link full download test bank for infants children and adolescents 8th edition by berk

Infants Children and Adolescents: 8th Edition Test Bank – Berk cHAPTER 6 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD MULTIPLE CHOICE 1 In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants and to

Infants Children and Adolescents: 8th Edition Test Bank – Berk

cHAPTER 6

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers

1 A) assimilate more than they accommodate

2 B) represent their experiences in speech, gesture, and play

3 C) ―think‖ with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment

4 D) solve everyday practical problems and carry out many activities inside their heads

Answer: C

Page Ref: 201

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.1

2) According to Piaget, infants’ very first schemes are

1 A) disorganized bits of information

2 B) based on internal representations of experience

3 C) sensorimotor action patterns

4 D) deliberate and creative

Answer: C

Page Ref: 202

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.1

3) In Piaget’s theory, involves building schemes through

direct interaction with the environment

4) In Piaget’s theory, during , toddlers use their current schemes

to interpret the external world

5) According to Piaget, in accommodation, children

1 A) build schemes through direct interaction with the environment

2 B) create new schemes or adjust old ones

3 C) use current schemes to interpret the external world

4 D) rearrange schemes, linking them with other schemes

Answer: B

Page Ref: 202

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.1

6) At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way By 12

months, she tossed objects down the basement stairs, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air Annabelle’s modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of

7) When children are not changing much, they

1 A) are in a state of disequilibrium

2 B) assimilate more than they accommodate

3 C) experience cognitive discomfort

4 D) modify their schemes

1 A) organization predominates over adaptation

2 B) accommodation predominates over assimilation

3 C) assimilation and accommodation are balanced

4 D) adaptation and organization are balanced

1 A) children regress to a previous stage of development

2 B) less effective schemes are produced

3 C) children adapt more than they organize

4 D) more effective schemes are produced

3 C) through direct contact with the environment

4 D) when new schemes are formed

Answer: A

Page Ref: 202

1 A) attempt to form mental symbols of the world

2 B) try to repeat chance motor activities again and again

3 C) try to imitate the behaviors of others around them

4 D) attempt to act out imaginary activities

2 B) a primary circular reaction

3 C) a secondary circular reaction

4 D) a tertiary circular reaction

Answer: B

Page Ref: 203

Skill: Apply

Objective: 6.2

16) Baby Sabrina opens her mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon In Piaget’s theory, this is an example of a

1 A) reflexive scheme

2 B) primary circular reaction

3 C) secondary circular reaction

4 D) tertiary circular reaction

1 A) reflexive scheme

2 B) primary circular reaction

3 C) secondary circular reaction

4 D) tertiary circular reaction

Answer: C

Page Ref: 203–204

Skill: Apply

Objective: 6.2

18) According to Piaget, first occurs in Substage 4 of

the sensorimotor period

1 A) intentional, goal-directed behavior

2 B) chance behavior

3 C) repetition of interesting events

4 D) behavior repetition with variation

Answer: A

Page Ref: 204

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.2

19) Two landmark cognitive changes that take place in Substage 4 of the

sensorimotor period of Piaget’s theory are and

1 A) deferred imitation; animistic thinking

2 B) intentional behavior; object permanence

3 C) dual representation; intentional behavior

4 D) deferred imitation; object permanence

Answer: B

Page Ref: 204

Skill: Remember

Objective: 6.2

20) Nine-month-old Daisy retrieves her pacifier, which her mother has

hidden under a cover Baby Daisy has begun to master

his turtle hidden in a basket Luigi continues to search for it behind the pillow This

is most likely because Luigi

1 A) is not yet able to make an accurate A–B search

2 B) does not yet appreciate physical causality

3 C) has not yet attained even rudimentary object permanence

4 D) cannot yet engage in goal-directed behavior

Answer: A

Page Ref: 204

Skill: Apply

Objective: 6.2

22) Piaget concluded that babies make the A-not-B search error because

1 A) they cannot yet coordinate means–end action sequences

2 B) appreciation of physical causality has not yet been attained

3 C) the ability to engage in goal-directed behavior has not yet developed

4 D) they do not have a clear image of the object as persisting when

hidden from view

1 A) tertiary circular reaction

2 B) secondary circular reaction

3 C) primary circular reaction

4 D) reflexive scheme

Answer: A

Page Ref: 204

Skill: Apply

Objective: 6.2

24) enable(s) older toddlers to solve advanced object

permanence problems involving invisible displacement

26) Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use

by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines

27) Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because

1 A) it is difficult for observers to discern when babies have habituated to the familiar event

2 B) this method cannot be used with young babies or toddlers, who

easily become fatigued

3 C) babies make only subtle changes to their behaviors when they recover to

a new stimulus

4 D) it reveals only babies’ perceptual preference for novelty, not

their knowledge of the physical world

Answer: D

Page Ref: 205

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.3

28) In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée

Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for

in the first few months of life

1 A) assimilation

2 B) mental representation

3 C) object permanence

4 D) equilibrium

31) Follow-up research on deferred imitation demonstrates that older infants and toddlers

1 A) are more likely to imitate accidental behaviors than purposeful behaviors

2 B) can imitate rationally, by inferring others’ intentions

3 C) do not yet use intentional means–end action sequences

4 D) cannot yet imitate actions that an adult produces

usually rests Barrett is displaying

1 A) habituation and recovery

2 B) between 4 and 6 months

3 C) in the first year

4 D) in the third year

Answer: C

Page Ref: 209

Skill: Remember

Objective: 6.3

34) Toddlers seem to discount information on video as relevant to their

everyday experiences because

1 A) the people onscreen do not look at and converse with them directly

2 B) they have little experience with digital media

3 C) they are easily overstimulated by the fast-paced content

4 D) the people onscreen are usually unfamiliar to them

35) The video deficit effect

3 A) increases around age 3

4 B) is strongest when toddlers view interactive videos

5 C) declines around age 2½

6 D) is strongest when toddlers view videos rich in social cues

1 A) the cognitive attainments of infancy develop in a neat, stepwise fashion

2 B) young babies construe all mental representations out of

sensorimotor activity

3 C) even newborns process information much like adults

4 D) infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience

related information and therefore supports early, rapid development Professor

Patil’s beliefs are consistent with the perspective

1 A) discriminate quantities up to five

2 B) perform simple addition, but not subtraction

3 C) distinguish among large sets of items

4 D) add and subtract large sets of items

40) Follow-up research on Piaget’s sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement

on which of the following issues?

1 A) Many cognitive changes of infancy are stagelike

2 B) Most aspects of infant cognition develop together

3 C) Many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous

4 D) Most aspects of infant cognition develop abruptly

42) In the information-processing system, the central executive

1 A) is the conscious, reflective part of the mental system

2 B) collaborates with long-term memory to direct problem solving and reasoning

3 C) is where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly

4 D) is a special part of the long-term memory that manages

3 C) the central executive

4 D) the sensory register

Answer: B

Page Ref: 216

Skill: Remember

1 A) attraction to novelty increases

2 B) sustained attention declines

3 C) habituation time decreases

4 D) the ability to shift attention declines

47) After 2- to 6-month olds forget an operant response,

1 A) it takes months for them to reinstate the memory

2 B) they need only a brief prompt to reinstate the memory

3 C) they reinstate the memory after a few days

4 D) they are unable to remember it without extensive training Answer: B

Page Ref: 217

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.5

48) Infants learn and retain information

1 A) only through physical activity

2 B) just by watching objects and events

3 C) only by manipulating objects

4 D) but cannot engage in recall

1 A) is not as challenging as recognition

2 B) is the simplest form of memory

3 C) involves remembering a stimulus with perceptual support

4 D) improves steadily with age

Answer: D

Page Ref: 219

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.5

50) Which of the following statements about infantile amnesia is true?

1 A) Infantile amnesia is more common in females than males

2 B) Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3

3 C) Infants’ memory processing is fundamentally different from that of adults

4 D) During the first few years, children remember largely with

Page Ref: 220 Box: Biology and Environment: Infantile Amnesia

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.5

52) Which of the following statements about categorization is true?

1 A) Even young infants can categorize, grouping similar objects and

events into a single representation

2 B) As infants approach their second birthday, fewer categories appear to

be based on subtle sets of features

3 C) Older infants cannot make categorical distinctions when the perceptual contract between two categories is minimal

4 D) Not until the early preschool years can children sort people and their voices by gender and age

Answer: A

Page Ref: 219

Skill: Remember

Objective: 6.5

53) Korean toddlers develop object-sorting skills later than their

English-speaking counterparts because

1 A) they are less likely to be given opportunities to physically

manipulate objects

2 B) English-speaking children develop language skills sooner than speaking children

Korean-3 C) the English language is less complex than the Korean language

4 D) the Korean language often omits object names from sentences

Answer: D

Page Ref: 221

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.5

54) The greatest drawback of the information-processing perspective is its

difficulty with

1 A) breaking down children’s thoughts into precise procedures

2 B) putting the components of cognition into a broad, comprehensive theory

3 C) analyzing cognition into its components

4 D) reducing changes in thoughts into manageable proportions

Answer: B

Page Ref: 222

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.6

55) Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes that children

1 A) are born with prewired understandings that permit a ready grasp of new information

2 B) ―think‖ with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment

3 C) live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect the way their

cognitive world is structured

4 D) discover virtually all knowledge about the world through their

56) According to Vygotsky, children master activities through

1 A) joint activities with more mature members of their society

2 B) interaction with the physical environment

3 C) operant conditioning and modeling

4 D) a complicated system of trial and error

1 A) a task that Lucy cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult

2 B) a task that Lucy has recently mastered independently following

the assistance of an adult

3 C) a task that Lucy cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of

Liam places them on the puzzle board As Liam’s competence with the task

increases, his father gradually withdraws support This is an example of

Objective: 6.7

59) Which of the following statements about the application of Vygotsy’s ideas

to infancy and toddlerhood is true?

5 A) Vygotsky failed to recognize the significance of social experiences for children under the age of 5

6 B) Fine-tuned adult support during infancy and toddlerhood is related

to advanced problem solving during the second year

7 C) Cultural variations in social experiences rarely affect mental

strategies until children reach school age

8 D) While scaffolding promotes learning in the preschool years, it seems to inhibit learning in infancy and toddlerhood

1 A) development of cognitive schemes

2 B) cultural variations in social experiences

3 C) repetition and training

4 D) cultural variations in formal schooling

1 A) Early make-believe is the combined result of children’s readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it

2 B) In cultures where make-believe play is more frequent with older

siblings than with mothers, the pretend play of toddlers is hindered

3 C) Most episodes of make-believe play during toddlerhood occur

when children are playing with same-aged children

4 D) Children are more likely to combine play schemes into complex

sequences when they are playing with agemates than when playing

62) Research demonstrates that make-believe play is

1 A) less frequent and rich in collectivist cultures than in

individualistic cultures

2 B) a major means through which children extend their cognitive and

social skills

3 C) usually initiated by toddlers rather than by their parents or older siblings

4 D) discovered by toddlers independently, once they are capable of

63) Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests

1 A) focus on cognitive products rather than on the process of development

2 B) focus on how children’s thinking changes rather than on

cognitive products

3 C) are more accurate indicators of what infants and toddlers understand

4 D) focus on environmental influences on intelligence

Answer: A

Page Ref: 225

Skill: Understand

Objective: 6.8

64) The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development test

1 A) is suitable for preschool and school-age children

2 B) accurately predicts future school achievement

3 C) is suitable for children between 1 month and 3½ years

4 D) is a poor predictor of infants’ mental development