CHƯƠNG 4 BỆNH SAU THU HOẠCH BỆNH HOẠCH Bệnh sau thu hoạch? Thường xuất hiện trong giai đọan giữa thu hái và hòan thiện sản phẩm, trong quá trình bảo quản , vận chuyển, tại người bán buôn, bán lẽ... Là kết quả sự lây nhiễm các sản phẩm trước khi nó được chế biến hoặc đến tay người tiêu dùng
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10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Lin
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Bệnh sau thu hoạch?
Thường xuất hiện trong giai đọan giữa thu hai va
hòan thiện sản phâm, trong quá trình bảo quản ,
vận chuyên, tại người bán buôn, bán lẽ
Là kết quả sự lây nhiễm các sản phẩm trước khi
nó được chê biên hoặc đên tay người tiêu dùng
Bệnh sau thu hoạch thông thường xuất hiện
10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Symptoms (triéu ching of PDs
Soft rots and watery rot caused by
Y Geotrichum, Rhizopus, Sclerotinia, Pseudomonas and Erwinia
Brown rots caused by
Y Phytophthora, Monilinia, Botrytis etc
Dry rots caused by
Y largely Fusarium spp
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and vegetables
Infection timing (su tay nhiém and methods of PDs
Attacks the actively growing plants and then develop
on the crop in storage
Y Botrytis cinerea on grapes, apples and pear
Y Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on green bean
Infects the crop at early stage but remain latent and
cause decay only when the crop ripen or when it has
been stored for some time
Y Botryosphaeria dothidea on apples and pears
VY Anthracnose fungus
Attacks the crops only after harvest
Y Per im Spp on annles peg 5ø
10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Infection type (cdc dang lay nhiém) of PDs
> Through intact surface : Anthracnose fungi
> Through intact surface from adjoining diseased
fruits/vegetables : Botrytis cinerea
> Through injury : Geotrichum, Penicillium, Rhizopus,
Thieloviopsis etc
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Wounds(injuries) is very important in PDs
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Causes of mechanical injuries
¢ Poor harvesting practices and handling
¢ Unsuitable field or marketing containers and crates,
which may have splintered wood, sharp edges, poor nailing or stapling;
¢ Overpacking/underpacking of field or marketing containers
¢ Careless handling, such as dropping or throwing or walking on produce and packed containers during the process of grading, transport or marketing
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Physiological injuries also predispose (ain dén) fruits
and vegetables to pathogens (mam bénh)
¢ Too low storage temperature
¢ Too high temperatures
¢ Poor ventilation( su thong hoi)
¢ Volatile compounds( hop chat dé bay hoi)
10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh
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The forms of injuries
¢ Splitting of fruits or roots and tubers caused by dropping
¢ Internal cruising, not visible externally, caused by impact;
¢ Superficial grazing or scratches affecting the skins
¢ Crushing of leafy vegetables and other soft produce
Each injury provide entry for penetration of postharvest pathogens
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Injuries cutting through or scraping away
the outer skin of produce
¢ Provide entry points for moulds and bacteria causing decay
¢ Increase water loss from the damage areas;
¢ Cause an increase in respiration rate and thus heat production
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Bruising( vét thdm tim) injuries, which leave the
skin intact (khéng bi dung cham) and may not be
visible externally (bén ngoai) cause:
¢ Increased respiration rate and heat production
¢ Internal discoloration (su d6i mau) because of damaged tissues
¢ Off-flavor because of abnormal (khác thường) physiological reactions in damaged parts
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CROPS MOST SUBJECT
TO POSTHARVEST DISEASES
Fruits
¢ Temperate fruits : grapes
¢ Subtropical fruits : avocados, citrus fruits
¢ Tropical fruits : papayas, mangoes oranges
Vegetables : cucumbers, lettuce, sweet melons
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruits
Apple & Pear
Blue mold, Gray mold
Anthracnose, Target or lenticel spot Bitter rot, Alternaria rot
Black rot, White rot
Mucor rot, Cladosporium rot Pleospora rot, Phomopsis rot Pink rot, Sooty bloth
Fly speck, Brown rot
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruits (Continued)
Apricot (mo), cherry, Brown rot, Gray mold, Rhizopus rot
nectarine, peach, Mucor rot, Blue mold, Alternaria rot
Plum (stone fruit) man Cladosporium rot
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Powdery mildew (nấm mốc sương)
caused by Sphaerotheca fumili
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of subtropical fruits
Avocado Dothiella rot, Stem end rot, Fusarium rot,
Anthracnose, Phomopsis rot, Rhizopus rot
Citrus fruit
Blue and green mold rot, Brown rot, Phomopsis
stem end rot, Stem end rot, Alternaria stem end rot, Anthracnose, Sour rot, Sclerotinia rot,
Trichoderma rot, Botrytis rot
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citrus fruits
Low temperature fruit injury from temperature
above those freezing tissues
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of tropical fruits
Crown rot disease complex, Fusarium rot,
Banana Anthracnose, Lasiodiplodia rot, Thielaviopsis rot
Cerratosystis rot, Cigar end rot, Squirt disease
Mango Anthracnose, Stem end rot, Rhizopus rot
Anthracnose, Phoma rot, Lasiodiplodia rot,
Papaya
Phytophthora rot, Alternaria rot
Pine apple | Thielaviopsis rot, Fruit-let core rot, Yeast fermentation
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pineapple
Heart rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi,
P nicotianae and P palmivora
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables
C t Bacterial soft rot, Gray mold, White rot,
are Fusarium dry rot, Black mold, Crater rot
Melons Sour rot, Rhizopus rot, Fusarium rot, Trichothecium rot,
, Botrytis rot, Lastodiplodia rot, Gummy stem blight and
(qua dưa) black rot, Anthracnose
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melon
Brown rot caused by Fusarium solani,
F roseum, F moniliforme, F oxysporum
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued)
Oni Neck rot, Bacterial soft rot, Smudge, Fusarium bulb
non rot, Black mold, Blue mold
Bacterial soft rot, Ring rot, Late blight, Fusarium Potato dry rot, Black scurf, Gangrene, Gray mold, White
mold, Sclerotinia soft rot, Snap bean Gray mold, White rot, Anthracnose
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Late blight of potatoes Exterior and interior discoloration
of tubers infected with Phytophthora infestans
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White mold of potatoes
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of tuber
potato
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sweet potato
Fresh storage roots with black rot lesions(left and right),
caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, and uninfected roots(center)
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sweet potato
Internal and external views of a fleshy storage root
infected with Phizopus stolonifer
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sweet potato
Restricted end lesion induced by
Diplodia gossypina on a fleshy storage root
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sweet potato
Punky rot caused by a Trichoderma sp
on a fleshy storage root
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sweet potato
Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp
on fleshy storage roots
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued)
Alternaria rot, Anthracnose, Buckeye rot, Gray
Tomato mold and ghost spot, Sour rot, Fruit rot,
Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot
Gray mold, Phytophthora rot, Brown rot,
Egg plant Sclerotinia rot, Phomopsis blight, Southern blight
Gray mold, Rhizpus rot, Phytophthora blight, Pepper
Bacterial soft rot
Cucumber stem blight, Phytophthora rot, Pythium rot Gray mold, Sclerotinia rot , Scab, Bacterial spot, Gummy
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Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of apples,
citrus fruits, stone fruits, tomatoes, cucumbers, gladioli, capsicums
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment
Post-harvest Fungicide, dicloran
Mode of action : protective
(little effect on spore germination)
Target diseases : Botrytis, Monilinia, Rhizopus
etc on Stone fruits, berry fruit, vines
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Mode of action : protective and curative
Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes,
pome and stone fruits,vegetables
* pre-harvest spray
US€a4 ON DOC “nV LÍ POSE G Yeu [)L( AOE Lj y
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Mode of action : fungicidal fumigation
Target diseases : citrus blue and green mold
stem rot of orange øray mold on øladioli and chrysanthemus
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment
Target diseases : citrus blue and green mold
stem rot of orange eray mold on citrus fruit
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment
Post-harvest Fungicide, thiabendazole
Mode of action : protective and curative
Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of bananas,
citrus fruits, pome fruits, onions, mangos, etc
% blue mold, Bull’s eye spot, gray mold, stem end rot
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Mode of action : protective and curative
Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes,
pome and stone fruits,
vegetables
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment
C= —NHCH(CH,),
N Cl
Post-harvest Fungicide, iprodion
Mode of action : contactive fungicide with
(strong inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth)
Target diseases : postharvest diseases of fruits
Trang 141Mode of action : protective and curative
Target diseases : Monilinia spp on stone fruits
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment
Mode of action : protective and curative
Target diseases : postharvest diseases of seed potatoes,
citrus fruits and pine apples
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Mode of action : protective and curative
Target diseases : Penicillium, Gloeosporium, Phomopsis
Phoma spp etc of citrus fruit, banana, seed potatoes