A STUDY OF IMAGE BEARING IDIOMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

ABSTRACT This study focuses on semantic and syntactic features of image-bearing idioms for family relationships in English and Vietnamese.. The study describes and compare the syntactic,

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

*********

M.A THESIS

A STUDY ON IMAGE-BEARING IDIOMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

(NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC THÀNH NGỮ CÓ TỪ MIÊU TẢ

HÌNH ẢNH BIỂU TRƯNG VỀ CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ GIA ĐÌNH

PHAM THI THUY

Field : English Language Code: 60220201

HANOI, 2017

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

M.A THESIS

A STUDY ON IMAGE-BEARING IDIOMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

(NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC THÀNH NGỮ CÓ TỪ MIÊU TẢ

HÌNH ẢNH BIỂU TRƯNG VỀ CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ GIA ĐÌNH

PHAM THI THUY Field : English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong PhD

HANOI, 2017

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled

“A study on image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master

in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

`hh`ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I could not have been able to complete my thesis without the encouragement and

help of my teachers, my parents and my friends

First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to supervisor, Nguyen Thi

Thanh Huong PhD, who gave me valuable advice, guidance and suggestion in the process

of my writing

My sincere acknowledgement also go to all my lectures and officers of faculty of

Graduate Studies, Ha Noi Open University, who have facilitated me with the best

possible codition during my whole course of studying

Finally, I am very grateful to my parents and my friends who are always by my

side in order to help and encourage me

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on semantic and syntactic features of image-bearing idioms for family relationships in English and Vietnamese Both qualitative and quantitative analysis is made us of investigation 349 idioms in English and Vietnamese together with numerous number of samples collected from referent books, stories, novels, dictionaries and Internet websites The study describes and compare the syntactic, semantic features of image-bearing idioms expressing family relationships in English versus Vietnamese and then withdraw some implications for the teaching and learning of English and Vietnamese as a foreign language In order to achieve these aims and objectives, the descriptive and comparative methods are utilized The descriptive method is used to describe in details the syntactic and semantic features through the examples of image-bearing idioms expressing family relationships In addition, the comparative method could be used to identify the similarities and differences in the syntactic and semantic features of idioms expressing anger in English versus Vietnamese In short, with the combination of the descriptive and contrastive methods, syntactic and semantic similarities as well as differences of image-bearing idioms expressing family relationships English and Vietnamese could be discovered

The findings show that image-bearing idioms of family relationships have remarkable syntactic and semantic features and that there are some similarities and differences in some features Causes are also dealt with the implications for the teaching and learning of idioms as well as for further study are put forward

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Table 2.2.1: The characteristics of image and relationships 12

Table 3.1.2.1: Verb phrase structures of IBIFRs English and Vietnamese 26

Table 3.1.3.1: Adjective phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese 28

3.1.3.2 Prepositional phras structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese 28

Table 3.1.3.3: Prepositional phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese 29

Table 3.1.1 A summary of English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms denoting family relationships in grammatical 31

Table 3.1.2 A statistical summary of syntactic features ofimage bearing in English and Vietnamese denoting family 32

Table 3.2.1: Kinds of Images expressing husband–wive relationship in English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms 33

Table 3.2.2: The statistical table of image-bearing in English and Vietnamese idioms for relationship between husband and wife 37

Table 3.2.3: Kinds of Images expressing for relationship between parents and children in English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms 41

Table 3.2.4: The statistical table of image-bearing in English and Vietnamese idioms for relationship between parents and children 44

Table 3.2.5: Kinds of Images expressing the relationship for siblings and others in English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms 47

Table 3.2.6: The statistical table of image-bearing in English and Vietnamese idioms of siblings and other relationships 49

Table 3.2.7: Kinds of Images expressing family relationships English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms 52

Diagram 1: Images of husband-wife relationship in English and Vietnamese bearing idioms 38 Diagram 2: Images of parent-child relationship in English and Vietnamese idioms 44 Diagram 3: Images of siblings and other relationship in English and Vietnamese idioms

50

Diagram 4: Kinds of family-related relationships in English and Vietnamese bearing idioms 52

CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1 Rationale for the study 1

1.1 Aims and objects of the study ……… 2

1.2 Research questions………2

1.3 Method of the study……… 2

1.4 Scope of the study……….…2

1.5 Significance of the study……….… 3

1.6 Design of the study……….… 3

Chapter 2: 5

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Previous study 5

2.2 Overview of phrase structures 6

2.2.1 Verb Phrases 6

2.2.2 Noun Phrases 7

2.2 3 Prepositional Phrases 7

2.2.4 Adjective Phrases 8

2.3 Features of idioms 8

2.4 Images-bearing idioms 9

2.4.1 The importance of images in idioms 9

2.4.2 Definition of image-bearing idioms 11

2.4.3 The relation between images and family relationships 11

2.5 National characteristics of idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese 12

2.5.1 Cultural symbols 12

2.5.2 Symbolic Animals 13

2.5.3 Human body parts 13

2.6 Teaching and learning image-bearing idioms in English 14

2.7 Summary 15

Chapter 3: 16

FEATURES OF IMAGE-BEARING IDIOMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 16

3.1 Syntactic features of image-bearing idioms of family relationships in english and vietnamese 16

3.1.1 Syntactic glimpse at image-bearing idioms for family relationships English and Vietnamese

idioms 16

3.1.2 Image-bearing idioms in a structure of a verb phrase 24

3.1.3 Adjective phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese 27

3.2.The structures of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting Family 29

3.2.1 Parallel structures 29

3.2.2.Comparative structures 30

3.3.3.Borrowed idioms 30

3.2 Semantic features of image-bearing idioms for family relationships 33

3.2.1 Semantic fields of Image-bearing idioms of family relationship in English and Vietnamese 33

Chapter 4: DIFFICULTIES FACED BY LEARNERS OF ENGLISH WHEN LEARNING AND USING IMAGE-BEARING IDIOMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 53

4.1 Survey questionnaires 53

4.1.1 Content 53

4.1.2 Questionnaires 53

4.1.3 Procedure 53

4.2 Common difficulties faced by learners of English when learning and using English idioms 54

4.2.1 Students’ perception of learning speaking English idioms 54

Let’s have a look in the survey 54

4.2.2 Learner’s that forced the students’ ability in speaking English idioms 55

4.3 Suggestions for teaching and learning English idioms of education 56

4.3.1 Suggestions for teaching and learning English idioms of education 56

4.4 Summary of the chapter 57

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION……… 58

5.1 Concluding remarks 58

5.2 Similarities and differences in semantic features of image-bearing idioms in English and Vietnamese 58

5.3 Limitation of the study and suggestions for further study 59

It runs in the family 74

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale for the study

Being aware of the importance of idioms in daily interaction as well as in learning language, a lot of researchers have made efforts to study issues and aspects

in this field Sometimes some idioms cannot be understood literally Even if the meanings of all the words in an idiomatic phrase as well as its grammar are simple, the meanings of the whole phrase may still be confusing due to cultural barriers Therefore, a profound insight in idioms specifically image-bearing idioms for cultural similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English offers language learners not only fun in learning but also success in communication as language is learnt through culture and culture is learnt through language Idioms are highly regarded as cultural-linguistic units because they basically reflect the sphere

of human life such as mind, emotions, world perception and evaluation, age, morality, behaviour or human relation An idiom is unusual either grammatically,

as in “tie the knot” or there is a meaning that cannot bederived from the conjoined meanings of its elements, as in “They are like two peas in a pod”

Every language has idioms, and they are challenging for foreign students to learn However, the learners will save much time and strength when using idioms in writing or speaking Moreover, using idioms will bring about the ornate sentences they can make the pleasant for other people Therefore, in order to understand as well as translate idioms from a language to another language, the knowledge of linguistic has to be completely involved “Family relationships ” is the interesting and familiar topics to many languages Especially, it is popular in both Vietnamese and English languages The image-bearing idioms of family relationships are about fathers, mothers, sons and daughters, husbands and wives, their relatives; or the relationships between parents and children, wives and husbands, brothers and sisters, mothers and daughters in- law and as well as their lifestyle between people

in the family, kinship

For the reasons mentioned above, the theme “A study on image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese ” was chosen as a theme for this

study In addition, the research will contribute a small field idioms about family relationships

1.1 Aims and objects of the study

Aims:

- investigate the linguistic features of image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese in order to help Vietnamese learners in the process of learning these idioms effectively

Objectives:

In order to achieve these aims, the objectives will attempt to:

- identify the syntactic and semantic features of image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese

- find out the similarities and differences between image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English with reference to the Vietnamese equivalents in term of syntactic and semantics

- give some suggestions for teaching and learning image-bearing idioms of family relationship in English

1.2 Research questions

The study will find the answers to the questions:

The research questions to be solved in the study are:

1) What are the syntactic and semantic features of image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese

2) What are the similarities and the differences between image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese

3) What are the applications for teaching, learning image-bearing idioms of family relationships

1.3 Method of the study

Collecting, descriptive and contrastive methods are used to described, analyse the syntactic and semantic features of the two languages of English and Vietnamese concerning the image-bearing idioms of family relationship The characteristics accompanied by discovering and comparing some cultural features

of two languages English and Vietnamese are main purposes that we deal with in this study

1.4 Scope of the study

This research is restricted to image-bearing idioms of family relationships It

is focused on making a contrastive analysis in terms of syntactic and semantic aspects Syntactically, my study will investigate into IT with noun phrase structure, verb phrase structure, adjective phrase structure, prepositional phrase structure, are investigated In aspect of semantic opacity, an investigation into the image-bearing idioms of family relationships will be carried out

To complete the research thesis, all the material collection of image-bearing idioms English and Vietnamese with illustrated example are selected from reliable dictionaries, books, stories and magazines It is hoped that the outcome of this study would be able to make a certain contribution to enhance the quality of teaching and learning English idioms

1.5 Significance of the study

In terms of theoretical significance, the study is expected to contribute an in- depth description of idioms in English and Vietnamese

In terms of practical significance, this study focuses on the image-bearing idioms in English and Vietnamese family relationships The study will provide Vietnamese learners of English with better mastering how to understand and naturally use them in receptive and productive skills The findings of the study is hoped to provide an important opportunity to advance the understanding of English and Vietnamese idioms can be the potential sources for both teachers and learners that are concerned about image-bearing idioms of family relationships to make a major contribution to the process of teaching and learning English

1.6 Design of the study

- Chapter 1, Introduction, introduces the study background, presents the

rationale, the justification, scope and organization of the study

- Chapter 2, Literature review, discusses the previous studies on idioms

ralating to the area of the research and present some theoretical preliminaries that could be used as foundation for the process of conducting the research

Chapter 3, Syntactic and semantic features of images-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese” describes and analyses the

structural and semantic features of image- bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese to find out the similarities and difference between them

Chapter 4 , Difficulties faced by learners of English when learning and using image-bearing idioms of family relationship in English and Vietnamese,

provide the suggestion for further research and propose some possible implication translating this type of idioms from English

Chapter 5 “Conclusion” highlights the major findings result from the investigation

and data analysis

Chapter 2:

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous study

Idioms have attracted many language researchers all over the world They are an important factor in native – like discourse by English as well as a foreign language speaker In the year of 1986 the two linguists Gulland published the book

“The Penguin Dictionary of English idioms” The book provided a wide selection of the most commonly used idiomatic phrases in the English language etc “Idioms Organization” is a book that John Wright has written about the idioms organized by metaphor, topic and key word The book “The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms” by Ammer or “Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms” by Richards, idioms are carefully collected and categorized into alphabetical arrangement Their meanings and examples of usage in English are also mentioned These are the books that every linguistic or teachers of linguistics have to keep a look if they want to do

a research or a study on idioms

In Vietnamese, there are many authors have studied about idioms such as Trần Quang Mân , Lã Thành, Vĩnh Bá , Nguyễn Lân ,Nguyễn Lực, Lương Văn Đang are writers who supplied a large amount of idioms Their variants are collected with examples originally extracted from novels, newspapers, magazines and so on Hoàng Văn Hành gave out his comments about idioms in the book

“Thành ngữ học Tiếng Việt” In which, he studied many aspects of Vietnamese idioms as well as collected and categorized these idioms Besides, Vũ Dung, Vũ Thuý Anh, Vũ Quang Hào wrote dictionaries which Vietnamese idioms are both literally and figuratively explained, illustrated with examples What is more, they also classified Vietnamese idioms in comparison with English idioms so that language learners can understand more clearly and exactly their literal meanings

Studying on Vietnamese and English idioms, there are some researches such

as Nguyen Thi Thu Mai (2009) Pham Thi To Nhu (1998), Nguyen Thi Hiep (2001)

In 2008, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thu who studied some features of idioms into syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms containing verbs

of motion and so on Many other researchers like Nguyen Luc, Lương Van Đang,

of Vietnamese idioms They wrote “Thành Ngữ Tiếng Việt” which is a collection of Vietnamese idioms arranged in alphabetical order with clear explanations and examples extracted from Vietnamese novels, newspapers and magazines

However, up to now, there have been no studies about image - bearing idioms of family relationship This is the reason why this study comes into being

in an attempt to focus on semantic and syntactic features of image- bearing idioms

of family relationships in English and Vietnamese

2.3 Concept of semantics

Semantics is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language,

programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics It is concerned with the

relationship between signifiers- like words, phrases, signs, and symbols- and what

they stand for, their denotation

The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology and others

Independently, semantics is also a well-defined field in its own right, often with synthetic properties In the philosophy of language, semantics and reference are closely connected Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics The formal study of semantics can therefore be manifold and

complex

2.2 Overview of phrase structures

2.2.1 Verb Phrases

Concerning verb phrase, Greenbaum defined that “it has as its head a main (or lexical) verb The mainverb may be preceded by up to four auxiliaries.”

A verb phrase is the expansion of a verb, in the same way that a noun phrase

is the expansion of a noun The verb phrase can be expressed both as an experiential structure and logical structure While the experiential structure is extremely simple, most of these mantic load is carried by the logical structure In Vietnamese language, there have no regular distinction between finite and non finite verb forms like the way English does

2.2.2 Noun Phrases

In grammar, a noun phrase is a phrase whose head isa noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a modifier set Like allphrases, the constituents of the English noun phrase can be analyzedinto both functional constituents and formal constituents

2.2 3 Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase comprises a preposition as theheadword plus a second, complement or completive element which isintegral to the structure of the phrase.This complement element ismost typically realized by a norminal phrase Instead, the structure isdivided into two functional components - the preposition followed byits complement In general, a prepositional phrase expresses arelationship between the complement of the preposition and someother constituent

of the sentence

The viewpoint is supported in A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics The author regards an idiom as "a term used in grammar and lexicography to refer to a sequence of words which us semantically and often syntactically restricted, so that they function as a single unit" (1985)

According to A Dictionary of Linguistics, an idiom is "any expression peculiar to a language, conveying a distinct meaning, not necessarily explicable by, occasionally even contrary to, the general accepted grammatical rules" (1954)

According to the traditional view, idioms consist of two or more words the overall meaning of which is unpredictable from the meanings of the constituent words A major assumption of the traditional view is that “idiomatic meaning is largely arbitrary” Kovecses( 2002) that is this arbitrariness refers to the link between an idiom and its figurative meaning As for F.R.Palmer “an idiom is an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meaning of its parts” In this regard, Chomsky (1980) claims that idioms are thought to be non-compositional since the figurative meaning of these phrases are not functions of the meanings of their individual parts The cognitive linguistic view of idioms shares with the traditional view that the meanings of idioms are not completely

predictable, but it suggests that a large part of an idiom‟s meaning is motivated

The term refers to a set expression or a phrase comprising two or more words An interesting fact regarding the device is that the expression is not interpreted literally The phrase is understood as to mean something quite different from what individual words of the phrase would imply Alternatively, it can be said that the phrase is interpreted in a figurative sense Further, idioms vary in different cultures and countries

Idioms make perfect examples of figurative language, in that the overall meaning of an idiom cannot be predicted from the composition of the literal meanings of the constituent parts For example, we cannot predict that these idioms

up in arms or down in the mouth mean very angry

Idioms in both English and Vietnamese are structurally and lexically combined phrases whose meanings are completely different from their component parts

closely-In general, idioms are the products of national culture and social life They are conventionally linguistic units and ready-made utterances Structurally, idioms are fixed expressions; they don’t permit the usual variability displaying in other contexts From the semantic point of view, idioms must be interpreted in connection with the historical and cultural characteristics

2.4 Images-bearing idioms

2.4.1 The importance of images in idioms

The intimate relation between the meaning that need to be expressed and the image indicated in idioms always exists This gives the explaination of way we recognize the meaning of idioms and the role play of image in this identifying process Different from literal meanings, figurature meanings is mentioned in images or special effects

Constructing literal images of idioms can help the learners understand the idiom, not in terms of faster processing but in terms of decreasing percentage of mistakes

in recognizing a paraphrase of the idiom This effect is particularly salient in the processing of semantically transparent idioms and is stronger when idioms are compared with an idiomatic paraphrases and not with literal ones Furthermore, the contribution of imagery is such that it produces fewer mistakes of the “miss” type

for transparent idioms, subjects improve their ability to recognize a real paraphrase

as equivalent in meaning to the target Semantically opaque idioms, on the other hand, seem to be indifferent to the imagery task, though a trend toward better understanding may be observed in the case of literal paraphrases The hypothesis was that since idioms may be viewed as semantically broader or vaguer than literal paraphrases subjects would more readily match idiomatic paraphrases with target idioms than literal paraphrases

As a result they would make fewer mistakes with idiomatic paraphrases than with literal ones This hypothesis was rejected by the results which revealed the opposite picture - subjects made considerably fewer mistakes with literal paraphrases than with idiomatic ones One possible explanation derives from the same feature of idioms, their semantic and ‘situational’ broadness which may have caused subjects to reach a negative decision on the verification task much more frequently than necessary, hence, these results To conclude, the results show that transparency plays only a minor role in comparison with familiarity, and that familiarity itself is only useful as a concept in its own right, not by proxy of frequency The results also demonstrate that constructing a literal image helps our understanding of transparent idioms whether by unconscious applying general knowledge of the world, unconscious reasoning or some other process involved in understanding Thus, there exists a close link between figurative meanings of transparent idioms and their literal images It explains further the mechanisms of comprehension of idioms and the role of imagery in this process It remains to be seen whether imagery facilitates not only the comprehension but also the process of learning and retrieving from memory of figurative speech

In the context of communication of languages in the world, the images are used that not only display the glossy , the imagery, building up the vocabulary but also make clearly the features of speaking and thinking and culture feature of each country By using the image- bearing idioms will approach a significance result of the context , makes speaker and listeners feel persuaded in communication It also make a specific features of the language

2.4.2 Definition of image-bearing idioms

The images- bearing idioms are formed from the process of recognizing the world and constituting images that called “imageable idioms” This view is different from the traditional view that considers idiom the sustainable combination that does not seem to have any relationship between its constituent units and its actual meaning This image will be different depending on the specific environment

in which they live In linguistics, there are many family idioms used in everyday life

or in books and novels, in newspapers or films and so on Image-bearing idioms of family relationships contain the kinship That is, fathers, mothers, siblings, husbands and wives, old generations in the family or other blood relationships In Vietnamese IBIFRs involving in members in the family such as fathers, mothers,

children and their relationships, for example mất cha còn chú; cha sinh mẹ dưỡng

… These idioms praise the role of parents in the family, and Vietnamese customs about having children

Besides, family idioms also denoting the relationships between husbands and

wives such as, của chồng công vợ; chồng hoà vợ thuận, In English idioms, we also have idioms such as like father, like son, two peas in a pod, a family man, your next of kin

In other words, we cannot speculate on the meaning of idioms because meaning of idioms is completely arbitrary

2.4.3 The relation between images and family relationships

Family relationships is a definition of the way that members in the family treat to each other These relations in families maybe the same or difficulties which depends on the culture, living invironment or the awareness of the people Thus, we have no troubles in identifying this definition in our lives but these problems are in multiform in other languages and cultures

In contrary with this issue mentioned above, images are always clear, easy to identify by intuition and we have no need to spend to much time to describe this

Table 2.2.1: The characteristics of image and relationships

- the product of nature or labour; - the product of mentality;

- having shapes, colour, feature,

specific function;

- invisible, not clear, personal feelings or group;

- objective existence, to be on

template, to be in direct contact;

- subjective existence in people mentality at exact time;

- identifying by the community unity - the awareness of family members at

2.5.1 Cultural symbols

Culture is formed by creative activities of human beings It is obviously that relying on language, we can find thespecific cultural features of a nation First of all, that is the respect of children to parents, engraving the upbringing of the parents Secondly, the marriage in Vietnamese culture contains some different characters In the past, parents had the right to choose husbands or wives for their children and they looked for the suitable “better half” for daughters or sons

The distinction between boys and girls still remains until now

In many Vietnamese families, parents expect sons much more than girls In addition, to Vietnamese people, children are priceless presents of the Creator Another feature of national culture of Vietnamese people is that in many old feudal families, a husband could have more than one wife

In Britain in particular and other western countries in general, when children are old enough they have to leave the house and start a new life There are some idioms which concern with this matter such as “fly the nest, empty nests; When did you two decide to tie the knot ” and so on

2.5.2 Symbolic Animals

Animals are always connected closely to human beings Animals make our language significant with symbols.The animals often appear in English and Vietnamese people are dogs, cats, birds, sheep, tigers and so on

It is easy to find out that dogs are one of the animals which appear the most regular in idioms both English and Vietnamese Dogs are the most closed animalto humans Fish is sometimes expressed as a mother who loves and takes

care of her children carefully; this image is seen through the idiom” cá chuối đắm đuối vì con” Further more, some wild animals also appear on VIBIs such as “cha hưu mẹ vượn, cha mẹ cú con tiên, cha hổ mang đẻ con liu điu “ and so on

The images of fowls or chickens are used in VIBIs Hens and her chickens

are compared with the mother and children as the idioms” gà cùng một mẹ”

or sometimes cocks are the metaphoric images of the widowers like the idiom

“gà trống nuôi con” and so on It is clearly that animals are used in idioms are

familiar ones

They connect to human life closely Depending one each culture there are some differences in using the symbolic animals in forming idioms For example, the sheep is a common castle in western countries the image of black sheep expresses a member of the family who has disgraced himself, one whose name is generally not mentioned in the family circle

2.5.3 Human body parts

Culture takes an important role in comparing idioms from different languages The meaning of idioms cannot be predicted from its component part is not quite valid and cannot be applied to idioms body parts The body-parts terms used in idioms aredivided into two classes: those denoting external body parts and those denoting internal body parts and organs It is found that the metarphors, through imaginary in nature, are not really all or betray They seem to have a bodily

or psychological basis although they are inevitably influenced by cultural models

In English, human boby parts used such as a head, hand, mouth, heart and so on and in Vietnamese they are “ đầu, tay, gối, tóc, giọt máu” “ hand in hand ; tâm đầu

2.6 Teaching and learning image-bearing idioms in English

According many surveys of teaching and learning English, shows that it has been more than 60% learners who would like to attempt an innovative and motivate activities of learning English Besides, some common difficulties made by learners

of English when using English idioms are showed: poor language ability, little experience, lack of confidence and native language interference Some suggestions and methods in this part are mentioned to motivate students in learning English idioms in class which hopefully provide a possitive attitude of learning and using English

Idioms and language users: the effect of the characteristics of idioms on their recognition and interpretation by native and non-native speakers of English This study investigates the recognition and interpretation of English idioms by native and non-native speakers The main aims were to find how different characteristics of idioms affect their interpretation, how unanimous (native) language users are about meanings of idioms, and finally, how well second language learners recognise English and VietNamese idioms Although the significance of vocabulary and of lexical phrases, or language ‘chunks’ in language learning has been acknowledged, idioms have yet been neglected The characteristics of idioms have been discussed

as have been processing and storing them in the memory Studies on idioms have, however, concentrated on native speakers Yet, idioms are frequently used in everyday language, particularly in the media Therefore, some knowledge and awareness of idioms is important to non-native learners especially at a more advanced level This study defines an idiom as a figurative multi-word expression whose meaning is different from the sum of the literal meanings of its constituents

The responses by native speakers showed that the meanings of idioms are a complex issue Even though meanings are often taken for granted, and also expressed as such by dictionaries, the results showed that native speakers frequently disagreed on idiom meanings

2.7 Summary

Learning idioms plays an important part in advancing language skill Many students have much difficulty in describing their own ideas and feel that they can‟t speak fluently or write a complete essay This happens because they all rely on using separate words leading to make such “fragment” or “run-on” sentences Therefore, in order to be confident in using foreign language, to understand and use idioms in right way would be good choice for those who have strong desire to advance their level of English However, learning idioms could cause a lot of obstacles because of culture differences and other facts My graduation thesis namely “A study on image-bearing idioms of family relationship in English and Vietnamese ” involves the contrastive study of the syntactic and semantic features of image-bearing idioms expressing relationship in English and Vietnamese which finds out the various meanings as well as the constructions possessed properly in both languages.

Chapter 3:

FEATURES OF IMAGE-BEARING IDIOMS OF FAMILY

RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

3.1 Syntactic features of image-bearing idioms of family relationships in english and vietnamese

3.1.1 Syntactic glimpse at image-bearing idioms for family relationships English and Vietnamese idioms

In this part IBIFRs will be focused on the syntactic features in both languages Classification of idioms into smaller units depends on the independence

of semantics in components and idioms Therefore, idioms will be classified into different kinds of phrases such as a noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase and so on However, in both English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms of family relationships, there are not any adverb phrases so we will describe this feature through analyzing examples and categorize structures under the form of noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases and prepositional phrases

3.1.1.1 Image-bearing idioms of family relationships in English and Vietnamese

in a structure of a Noun phrase

Noun phrase is the most common structure in idioms Following many previous studies, a noun phrase usually occupies the largest amount I summarize them as the table below

Noun phrase is the most common structure in idioms Following many previous studies, a noun phrase usually occupies the largest amount That can be the structures of two nouns and more, an adjective and a noun, a noun and a preposition

or so on Combining two or more nouns – the idiom is formed and it can be a subject or an objand so on considering the first structure

It is also a popular structure in English idioms in general The first noun

modifies to the second noun The idiom “breadwinner” below will be a clear

sample

(Article) + Noun + Noun

He was a breadwinner

(Anh ta là một người trụ cột của gia đình

This structure is showed in the following example, by using the possessive

‘s, the idiom emphasizes the image of a boy who totally depends on his mother This is only found in English idioms

He’s a real mother’s boy

(Nó quả là một cậu con còn bé bỏng.)

Children called Tom a mama’s boy because he ran home with every little problem.( Trẻ con gọi Tom là cậu ấm bởi vì cậu hở một tí là chạy về nhà.)

The above structure is also easily found out in English idioms Consider the following examples:

All the family went to the airport to welcome home the prodigal son

(Cả nhà ra sân bay để đón đứa con hoang trở về.)

There is bad blood between the two brothers

(Có một mối bất hòa giữa hai anh em nọ.)

The idiom bad blood is feelings of hatred or strong dislike between two

people or groups, especially, it often says about the members in a family It is

also understood as a bad relation

With above structure, the following examples are clear

She’s a dead ringer for her mother

(Cô ta giống mẹ như đổ khuôn.)

It seems to be a comparative idiom although we don’t see any comparative markers

A ringer is an American slang, it conveys the meaning of someone who looks

extremely like someone else

(Article + Adj.) + Noun + Prepositional phrase (Pre Phrase)

Noun’s + Noun

(Article) + Adjective (Adj.) + Noun

Let me consider the following examples

She’s been a family friend since I was a babe in arms

(Cô ấy đã là người bạn thân thiết cuả gia đình khi tôi còn ẵm ngửa.)

Does he have any skeletons in the cupboard?

(Liệu ông ta có bí mật gia đình gì không?)

You should not have a bit on the side

(Bạn không nên ngoại tình.)

To prepositional phrases in the noun phrases, the prepositions are often in,

on, at and so on For example, - in arms, - on the side, - at housekeeping

and so on

With the second example, the plural noun ‘skeletons’ are set in the position

of ‘in the cupboard’, it is a metaphorical idiom that implies the worst and

secret things in a family

Let consider the following example to understand this structure more clearly

You must provide a safe future for you and yours

(Anh phải đảm bảo một tương lai yên ổn cho anh và gia đình anh.)

In the example above, the idiom is the combination between a pronoun

‘you’ and possessive pronoun ‘yours’ Using two nouns in idioms are

common and these nouns are connected by ‘and’ This only happens in

English idioms

Another example below has the same structure

I must get home to the ball and chain

(Tôi phải về với cục nợ (vợ/chồng) của mình đây.)

(Article) + V-ing + Noun + Pre Phrase Noun + and + Noun

(Article) + Noun + Pre Phrase

With this structure, the idiom is formed by a noun phrase with a verb

spit add ing It conveys the similarity between a girl and her mother There

are a few of these structures in English idioms As the following example:

She’s the spitting image of her mother

(Cô ta là bản sao của mẹ mình)

Similar to the above structure, the noun phrase is the combination from

a verb break and a noun home, broken is used as an adjective that modifies

for home It is presented in the example below:

A recent survey shows that two out of three convicted criminals come from

broken home

(Một cuộc điều tra gần đây cho thấy rằng 2/3 tội phạm bị kết án xuất phát từ gia đình tan vỡ.)

Home is always the best place to anyone who stays and lives in English

idioms contain this place are numerous The following example has two

adverbs way from between two words home as somewhere people feels as

their home

I stay in this hotel so often, it’s become a home way from home for me

(Tôi ở khách sạn này rất thường xuyên, nó khiến tôi cảm thấy thoải mái như

ở nhà mình vậy.)

With this structure we have the example like this

We were like one big happy family

(Chúng tôi giống như một đại gia đình hạnh phúc.)

These above are English examples and its idioms We have investigated ten structures of them in a noun phrase It is easy to discover that English idioms

(number) + Adj + Adj + Noun (Article) + Noun + Adverb + Noun (Article) + Past Participle + Noun

continue to examine the structures of Vietnamese idioms in phrases of nouns The beginning is a rather simple structure with the combination of nouns

This is also a common structure in Vietnamese idioms It is normally a structure with four nouns, they are often composed of nouns There are many image- bearing dioms expressing family relationships contain this structure

such as ba đời bảy họ, mẹ chồng nàng dâu, chồng cha vợ mẹ, chồng Đông

vợ Đoài, chồng đường vợ sá, con dòng cháu giống, cơm niêu nước lọ and

so on

This idiom uses two images of two women, that is, “mẹ chồng” and

“nàng dâu” In Vietnamese traditional family, the relationship between these

two people is not usually friendly So, it’s easy for us to understand this idiom when it lies in a sentence

Let us take other idioms

Ba đời bảy họ nhà khoai

Từ một anh chàng cơm niêu nước lọ, quần lồng đèn, áo ống thụt anh đã có

người chăm lo bữa ăn bữa ở

In the first sentence, the idiom uses plurals numbers as ba, bảy and two nouns đời and họ it conveys the meaning of plenty and length

The second idiom conveys the different meaning Two images like niêu

and lọ express the hard and difficult life of a lonely person It is often a man’s

life who hasn’t got a wife or is a lonely husband

Hoang Van Hanh dealed with the conversion of the order of words within an idiom As a following example

May mà tôi thi đậu vào trường chuyên một năm rồi ba tôi mới lên chức, chứ

không thì cũng bị liệt vào dạng con dòng cháu giống được gởi gắm vào

học

It can be seen that the idiom con dòng cháu giống is converted from the

logic of con dòng cháu giống, he said that there had been someone

misunderstood the flexible logic of Vietnamese languages and he or she considered these idioms like that were illogical We should be proud of the

Noun phrase(NP)+ Noun phrase(NP)

creation in languages that our ancestors left for us

In Vietnamese idioms, the quantity of idioms denoting family consist of

four words are numerous This is also true for the above structure These

following examples describe this rule:

Một nề nếp, một thói quen, một thông tục cha truyền con nối từ mấy đời nay

We can easily see that there are two nouns which own two actions, they

are cha and con and actions truyền and nối The continuation between two

generations is one of the basic Vietnamese customs The transmission is also from generation to generation Like this structure, we have two more examples as follow:

Chị ngã em nâng,

Bưng miệng cười

Nhà em tay bế tay bồng

The idiom chị ngã em nâng is a cause and result idiom The cause chị ngã result in

em nâng This conveys the good relationship of siblings in a family The help of

members in a family is a Vietnamese valuable tradition It is brought into play from generation to generation, it is also understood as a union of the whole Vietnamese race

Unlike English, in a phrase or a sentence of Vietnamese language, the

adjective will go after the noun in order to modify it We give out these three

examples to consider their syntax

cha già mẹ héo

In the example, the adjectives follow the nouns have expressive values

With two adjectives già and héo in the idiom cha già mẹ héo, we can see that

these two adjectives are just the same meaning Similarly, the other adjectives also have the same structure

Noun + Adj + Noun + Adj

Noun + Verb + Noun + Verb

In Vietnamese image- bearing idioms denoting family, the structure of noun phrase is often a noun and an adjective A part from these three

examples above, we also have some idioms like vợ bé nghé con, mẹ goá con

côi, con độc cháu đàn and so on

It is easy to see that this structure only exists in Vietnamese idioms if we consider the following examples

Rõ rau nào sâu ấy!

Thật cha nào con nấy, hổ phụ sinh hổ tử, chú chó con rất giống bố’

These words such as nào, ấy, nấy express the identification of people

who have same blood It seems that the first part is a result of the other

The idiom rau nào sâu ấy denotes the identical characteristic between a

father and

his sons

We can see the Vietnamese idioms decoding the relation of two parallel clauses It is formed by the combination of a noun and a noun and the two indicate words

Anh ta cắn răng chịu cảnh vợ nọ con kia, mặc người đời dè bỉu

This idiom often denotes a polygamous family It was a common family

in the past in Viet Nam In that family, the husband had many wives and children This usually leaded to the conflict of members in the family The

words nọ, kia convey the meaning of plenty of people

Similar to the structure 4, this structure also appears in Vietnamese family idioms

Đúng là chị sao em vậy, cùng nòi giống Cấm cãi!

It can be seen that the idiom chị sao em vậy indicates how the older

Noun + nọ + Noun + kia Noun + nào + Noun + ấy / nấy

Noun + sao + Noun + vậy

sister is the younger sister is Relying on two words sao and vậy we

understand that It is the same characteristic or appearances

In short, through listing and analyzing the syntactic features of English

and Vietnamese noun phrase, we can realize that there are the differences

between two languages With the same structures in noun phrase but they are

similar in only one structure, apart from it, each language has its own

structures Moreover, with the same structure but the amount of English noun

phrases is different from Vietnamese noun phrases

I have summarized the structures of noun phrases in both languages in

table 4.1 as follow

Table 3.1.1.2: Noun phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnameses

(Article) + Noun + Noun

(Article) +Adj + Noun

(Article)+Adj + Noun + Pre.phrase

(Article) + Noun + Pre + Noun/NP

(Article)+V-ing+Noun+Pre.Phrase

(Article) + Past Participle + Noun Noun’s

+ Noun

Noun + and + Noun

(Article) + Noun + Adverb + Noun

(Number) + Adj + Adj + Noun

NP + NP

Noun+ Adj + Noun + Adj Noun+Verb+ Noun + Verb Noun + nào + Noun + nấy

Noun + nọ + Noun + kia

Noun + sao + Noun + vậy

3.1.2 Image-bearing idioms in a structure of a verb phrase

In this part, I will analyze verb phrases of family idioms in the order of English verb phrases first and then Vietnamese verb phrases

Beginning with, I am considering a very common structure of English idioms about verb phrase

To justify for this structure, let me consider these examples

They didn’t have much money, so they set up house in an old caravan

(Họ không có nhiều tiền nên họ xây tổ ấm trong một chiếc xe cắm trại lưu động cũ.)

He was leading a double life, make second home on the other side of town

(Anh ta đi đến đường cùng, mọi thứ chỉ là giả tạo.)

They planned to start a family then

(Họ có kế hoạch sinh con đẻ cái ngay sau đó)

Examining syntactic features of these verb phrases, especially idiomatic verb phrases, we have to notice not only the idioms but also kinds of verbs in

idioms As in the example 35, the idiom uses the phrasal verb set up, not just

verbs such as start or lead We also see that these verbs are extremely tight in

structure and they are integrated in sentences

We can find there are only English idioms denoting family have this structure above such as:

Being skinny must run in the family

(Ốm giơ xương hẳn là một đặc điểm của dòng họ)

He followed in his mother’s footsteps and became a lawyer

(Ông ta theo chân mẹ mình và trở thành một luật sư)

In the first sentence, the verb of motion ‘run’ is understood as ‘inherit’

the similarity of members in the family Besides, in the following example,

Verb + Pre Phrase Verb + Noun / NP

Verb + Adverb Phrase + Pre Phrase

‘follow’ may be meant go after, maintain the same job of his mother

With the above structure, I have an example below to describe

She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth

(Cô ấy hẳn được sinh ra trong gia đình giàu có.)

The idioms born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth has got a rather complex structure In the adverbial phrase with a silver spoon contains a noun phrase a silver spoon This is a metaphorical idiom The image silver spoon

denotes a wealthy life and in the whole idiom, it can say that someone is very lucky because he or he was born in a very rich family with all the advantages that can give a child

We will consider the example below

We always keep a room free for Pamela: she is family

(Chúng tôi luôn dành riêng tặng một phòng cho Pamela: cô ấy là người trong

nhà mà.)

English idioms denoting family have lots of the word family such as a family man, in the family way, a person of family and so on However, the

meaning of this word changes because of each context In above example, the

idiom is family means a person who is one of members in a family or someone

is considered as a real member of the family

Similarly, in Vietnamese idioms denoting family, this structure is used

with the verb “nối, dõi or đi, nối dõi tông đường, đi bước nữa”

To the first example, nối dõi tông đường is an idiom with two verbs and a

composing noun In Vietnamese culture, only boys can inherit and look after lands or prosperity and even the worship is just for men With the second idiom

đi bước nữa, the verb đi conbines with the noun bước nữa mean that the man

gets married again In reality, this idiom is used just for women because the

To be + family

Verb + Noun/ NP

word đi denotes the women follow their husbands and it cannot use for men,

However, there are still a lot of literature work use this idiom when telling about men’s remarriage

This structure is only popular in Vietnamese image-bearing idioms denoting for family relationships

“mang nặng đẻ đau, bụng mang dạ chửa , quạt nồng ấp lạnh”

As we said above, Vietnamese idioms have got a lot of four-word structures From these examples, we can realize that in this kind of structure

the verbs are mang, đẻ, quạt, ấp and adjectives are nặng, đau, nồng, lạnh

With this structure, we would like to give two examples below

dựng vợ gả chồng, bán vợ đợ con;

In Vietnamese, two verbs ‘dựng’ and ‘gả’ or ‘bán’ and ‘đợ’ have same meanings They are used to separate two nouns ‘vợ’ and ‘chồng’ or ‘vợ’ and

‘con’ These idioms are considered main verb phrases in the whole sentences

Apart form these two idioms we have other ones such as ăn đời ở kiếp, sẩy vai

xuống cánh tay, kết tóc xe tơ and so on

In a word, the structures of verb phrase of idioms denoting family are not many in both English and Vietnamese The verb phrase in both languages can be listed in the table below

Table 3.1.2.1: Verb phrase structures of IBIFRs English and Vietnamese

Verb Verb + Prep Phrase Verb + Noun + Verb + Noun

phrase Verb + Adverb phrase + Prep.Phrase Verb + Adj + Verb + Adj

To be + Family

Verb + Adj.+ Verb + Adj

Verb + Noun + Verb + Noun

It is easy to find out in this structure, English verb phrases have only one structure that is same as Vietnamese verb phrases Their quantities are not the same, English idioms are more than Vietnamese idioms in one structure

3.1.3 Adjective phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese

He never asked us to love our enemies in the same way as we love our nearest and dearest

(Anh ấy không bảo ta phải yêu kẻ thù của mình như cách mà mình yêu những thân nhân của mình.)

In the book Oxford Idioms , it said that many idioms have unusual grammar In some cases, a word that is usually a verb, adjective, conjunction or

preposition appears as a noun In the above example, the idiom nearest and

dearest contain adjectives but they appeared as a noun after the word our

Bà chỉ mong được đông đàn dài lũ

According to Hoàng Văn Hành , contrary idioms are the most popular in Vietnamese idioms they make up about 56% of the total of realistic idioms As

the example above, it is a contrary idiom There are two parallels ‘đông đàn’ and ‘dài lũ’ It is used two adjectives ‘dài’ and ‘đông’ that expresses the

numerous children in a family

Mẹ chồng nàng dâu, khác máu tanh lòng

Example is also a contrary idiom, the idiom is formed by two adjectives

‘khác’ and ‘tanh’ connect with two nouns ‘máu’ and ‘lòng’

There aren’t too many kinds of idioms as in the structures of Noun phrase

or Verb phrase; Adjective phrase structures occupy a small amount in English and Vietnamese idioms denoting family To make it clearer, I present the table below as the summary of this structure

Adj and Adj

Adj.+ Noun, Adj + Noun

Table 3.1.3.1: Adjective phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese

Adjective

phrase

3.1.3.2 Prepositional phras structures of IBIFRs in English and Vietnamese

Like most of other idioms, prepositional phrase structures of idioms denoting family only contain English idioms Here are some examples

There were there generations of the family living under one roof

(Cả ba thế hệ sống chung dưới một mái nhà.)

Mary’s in the family way again

(Mary lại có bầu nữa.)

The idiom under one roof is a simile Roof is one of a part of a house and in

this idiom it is considered as a home where people live together like a family The

idiom in the family way of the second example is an interesting case because we can’t

translate it as a normal sentence and because it is an idiom so it means pregnant

Over the centuries many royal children were born out of wedlock

(Ở nhiều thế kỷ qua, nhiều trẻ con nhà quyền quý được sinh ngoài giá thú.)

In Vietnamese, there is also the prepositional phrase However, it only occupies a small amount Considering the first form to illustrate this

With this form, we have the following example

trong ấm thì ngoài mới êm, trên thuận

dưới hoà

Pre + Adj + Pre + Adj

Pre + Pre phrase

Pre + NP

Table 3.1.3.3: Prepositional phrase structures of IBIFRs in English and

Pre + Adj + Pre + Adj

3.2.The structures of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting Family

3.2.1 Parallel structures

Parallel structure or contrary idioms are idioms that they have contrary relation among parts of them and other elements form the idioms Relying on descriptive approach, Vietnamese idioms denoting family can be divided into three main kinds: contrary idioms, comparative idioms and common idioms

Contrary idioms or parallel structures are the most popular idioms in Vietnamese Especially, they occupy up the large amount in family idioms, around 56% of the total

of realistic idioms The most prominent character about the structure of this is that the correspondence among components and other factors create idioms

Here are some examples of contrary idioms denoting family: mẹ tròn con vuông, con ông cháu cha, đời cha ăn mặn đời con khát nước, tay đứt ruột xót In the idiom mẹ tròn con vuông, mẹ tròn is corresponding to con vuông or tay đứt is corresponding to ruột xót ect in the idiom tay đứt ruột xót and so on

In contrary idioms, they are objects, phenomenon and process in the same

minor-group which belong to a category and have same relation of kind For example, môi and răng (in the idiom môi hở răng lạnh) are parts of the body, nếp and tẻ (in the

idiom có nếp có tẻ) are terms of plants and so on

Another attribute of the parallel structure is created by grafting factors which forms according to the rule of euphonic

Alphabet repetition: in which the first element in the first side matches the first

one in the second side, such as con mống sống mang, con học thóc vay, bán vợ đợ con and so on

Sound repetition: in which the first factor of the first side has the same sound

with the first factor of the second ones For distant, con bế con bồng, con rơi con vãi,

cả nhà cả ổ,bên tình bên hiếu and so on

Accent repetition: in which accent of the first word and the second word of the

first side is the same as the ones in the second side For example, mẹ tròn con vuông,

tay đứt ruột xót and so on

In English idioms denoting family, the parallel structures are not as much as

Vietnamese idioms denoting family For example, home sweets home, a home from

home, like father like son and so on

3.2.2.Comparative structures

This is a common structure in English and Vietnamese idioms In idioms

denoting family, the comparative markers may be “like” or “more than ” in English and “như” or “nào nấy”, “còn hơn” There are some examples in English such as

“like father like son”, “like chalk and cheese”, “like two peas in a pod”, “blood is thicker than water” and so on In Vietnamese idioms, this structure will be “chễm chệ như rể bà goá”, “chị em dâu như bầu nước lã”, “như đôi đũa lệch”, “chồng như dó, vợ như hom” “chín đời còn hơn người dưng”, “cha nào con nấy” and so

on

Thật cha nào con ấy, hổ phụ sinh hổ tử

Bây giờ chông thấp vợ cao,

Như đôi đũa lệch so sao cho bằng

Rõ rau nào sâu ấy, như mặt trăng mặt trời ấy,

These are some examples in English

They’re like two peas in a pod

Chúng giống nhau như hai giọt nước)

My sister and I look alike but when it comes to personality we’re like chalk and cheese

(Chị tôi và tôi trông giống nhau bề ngoài nhưng tính cách thì khác nhau một trời một vực)

3.3.3.Borrowed idioms

In Vietnamese idioms denoting family, there are many idioms that have Chinese origins When these idioms are borrowed by Vietnamese they can keep their form and semantics; they can be translated words one by one When we translate them we can

change their orders According to Hoàng Văn Hành, there are 354 idioms borrowed from Chinese and there are 71 idioms keeping their origins To Vietnamese idioms

denoting family, we have some idioms such as phá gia chi tử, bất hiếu bất mục, kiến

giả nhất phận, an cư lạc nghiệp, sát phu ép phụ, bách niên giai lão, bầu đàn thê tử

and so on

The syntactic features of idioms denoting family are summed up in the table 4.5

Table 3.1.1 A summary of English and Vietnamese image-bearing idioms denoting family relationships in grammatical patterns

4 (Article)+ Noun+ Pre + Noun/NP 4 Noun+ nào + Noun + nấy

6 (Article)+ Past Participle + Noun 6 Noun+ sao+ Noun+ vậy

7 Noun’s + Noun

8 Noun + Pre + Noun

9 Noun+ and + Noun

10 (Number) + Adj + Adj + Noun

Verb

Phrase

13 Verb + Adverb Phrase+ Pre Phrase 9.Verb+ Adj.+ Verb+ Adj