bonds

E) dissolve poorly in water because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer: B

Reference: 2.4

36) Water

A) serves as the Medium for most chemical reactions in the body

B) is added to small molecules to join them into larger molecules

C) is removed from large molecules to break them into smaller molecules

D) has a limited ability to absorb or release heat without changing temperature

E) provides friction that resists movement between membranes in body cavities

Answer: A

Reference: 2.4

37) A second semester anatomy and physiology student is taking a test that includes questions about the blood One question asks the student to characterize blood plasma, which contains protein particles large enough to scatter light slightly but small enough to remain suspended in water The student knows that plasma also contains dissolved sugars, salts and other small molecules too small to scatter light Based on this knowledge, the student characterizes plasma

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as

A) a suspension

B) a solution

C) a colloid

D) a suspension and solution

E) a solution and colloid

D) A and B are correct

Answer: C

Reference: 2.4

39) A salt

A) dissociates into H+ and OH- in solution

B) prevents drastic changes in pH in body fluids

C) is a proton donor

D) is a product of the reaction of an acid with a base

E) is the product of a decomposition reaction

Answer: D

Reference: 2.4

40) Which of the following never has an alkaline pH in a healthy person?

A) gastric juice

B) urine

C) semen

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D) blood

E) pancreatic juice

Answer: A

Reference: 2.4

41) Which of the following is TRUE regarding this situation: Solution A has a pH of 7.48 and Solution B has a pH of 7.39:

A) Solution B is more acidic than Solution A

B) The pH of Solution A falls within the homeostatic pH range for extracellular body fluids, but the pH of Solution B does not

C) Solution A contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions that Solution B

D) Solution B contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than Solution A

E) Both B and C are correct

C) can absorb OH- if the pH is too low

D) can release H+ if the pH is too high

E) include the HCl – KOH system

Answer: D

Reference: 2.4

43) A common buffer found in extracellular fluid is

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Reference: 2.4

44) Specific arrangements of atoms that cause organic molecules to have particular chemical properties are called

45) ALL of the following are organic molecules EXCEPT:

A) are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of triglycerides

B) contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

C) are primarily used for structural support

D) are composed of subunits called polysaccharides

E) include RNA and DNA

Answer: B

Reference: 2.4

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46) Carbon can bond with how many other atoms?

47) An example of a polysaccharide stored in humans is

49) Which of the following is NOT true of lipids?

A) may be stored as triglycerides to provide chemical energy later B) usually dissolve freely in blood

C) include steroids and eicosanoids

D) usually dissolve freely in blood plasma

E) usually have large numbers of C and H atoms, but few O atoms

Answer: B

Reference: 2.7

50) Glycerol is the backbone molecule for:

A) disaccharides

B) DNA

C) peptides

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D) triglycerides

E) ATP

Answer: D

Reference: 2.7

51) A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds is said to be:

52 Which statement is not true of a steroid?

A) The structure of a steroid is four rings of carbon

B) Common steroids are cortisol, vitamin D, estrogen

C) Body celss make steroids from polysaccharides

D) Anabolic steroids increase muscle size

E) All of the above statements are true

Answer: C

Reference: 2.7

53) Peptide bonds are found in:

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54) Enzymes and antibodies are examples of

55) In proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to its

A) Primary structure

56) Which of the following is NOT a function of a protein? A) The mechanism that shortens muscles

B) Regulates nervous system as neurotransmitters

C) Defenses the body by forming antibodies

D) Is used to make visual pigments in the eye

E) Hemoglobin transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide

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B) usually large proteins

C) specific for a single substrate

D) A and B are true

E) A, B and C are true

59) Which of the following is NOT found in RNA?

60) Which of the following is NOT true of DNA?

A) It is the molecule of heredity

B) It contains purines

C) It contains deoxyribose and phosphate

D) It is single stranded

E) It contains pyrimidines

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