SO SÁNH TRUYỆN cổ TÍCH THẦN kỳ NGƢỜI KHMER NAM bộ với TRUYỆN cổ TÍCH THẦN kỳ NGƢỜI VIỆT (một số TYPE và MOTIF cơ bản) tt

- From the standpoint of its comparison to Viet people’s fairy tales, the thesis would point out the characterizing natures of the two types of stories – People in animal shapes and Her

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM HÀ NỘI

NGUYỄN THỊ NHUNG

SO S¸NH TRUYÖN Cæ TÝCH THÇN Kú NG¦êI KHMER NAM Bé

VíI TRUYÖN Cæ TÝCH THÇN Kú NG¦êI VIÖT (MéT Sè TYPE Vµ MOTIF C¥ B¶N)

Chuyên ngành: Văn học dân gian

Mã số: 9.22.01.25

TÓM TẮT LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGỮ VĂN

HÀ NỘI – 2018

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Người hướng dẫn khoa học:

1.GS.Vũ Anh Tuấn 2.TS Trần Minh Hường

Phản biện 1: GS.TS Lê Chí Quế

Trường ĐHKHXH&NV – ĐHQG Hà Nội

Phản biện 2: PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Phương Châm

Viện nghiên cứu Văn hóa

Phản biện 3: PGS.TS Trần Đức Ngôn

Trường Đại học Văn hóa

Luận án sẽ được bảo vệ trước Hội đồng chấm luận án cấp Trường họp tại Trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội vào hồi … giờ … ngày … tháng… năm…

Có thể tìm hiểu luận án tại thư viện: Thư viện Quốc Gia, Hà Nội

hoặc Thư viện Trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội

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1 Nguyen Thi Nhung (2016), Applyling the field method inthe process of

researching Fairy tale in Viet Nam, the 6th International Conference on

Sciences and Social Sciences (ICSSS2016) at Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

2 Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Thực trạng và những nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến

việc tồn tại và lưu truyền truyện cổ tích thần kì Khmer Nam Bộ, Kỉ yếu

Hội thảo khoa học Sau đại học - ngành Ngữ văn, năm 2017 Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội

3 Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Tổng quan về các công trình nghiên cứu

truyện kể dân gian Việt Nam từ góc độ type và motif, Tạp chí Khoa học

trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội số 11 năm 2017

4 Nguyen Thi Nhung (2017), Similarities in the story type of Heroes that

kill Monsters of Vietnamese and Southern Khmer people in Vietnam, the

7th International Conference on Sciences and Social Sciences (ICSSS2017) at Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand (sẽ đăng trên tạp chí trong năm 2018)

5 Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Nghiên cứu truyện kể dân gian Việt Nam từ góc

độ type và motif (trường hợp sánh truyện cổ tích thần kì của người Việt và

người Khmer Nam Bộ), Kỉ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học trường Đại học Thái

Nguyên và Cao đẳng Sư phạm Lào Cai phối hợp tổ chức năm 2017

6 Nguyễn Thị Nhung (2017), Tìm hiểu truyện Ba Phi vùng Tây Nam Cà Mau

từ góc nhìn Văn hóa Nam Bộ, NXB Mỹ Thuật

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INTRODUCTION

1 Reason for choosing the topic

In the rich assortment of folk literature in various peoples’ culture, folk stories in general, and fairy tales in particular, take up a relatively large portion compared to other genres of folk literature Serving as a unique kind of mirror, fairy tales reflected every aspect of people’s social life in a shroud of legend Through conflicts both within families and amongst social communities, fairy tales have showcased human’s desire across thousands of generations, the desire for a society of equality and goodness where the “You reap what you sow” philosophical principle avails Through the study of different people’s fairy tales, we can identify the values and philosophies of life stemming from their ancestors, as well as their perception in the art of vocabulary

With the appeal of the genre, fairy tales have drawn in the attention of folklore researchers across the globe for centuries Amidst the large number of such studies, the researches that approached fairy tales from their type and motif viewpoints, as well as papers comparing fairy tales of numerous peoples based on their types and motifs have been carried out by a number of researchers

It can be assumed that the study of fairy tales from the tale type and motif perspective, as well as comparisons based on tale types and motifs is the method that a great deal of folklore researchers have applied effectively, especially for studies which aim at pinpointing both the shared characteristics and unique qualities of various folk stories in the same category

Being a people with a rather large population among 54 Vietnamese ethnicities, Khmer people mainly settle in Southern regions (namely Southwest) – the birth place of

“Oc Eo Culture”, the land with a long history and a huge number of exceptional cultural heritage that are well-known across the country and also the South East Asia Amongst Khmer people’s generous collection of folk culture and literature, their fairy tales stood out the most as an extraordinary art form crafted with words In addition to the general characteristics of the content and art of the fairy tales, this story type has many their own features, reflecting the Khmer ethnic identity and the South

Through our research in the present state of studies, we have noticed that: there have been several works of collection, research on or introduction to folktales of Khmer people in Southern regions which have gained a certain number of achievements In order to acknowledge the distinctiveness of Southern Khmer’s fairy tales, they need to be placed in

a wider range of perspective, that being among Viet people’s fairy tales; and there especially needs to be a comparison between them and those of another people, ones which are plentiful in number and different in terms of culture, humans and narrative It is our thought that comparing Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and those of Viet people would be a practical approach in attaining the aforementioned goal

For such reasons, this thesis is going with the topic: “A comparison between

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Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales - some basic types and motif”

as the research topic with the purpose of finding out and clarifying the similarities and differences in the types and motifs between these two peoples - Southern Khmer and Viet

- in terms of their cultural formats and foundations

On the other hand, being a lecturer at Can Tho University, where 15% of the attending students are Khmer people, by choosing this subject, the thesis writer would

further advance and expand their knowledge on fairy tales in general and Southern Khmer’s

fairy tales in particular, thus enabling them to prepare even more effective lectures on local folklore literature teachings for students of the university

2 The subject and scope of the study:

2.1 Subject of the study

This thesis establishes the subject of study as being the several basic types and

motifs from Southern Khmer’s fairy tales in comparison with some types and motifs in

Viet (Kinh) people’s fairy tales

2.2 Scope of the study

“Type” level: The thesis would examine and compare these 2 basic types of

story: “People in animal shapes” and “Heroes that kill Monsters ”

“Motif” level: The thesis would examine every motif spotted in the two

aforementioned types of stories and compare the basic motifs that appear in these two types

3 Goals and objectives of the study

3.1 Goals of the study

From comparing Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales on the

basis of several standard tale types and motifs, the thesis pointed out the similarities and differences in characters, structures and motifs between the basic types in fairy tales of these two peoples; as well as explaining the similarities and differences between them based on features such as the two people’s exchange and adaptation of culture, history, natural habitat, cultural essence, etc A scientific confirmation based on those elements can thus be drawn about the definitive contents and artistic choices of words in Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales

3.2 Objectives of the study

- An overview on the subject of study; building the theoretical framework for the thesis and choosing a research direction for the topic

- Identifying the range of genre, the natural space for experiencing, materials to be examined and conduct the examination to distinguish and address the different types in

fairy tales From then, carrying on to select the two basic types: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters , and proceed to examine and address the motifs belonging

in these two tale types

- Point out the similarities and differences between these two types of stories; at

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the same time explain these phenomena in terms of: format, exchange – adaptation of culture, history, natural habitat, cultural essence, etc to find the reason for these types of stories’ transformation and adaptation in Southern Khmer and Viet people’s fairy tales

- From the standpoint of its comparison to Viet people’s fairy tales, the thesis

would point out the characterizing natures of the two types of stories – People in animal

shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters – from Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales and

propose a method to apply results of this thesis and subsequent studies on the thesis’ topic

4 Approach and method of study

4.1 The approach

The topic is approached from aspects such as: The folklore study major approach, the cultural humanity approach, the interdisciplinary approach, and the field approach

4.2 The method of study

In order to reach the goals and objectives of the topic, the thesis mainly use the following basic research methods in combination with each other: Type comparison method, Method of analyzin - numerating - categorizing Folklore materials, Field method (observation, participation)

5 Contributions of the study

5.1 In terms of theories on types and motifs: The thesis contributes to the

systemization of previous research theories on folktales types and motifs, and at the same time, through applying the theories on types and motifs, on the basis of succeeding and comparing itself to the works of Viet people’s fairy tale researchers, the thesis identifies, addresses and establishes a system of motifs for the two types of stories by

Southern Khmer people: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters Additionally, the application of folklore studies into the singular case study: “A

comparison between Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales - some basic types and motif”, the thesis helps to solidify and confirm the effectiveness of

folklore studying methods, associating theories with research practicality

5.2 In terms of folklore studies (fairy tales): The thesis plays its part in

pinpointing and confirming the similarities and differences between the types and motifs

of fairy tales in Southern Khmer and Viet people’s cultures; while also elaborates the reason that caused such similarities and differences, and the content-related and artistic values of Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales

5.3 In terms of fairy tale relating materials of different peoples: Through

cataloging, editing and translating a variety of Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales, the thesis has made considerable contribution in terms of documentations to the fairy tales collection of minor ethnic groups in general, and Southern Khmer people in particular Most notably, after going through board inspection, the dual lingual collection of stories

would serve as materials for two scientific researches, namely: “Teaching Khmer

6 Structure of the thesis

Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and annex, the main content of this thesis is arranged in four chapters: (1) An overview on the research situation and theoretical basis of the topic; (2) Identification of basic types and motifs in Southern Khmer people’s fairy tales in correlation with those of Viet people; (3) Comparison between the “Human in animal shapes” type of stories in Southern Khmer’s and Viet people’s fairy tales; (4) Comparison between the “Heroes that kill Monsters ” type of stories in Southern Khmer’s and Viet people’s fairy tales

Chapter 1

AN OVERVIEW ON THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 An overview on the research situation

1.1.1 The situation of research on comparison between Viet people’s fairy tales and those of other countries from the type and motif viewpoint

Generally speaking, the research papers comparing Viet people’s fairy tales with fairy tales all over the world have mainly focused on the comparison with Asian countries like: China, Japan, Korea and several other countries in South East Asia

Going into details with the tale type and motif perspective, we must first

acknowledge the abundant and diverse researches on the Tam Cam (the Vietnamese

Cinderella tale) type of story, along with comparisons between Vietnamese’s Tam Cam and others of the same type in other countries Some noteworthy projects include: The

work “A preliminary study of matters in fairy tales through Tam Cam (1968) by Dinh

Gia Khanh; The works: “Folktales through types and motifs” (2001); “From the tale of

Kajong and Halek of the Chams to Tam Cam tale type in South East Asia”); “The cultural exchange and interaction between peoples in South East Asia through Tam Cam tale type”; “ The Tam Cam tale type in South East Asia”; “Whom were the conflicts between in Tam Cam tale type in South East Asia” etc by Nguyen Tan Dac; or Duong

Tieu Thi in the work “Comparing Cinderella tale type of some peoples in Southern

China with the Vietnamese’s Tam Cam tale type” (2008), etc

In addition to Tam Cam, other tale types are gaining the interest of folklore

literature specialists Several notable projects are: “Thach Sanh and the Hero tale type in

Vietnamese and South East Asia folktales”, “ A survey and comparison of several tale types and motifs in Vietnamese - Japanese folklores” by Nguyen Thi Nguyet, “The clever-animals tale type in folktales of Vietnam and the world” by Dang Quoc Minh Duong and various

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other papers by authors such as: Cao Huy Dinh, Le Thi Que, Vu Anh Tuan, Nguyen Bich

Ha, Nguyen Thi Hue, Pham Duc Duong, Pham Tiet Khanh, Tran Minh Huong, Duong Tieu Thi, La Ma Thi Gia, etc

The comparative approach, the method of compiling and processing materials, the comparison method and the generalization and clarification in types and motifs comparison that the authors have used in the researches above all served as the basis for us to gain our approach direction in our study

1.1.2 The situation of comparative research in fairy tales of peoples in general and

in comparison with Southern Khmer’s fairy tales from the type and motif viewpoint in particular

Regarding researches that are related to Viet people’s fairy tales in terms of types

and motifs, the works that we tallied are: “A survey on the structure and meaning of

some motifs in Tay people’s folk tales in Northeastern Vietnam” by Vu Anh Tuan;

“Analyzing Viet people’s fairy tales based on story structure” by Pham Tuan Anh; “The little-brother tale type in folktales of Viet people” by Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan; “The motif of demanding wedding gifts in folktales of Viet people”) by Nguyen Lan Ngoc, etc

As of today, there have not been many researches that compare fairy tales of Viet people with those of Southern Khmer, especially in terms of tale type and motif comparison Several prominent works can be listed such as: “Survey of Southern Khmer folk stories (via myths - legends - fairy tales” by Pham Tiet Khanh; “Studying the Southern Khmer folk story from the context’s perspective” by Huynh Vu Lam, and a

number of master theses

In conclusion, from a general viewpoint, we can see a gap in researches, namely: Until now there has been no actually detailed project that studies and compares Southern Khmer and Viet people’s fairy tales on a broad and general scale, specifically ones that follow the tale type and motif approach

1.2 Theoretical basis and supporting terms

1.2.1 Theories on type and motif

1.2.1.1 Definition of type

The concept of Type in the thesis is as follows:

Type is a collection of stories with motifs of the same type These motifs are arranged in a certain order according to the narrative structure of the story A tale type may consist of several motifs or may consist of only one or a few motifs

1.2.1.2 Definition of motif

In this thesis, our notion is that: “Motif is the smallest element that makes up a

story type Motif is the nucleus of action and is repeated many times in the story type”

1.2.1.3 Aarne –Thompson’s index of types and motifs

1.2.1.3.1 Tale type index

Aarne’s tale type index is in three large categories:

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* Animals (type 1 to type 299)

* General folktales (type 300 to type 1199)

* Jokes and anecdotes (type 1200 to type 2499)

1.2.1.3.2 Motif index of folk-literature by Stith Thompson

Thompson's motif index is divided into chapters from A to Z about mythology,

the world’s creation, animals, about taboos, charms, magic, shape-shifting, etc

Stith Thompson's motif classification gave us a solid foundation and theoretical basis to examine, naming and analyzing the structure of motifs in Southern Khmer’s and Viet people’s fairy tales

1.2.2 Comparative study of folk culture and literature

1.2.2.1 Concept

Comparisons in folklore are the comparison of some literary things or phenomena with other literary things or phenomena, to gain an acknowledgement of the similarities and differences between them in order to perceive such things and phenomena more clearly and wholeful, more in relation to other phenomena and things

1.2.2.2 Subject and purpose of comparison

The subject of comparison usually consists of two or more things or phenomena

In literary comparisons, the subject of comparison normally features about the quantity, content or artistic format of literary works, genres or literature movement, etc

1.2.2.3 Principles of comparative research

The comparison of literary phenomena must adhere to these basic principles:

Principle of objectivity and non-prejudice; Principle of same-type comparison in

hierarchical ranking; Interdisciplinary comparison principle; and Collective comparison principle

1.2.2.4 Several approaches in comparative study of folk culture and literature

* Same-era comparison is the comparative method based on a series of

phenomena of the same chronological era or deemed as so It can be observed that in literary comparison studies, same-era comparison is indeed format comparison, as this direction of comparison also approaches the subject of comparison from the point of view of basic characteristics and features of literary phenomena of the same kind, with many similarities and a few differences The comparison takes place on the basis that subjects are of the same type, in which their similarities will be fundamental (Major similarities, minor differences)

* Chronological comparison means the comparison of phenomena of the same

type but belonging in different eras in order to elucidate the development of such phenomena in terms of time, in order to set up a historical system, and restore the origin

of a cultural element The ethnicity’s characteristics is shown in the overview of cultural and psychological features, etc and while more complex layouts are compared, the

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adaptation is fainter Among the majority of equivalent factors, the differences in chronology can still be seen In the development trend, more complex ethnographic phenomena which are less structurally complicated are probably retained less in their original form

1.2.2.5 Explanation of the similarities and differences in comparing folklore phenomena

We clarified the similarities and differences from such perspective as: the format

perspective, historical - geographic perspective; cultural perspective; the perspective of

"self-generating" of cultural phenomen and folklore; general or interdisciplinary perspective, etc

1.2.5 Theoretical application of the thesis

The process of comparing the two types: People in animal shapes and Heroes

that kill Monsters can be systemized by the following graph:

- Origin, character and life of the character

- Role of the character in the animation story of the

characters, etc

Character

-Origin, character and life of the character

-Different ways of overcoming the challenges, showing the talent and making feat of arms,etc

Structure

- Structure (basic narrative steps)

- Types of expression in the story type (based on the

order of arrangement and the frequency of

occurrences of the motif)

- The details forming the basic motif

- Narrative functions, aesthetic sense of the motif

Motif

- Number of typical motifs

- Details in typical motifs

- Narrative functions, aesthetic sense of the motif

COMPARATIVE

rs

EXPLANATION

THE NATURE - CHARACTERISTICS - ORIGIN - RELATIONSHIP - ADAPTATION PROCESS OF THE 2 TYPES

CHARACTERISTICS, CONTENT AND ARTISTIC VALUES OF FAIRY TALES & THE CULTURAL – SOCIAL –

HISTORICAL IMAGE OF KHMER KROM PEOPLE

Type (combined with chronology)

Type Khmer’s Fairy tales

Type Viet people’s fairy

tales Comparison

SIMILARITIES

- Special format

- Is exchanged and “borrowed” through wars, trading,

religious preaching, immigration, etc

- Derived from the same “model” or symbolism

- Is the rules of cultural phenomena’s development and

self-generation

- Share the same perception, feelings and development

regarding human psychology

- Share the same cultural ecology: same ecological

characteristics and geographical conditions

- Same cultural format

-All ethnic groups share the same ancestor

- Different in environment and ecology

- Different in cultural format

- The results of passed down values, especially folklores

- The unique way each people take after values during exchanging and “borrowing”

- Other reasons

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1.3 Theoretical introduction on Fairy tales; People in animal shapes tale type, Heroes that kill Monsters tale type the current state of materials

1.3.1 Fairy tales

The Soviet’s folklorists’ idea was that: “Fairy tales are the type of folk tales in which

social conflicts are resolved in the realm of magic and thaduenks to magic.”

1.3.2 Documentation and identification of basic story types

Table 1.1: Selection Criteria for Study Materials of the Project

- There are valiant characters

- There are demonic characters

- There is action to kill the demon

- There is action to save the beauty

1.3.2.1 Southern Khmer’s fairy tales

Based on the results of field survey and fieldwork, we find that, compared to other types of fairy tales of the Khmer people (over 10 types), the number of stories of two types:

The People in animal shapes ; Heroes that kill Monsters accounting for the highest

proportion (19 out of 44) and still widely circulated in the daily life of the Khmer people in

Southern Vietnam (through TV storytelling programs and Du ke shows) Thus, these two

types of stories are identified by us as the two most fundamental types in the Southern Khmer’s fairy tales and use them as subjects compared with the legendary Viet people’s fairy talesin the thesis

1.3.2.2 Viet people’s fairy tales

Inheriting the materials of leading researchers such as Nguyen Bich Ha, Nguyen Thi Hue, Nguyen Thi Nguyet, Pham Tuan Anh and the printed stories in the collections of Nguyen Dong Chi and Nguyen Thi Hue or the fairy tales of the Vietnamese, we selected 5

stories of the type of story of the People in animal shapes and 3 stories of type story of

Heroes that kill Monsters as the object to compared with the two types of stories of the

same Southern Khmer’s fairy tales

Summary of Chapter 1

Through the synthesis of research, we initially noticed: Up to now, there have been

no studies of the fairy tales of the Southern Khmer people In particular, their folk fairy tales seems absent from the collection of folk literature of ethnic minorities Thus, the results of

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the study comparing the legendary Southern Khmer people's fairy tales and Viet people’s fairy tales from the perspective of type and motif, in addition to giving the reader a more specific view, will make a small contribution to the historical overview of the stories of the group of people

In this chapter, we also make the system for the whole of the underlying theory

(theory of type and motif by Aarne - Thompson, type comparison theory) and auxiliary

systems theory, structural theory; symbol theory, cultural exchange theory ); the concepts

of types and motifs that we use to survey, compare, and explain the problems of the thesis

In addition to the generalizations of comparative research and the theoretical framework for the thesis, in the third part of Chapter 1, we first develop the basic criteria for

identifying two types of stories: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters

Then, based on these criteria to choose to survey sources of fairy tales of the Khmer and

Vietnamese and selected 27 stories (12 stories of People in animal shapes and 15 stories of

Heroes that kill Monsters ) as objects of research and comparison of the thesis

Based on the life of the protagonist and the actions that the protagonist has to undergo,

we divide the 20 motifs surveyed in Table 2.1 into four narrative groups as a basis for constructiong of narrative structure of the story type of people in animal shape as follows:

(1) The motif group introduces the characters in the animal shape: Motif I.1

Born miraculously; motif I.2 Masquerading; motif I.3 Child-bearing the object; motif I.4 Meet the married subject; motif I.5 Curse of snake; motif I.6 Worship the gods

(2) Group of Challenge motif: Motif II.8 Challenges; motif II.11 Choosing wife;

motif II.13 The task assigned to remove the person in the animal shape; motif II.18 Shuffles; motif II.19 Transfiguration; motif II.22 Fighting for beauty; motif II.17 The only thing left; motif II.10 The youngest son was treated badly

(3) Groups of motifs in overcoming the challenge: Motif II.7 Changing the shape;

motif II.9 Talent; motif II.12 Go out (Find medicine, save people); motif

II.17 Test; motif II.20 Identify each other by signal; motif II.23 Fight against invaders; motif II.14 Helping materials (objects of wealth, miracles, objects that recognize each other); motif II.15 Helper

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(4) Group of motifs of group rewards: motif II.21 Imitation failed; motif III.24

Reunion; motif III.25 Get marriage; motif III.26 Throne; motif III.27 Reward

*The basic structure of the type of People in animal shapes

2.1.2 Basic motifs

2.1.2.1 Group of opening motifs

a Group of motifs of the miracle birth: The divine combination -> talented,

healthy, excellent, always standing on the side of the right

b Group of motifs of the abandoned child: The child is born; the family is not eligible

for raising -> The father brings them to the forest to kill -> The child must struggle to survive (if the son becomes brave, if the daughter will give birth to the Hero)

2.2.2.2 Group of motifs of section of the recitals:

a Moti of studying (learning, magic, martial arts): Beauty is caught by beast or

monster -> Heroes that kill Monsters is on the way to kill the monster to save the beauty -> learn more talents -> Use talents to kill the monster

b Motif of the fortune teller: The fortune-telling prophecy -> conflict within

the clan -> change the fate of the valiant man in a certain period of time

c Motif of killing evil snake (Ogre, Devil): The ogre causes disaster for people, people

worship and sacrifice -> the Heroes that kill Monsters fights with the ogre -> victory

(save himself or save the beauty)

d Motif of killing the wicked: Evil bird appears arresting the Princess or the pretty

girl -> the valiant is on the way to kill the evil birds -> Victory and save the beauty

e Motif of taking the Heroes that kill Monsters 's work: The Heroes that kill Monsters

kills the monster, saves the beauty -> the villain cheated -> the Heroes that kill Monsters seeks the escape way and claims the justice

f Motif of going down the aquarium: The people underwater Aquarium are in trouble->

Heroes that kill Monsters rescues them -> The Heroes that kill Monsters goes to the aquarium and are donated treasure ->The Heroes that kill Monsters goes back to the world

(3) Groups of motifs in overcoming the challenge

(4) Group of motifs of group rewards

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Motif of going down to the aquarium There is also a structure in other forms as

follows: The Heroes that kill Monsters goes down the aquarium -> contest with Dragon

King -> save the princess

g Motif of the mute: The beauty after being saved -> witness the rescuer (The

valiant) be taking his work -> writhe and become mute

h Motif of miracles: The Heroes that kill Monsters has challenges -> get the help of

miracle

object -> overcome the challenges -> marry the Princess and live happily

Listen to the predicted chickens -> The Heroes that kill Monsters performs -> go to destroy the invaders, get the throne and marry the beauty

2.2.2.3 Motifs of ending section

a Motif of marriage, getting throne: The valiant based on the miraculous help> heal

the princess and be vindicated -> marry the princess (get throne), live happily together

b Motif of punishing the guilty: The Heroes that kill Monsters win and goes back ->

be vindicated -> point out the evil -> they were punished

c Motif of reward, reunion: The Heroes that kill Monsters after the victory -> the

king (reward, union) or reunion with the family -> Have a happy life

Summary of chapter 2

In Chapter 2, we have examined all the motifs from basic to specific of two types of

stories: The Heroes that kill Monsters , the Person in the animal shape, then named

according to the corresponding symbol: Code - Name type - Structure of the corresponding content; Code - Name of Motif - Structure of the motif

At the level of type, we choose the stories of two basic types of fairy tales of the

Southern Khmer and the Viet people: Type of people in animal shapes = Type 400 - 409

A-T, type 425 The husband is the animal, "Type Heroes that kill Monsters = Type 300 A- T Snake killer rescues the princess; 653 A-T ", explores the structure of all the stories of the

two genres, based on the order of appearance of the motifs and autobiographical functions of the motif groups, to build the characteristic structure of each type of story, to help readers have a look at the texture of the two types mentioned above

At the motif level, we looked at all of the motifs in each of the two-story types, then referred to the motif names of the motif traits for naming and sorting the motifs of the types

in order of their appearance and function in stories, the analysis of motif content and the overall structure of each motif

Specifically, in this chapter, we investigated 20 motifs of the type of people in animal

shapes, 21 motifs of the type of story Heroes that kill Monsters , of which nearly 26 motifs

are new motifs of the two types mentioned above are found This result is the basis for the detailed comparisons mentioned in chapters 3 and 4 of this thesis

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Chapter 3 COMPARISON THE TYPE OF PEOPLE IN ANIMAL SHAPES

IN THE SOUTHERN KHMER'S FAIRY TALES AND

VIET PEOPLE’S FAIRY TALES

3.1 Similarities

3.1.1 Similarities about the main character

- In the stories of the People in the animal shape, the protagonists are all masked

- At first, they are ugly and not respected by others, but later, they become beautiful, handsome, respected by others and had a happy life

- Both Viet people and Southern Khmer’s stories have both masculine and feminine person in the animal shape

- Masculine characters in the animal shape are similar in both the Southern Khmer and Vietnamese legends

- In these predestined characters, the remarkable similarity lies in the youngest

girl character It is usually a noble daughter, a rich man or a princess, and always

agrees to marry someone who is a criminal

3.1.2 Similar in structure

All the stories of the People in animal shape of Southern Khmer and Viet people have

motifs belonging to the motif groups arranged in Chapter 2 and they are all multi-motif stories

Two types of similar structure of the stories of the type of People in animal

shapes of both ethnic groups are progressive and separative structures

The advanced type of motif is that motifs develop in the direction of the motif behind the hook in the autobiographical details of the previous motif to aim at resolving the conflict and ending the story Most of the stories of the type of People in animal shapes of Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese are structured in this progressive form

The Marry Goat 2, Snail Fairy, Snake god, Coconut can speak) This structure has the

diagram as follows:

In addition to the groups of one-line story,in the type of the story on the type of

People in animal shapes of both the Sounthern Khmer and the Viet people, some stories

develop narrative lines related to the subject of marriage We call it a two-line structure:

gathering motif - the motifs separating line - gathering motif as follows:

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3.1.3 Similarities about motifs

Looking at the statistical results of the same motif in the story of People in animal

shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese (Table 3.2), you may notice: The same motifs take up (11/20 motifs and the repetition of above motifs on many stories,

even many times in a story in the story of People in animal shapes of the Southern

Khmer and the Vietnamese

3.1.4 Explain the similarities, the international character of type of People in animal shapes

For the first point, we assume that the fate of the character in animal shape is mischievous and unlucky at the beginning of the story and becomes beautiful and happy

at the end of the story expresses the concept of life and aesthetic beauty of the ancient people's deep humanity The happy ending of the stories reflects the humanistic concept

of the ancient workers on the beauty: defending the weak, the disabled, the desire to change the destiny of the unlucky people and send the belief in the good inside nature, not the appearance

The second argument, according to the evolutionist approach, assumes that the

similarities between the characters and the main motifs of the series about People in animal shapes are the same because they reflect the general developmental rules of the human world The essence revolves around the interplay between People and object in

the animal shape that evokes the relationship between man and nature and the primordial belief in the ability to transform between man and nature, which is reflected in Folk narrative genres from mythology to fairy tales

The third argument, based on the theory of type comparison, assumes that there are narrative characteristics of the type of story of People in animal shapes that play a decisive role in character, structure and motif analogy of the stories in this style in both Southern Khmer and Viet people Finding out about the world's ancient folk treasures

through the Thompson index, we found that many similar types and motifs have been categorized and coded by scholars We found the appearance of familiar motifs are associated with three-fourths of the narrative that we have minimized The popularity of this type of story in the world's folklore treasure is an important explanation for the similarities of character, structure and motif of the masculine story of people in animal shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese

3.2 Differences

3.2.1 Difference on the main character

- In Vietnamese stories, the female characters in the animal shape are not being raised in the family and hide in the common wild animals that we often see in the field The predestined subjects are the orphans, the poor students with the same class of people

in society The special talents of fairy tales are displayed to help with the everyday life

of people, including dressing, cooking, cleaning the house When they change the shape, they get married and the story ends in a happy marriage

- In the Khmer story, the Heroine is Golden Box Girl, the Horse-faced Girl

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Both of them have a specific family background and are in the animal shape due to miraculous birth They actively appear and attract the predestined subject by their own charm Their predestined subjects are of royal origin such as the crown prince the prince They are married to these characters and join the royal family No talent or challenge related to daily life The challenges they faced were not as simple as daily meals, but battles involving mortal life, fighting to save lives

3.2.2 Structural differences

In addition to the similarities mentioned in Section 3.1.2, we find that in the story

type of the people in animal shape of the Khmer, there is a typical type of structure: the knotted multi-layered round structure (each knot is a small type ) This is the type of structure that repeats the cycle of a group of motifs in a similar order, helping to stretch the whole story instead of pushing it to the end of the story The structure of this form can be modeled as follows:

Nang Hop vang, Mieng dua biet noi chuyen, Nguoi con gai mặt ngua, Pho ma Coc of the SouKhmer Krom are the stories of this structure

3.2.3 Differences in motifs

Look at the statistical results of specific motifs in the story type Poeple in animal

shapes Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese (Table 3.3), may notice: The motifs of the

motifs only appear in the Southern Khmer people's version) account for 9 out of 21 motifs and the repetition of motifs in many stories., even many times in a story in the story of Poeple in animal shapes of the Southern Khmer and the Vietnamese

3.2.4 Explain the differences, the characteristics of the Khmer story of People

in animal shapes

3.2.4.1 Explain differences in characters

As pointed out in the character comparison, the striking differences of the type of

story of People in animal shapes of the Vietnamese and the Southern Khmer people are

about the covers To explain this, we need to come back to characteristics of ethnic

culture in the relationship between man and nature

Thus, in order to explain the differences in the "stories" in Southern Khmer and Vietnamese stories, we can give explanations on two aspects Firstly, it is related to beliefs fetish animals in mythology, Vietnamese stories are goat and frog covers, while the Khmer stories have snake cover Secondly, derived from things familiar with daily life, Vietnamese stories with coconut and snail covers; while the Khmer story has coconut, horse, and frog covers

3.2.4.2 Explain the differences in motifs

The motifs in the story of People in animal shapes are portrayed by the

Vietnamese as a social influence of Confucianism Conversely, the recitals of the female character in the Khmer story reflects a Khmer society boldly colorful Buddhist Theravada and religious beliefs Characters in the animal shape, Golden Box Girl, and

The above interpretations help the thesis judge that: The stories of people in

animal shapes of the Vietnamese show the character of the miraculous fairy tales, while

those of the Khmer people show the intersection with the type of Heroic stories

3.2.4.3 Explain the structural differences: Du ke - Khmer folk inscriptions and the integration of the plot

Du ke, the typical Khmer folk singing style is more related to the performance of fairy tales The scenarios of Du ke, such as the traditional operetta of the Vietnamese, are mostly taken from the treasures of folk stories

During the fieldwork, we went to many Khmer-inhabited areas Fieldwork in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu and Kien Giang provinces shows that the stories are no longer widely spoken in families or Khmer temples They exist in the form of stories printed in children's books, in the collections of ancient writers and almost absent of textbooks in Khmer However, Du ke is still performed The Khmer people still watch and still write new scripts Therefore, they still need folk tales as a narrative resource It is the nature of the chorus that combines many of these stories, although the commentary we have just

drawn in the previous section is The story of People in animal shapes of the Khmer

ethnicity shows the intersection with the Heroic type

Summary of Chapter 3

In Chapter 3, the similarities and differences in characters, structures and motifs of the story types about the people in the shape of Southern Khmer and Viet people have been described, analyzed and explained The stories about the people in the shape of Southern Khmer and Viet people have the similarities in character, structure and motifs

Similarities are explained: Firstly, similarities of the shapes, the transformation of

people-animal in the stories about Viet people and Southern Khmer stories reflect the general nature of folk narrative in recording the development of the human world, from

mythology to fairy tales Secondly, the existence of the story type about the People in

animal shapes in the collection of human's fairy tales explains the type-based similarities

in character, structure, motif of this type of story, which is also the story of the people in the shapes of Viet people and the Southern Khmer

The differences create the distint nationalistic beauty of each story and explained

by two reasons: firstly, some shapes have a profound relationship in racial belief and

secondly, the difference comes from the culture environment (Viet people's stories is

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deep with Confucianism in Viet people's society while the Southern Khmer 's stories have developments attached to the Khmer Kings' society, and contain many good-to-inclined lessons that show the influence of Theravada Buddhism

From structural analyzes, it can be seen that the most distinctive feature of the stories about the people in the Viet shape is plenty of world affairs, closely linked to the rural environment, reflecting a Vietnamese class-divided society and the dreams of the simple-hearted workers who want to change their lives and expect others to respect their own values The stories of the people in the Southern Khmer 's shapes still express the features of legend, historical inspiration and tend to be dramatically thrill It reflects the widespread of the type of stories in society, as evidenced by the interpenetration of fairy tales and "du ke" performance

Chapter 4

A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STORY TYPE OF HEROES THAT KILL MONSTERS IN SOUTHERN KHMER 'S FAIRY TALES AND VIET PEOPLE'S

FAIRLY TALES 4.1 Similarities

4.1.1 Similarity in main character

- The first similarity of characters is: The main character of the story must be a Hero

This is firstly proved by the name of the story

- The next feature of this type of story Heroes that kill Monsters is the similarity

of the narrative system that follows the main character: The character of Hero is a

supernatural character -> going through adventures with fights against enormous and dangerous forces -> winning the fight -> winning a prize, marrying with the princess, receiving the throne, reuniting with the family as the rewards for the Heroes, making them happy forever after

4.1.2 Similarity in structure

The types of stories are multi-motif The diverse combination of motifs in the five above narration steps will create two different types of story structures: Simple and Complicated

The first similarity is that among the stories of both Southern Khmer and Viet people, there are simple stories (two stories of Viet people, 3 stories of the Southern

Khmer) According to our survey in the stories of Heroes that kill Monsters , the

simplest structure of the story includes three steps:

1)  (2)  (5)

The next similarity in the type of "Heroes that kill Monsters " story of the Southern Khmer and Viet People is the existence of pairs of stories with similar narrative structure The first pair is the Southern Khmer 's story "Areca spadix" and the

Viet people's story "three good guys" The second pair is the "Thach Sanh" story of the Viet people and the "Chau Sanh Chau Thong" story of the Southern Khmer This

surprising similarity in two above pairs of stories leads to the thinking that this version may be a variant of the other

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4.1.3 Similarity in motifs

Observing the statistics table of the same motifs in the type of "Heroes that kill Monsters " story of the Southern Khmer and Viet people (Table 4.2), we find out that up

to 17/21 motifs are the same in the type of Heroes that kill Monsters story of Southern

Khmer and Viet people are quite rich and diversified

4.1.4 Explanation about the similarities, the international features of the story type

The similarity of the Heroes that kill Monsters stories of the Southern Khmer

and Viet people comes from the intrinsic basis of the law of folklore narrative creativity According to the arguments of the type theory, the thesis hypothesizes that the

similarities in the Heroes that kill Monsters stories of the Southern Khmer and Viet people are in the law of similarity in the character, strcuture and motifs of the Heroes

that kill Monsters in the world

Firstly, in terms of the character, the image of the Hero or brave man is understood to be the talented man who has achieved the doughty deeds, who is listed in the treasure of folklore narratives of any any nation

Secondly, in terms of structure, in the treasure of world, there are many stories of the story about the Heroes in which the narrative structure has the same steps as the

stories of the Heroes that kill Monsters (According to Thompson's look-up table)

Thirdly, in terms of motif, we refer to A-T's motif index collection for narrative steps of the series of Heroes that kill Monsters stories and find out that similar motifs can be found out in almost any group

However, there are other similarities that can not be just explained from the basis

of the genre The thesis hypothesizes that the environmental, social, historical, and autogenous cultural factors of these ethnic groups are also the basis for the production of the Heroes that kill Monsters stories Going deeper into the history of ethnic group's culture, the thesis hypothesizes the culture- history relation between the Viet people and Southern Khmer together and the influences of Indian culture also contribute to create the similarities in the story of the two peoples Due to the long process of settlement between the Southern Khmer and the Viet people, the two Heroes that kill Monsters stories of the two peoples have much similarity It can be said that this story is the version of the other story, in other ethnic languages

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- Firstly, the characters of the group of ordinary people who practise and

self-improve to become the talented

- Secondly, the characters belongs to the group of youngest children given magic

support

- Thirdly, the characters belongs to the miraclous childbearing group

4.2.1.2 Character of cannibal

Cannibal in the Hero story of the Southern Khmer appeared popularly There is the

hometown, kingdom of cannibals, including cannibal kingdom, cannibal princess Basically,

cannibal characters in the motif of killing evil snake is very fierce and ferocious, kidnapping beautiful women, eating the innocent people, destroying and demanding tribute Therefore, the people are terrified, the king is offering the prize for the cannibal killer

However, in the system of a number of stories belonging to the type of Heroes

that kill Monsters stories of the Southern Khmer, there are characters of cannibal

depicted as friends There are also some close relationships between them Especially, there are Heroess who make the cannibal surrenderred and give them magic objects, help them cross the sea and escape from danger

ko -ro-óp and Chao T'bat T'bua

The second typical group is the story with many layers of knot They are the stories with the most complicated structure, series of the stories of Xang xa La Chi (Variant: Săn sal La chi) and Sang sen lo chay

4.2.3 Specific motifs

Observing the statistical results of the specific motifs of the types of stories of the people in the shapes of the Southern Khmer and Viet People (Table 3.3), it can be seen that the number of specific motifs (motifs only appear in the stories of the Southern Khmer , accounting for 6/21 motifs and repetitions of above motifs in many stories, even many times in a story in the type of storiess of the people in the shapes of the Southern Khmer and Viet people

4.2.4 Explanation about the differences, the special feature of the Hero story of the Southern Khmer

4.2.4.1 The Royal power of the Khmer is the basis to explain the difference betwee character of Hero and motifs on characters of Hero in the Khmer's stories

The first difference is that the Heroes come from royal origin, making a variation

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in the beginning of the stories Due to the influence of temple religions from India as

Brahmanism, in the Khmer society, the kingship is attached to servant power in the beliefs, therefore, the origin of princes of the Heroes, is considerred as an explanation of the miraclous origin of the character

king-The next difference coming from cultural origin is the marriage motif of the Heroes Marriage reflects a view on the hero who conquer the beautiful woman

However, looking at another aspect, this motif not only reflects the dominance of the patriarchal regime, but also expresses the appearance of the matriarchy The marriage in paternal relations, such as the story in which San Sal Ra gets married with the daughter

of a princess knowwn as his cousin, can also be explained when we study about

marriage customs of the Khmer

Thirdly, religious practice is the path of maturity of the Hero in the story and the Khmer boys in real life There are many specific motifs in the Hero stories of the Khmer

in relation with the religion, including religious practice, the help of the monk, the fortune teller's predictions

Thus, from the comparisons and connections of culture-folklore, it can be seen that the differences of Heroes and motifs related to the Hero in Khmer story derive from the Khmer society of royal power under the influences of the practice of Theravada Buddhism

4.2.4.2 Snake in life to the yeak symbol in the culture explains the difference about the cannibal character and motifs about cannibal in the Khmer Hero story

The life of the "cannibal" characters in the story " Heroes that kill Monsters " of

Southern Khmer exist in a abundant and diverse world The cannibal is always present

or related to the life of the Hero This can be explained by the actual living environment of the Southern Khmer The ancient South called as the forest of Death with countless dangerous animals: evil birds, snakes (python), tigers, leopards, etc is where these people live They are the earliest ethnic group in the South Selecting the high land area to live, born along the crowded canal, wild and mysterious mangrove forest, everyday they face the risks, from dangerous animals including snakes Snakes are enemies they want to kill but they are also the friends who they want to live in peace with Perhaps this is the reason the Khmer story has many such characters with different nature and motifs

In terms of origin of cannibal image, there are many different stories, legends telling that Yeak is a Hometree- a god protecting village and wells In Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Yeak is said to be a cannibalistic devil and then surrenderred by the Buddha and given the position of the god of protection for the temple

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In folk rituals of the Southern Khmer who have tradition of agriculture and under influences of Theravada Buddhist from India, there have been changes in cannibal images for harmony The images of cannibals are used to express the desire for dispelling evils, welcoming the good things and luck in life In the shaping art, many temples have sculpture of cannibal images They often appear in pairs in Khmer temples, sometimes demonstrating the "good" nature of cannibal, contributing to dignify the spirit

of tolerance and justice of Buddhism, praising beauty, good things, preventing evils from entering the temple and protect the security of the Buddha

Probably because of the above evidences, the characters of cannibal in the stories

of the Heroes that kill Monsters of the Khmer are rich in character, including the good and bad cannibals, the cannibal king, the queen cannibal, the cannibal princess and cannibals as friends Con người sinh sống cùng với chằn, có cả xứ chằn, hoặc vương quốc chằn Humans live together with cannibal, including the hometown of cannibal or kingdom of cannibal In the journey of the Khmer Heroes, they always have to fight, agree and live with cannibal All are reflections of the cultural image

4.2.4.3 Explanation about the difference in the structure of the stoties about the Heroes of the Khmer based on "du ke" culture

In the "Du ke" performances, we found that the stories are edited For example, the

"Du ke" play named "Săng sên Lờ Chây" has a stage development similar to the narrative structure of the "Săng sên Lờ Chây" story

According to some writers of the Khmer "Du ke" script, the motif of killing cannibals appear in many "Du ke" scripts "Cannibal" image keep a role as the soul of "Du ke" play The role of cannibal is often the villain, representing the bad, the evil, the symbol of obstacles that exist in life in order to test the will of human However, finally, in the end of any "Du ke" script, the cannibal will be surrendered by the rights These contribute to the clarification of the cannibal character and motif related to the cannibal in the above part

Because of the involvement of the cannibal character, the "Du ke" play are often very dramatic, with many layers of action, many lines of characters, such as the good and the evil, people and cannibal, meeting, conflicts and struggles , and solving the conflict The "du ke" plays can last for several hours This is the environment that fosters the adventure stories with complicated narrative structure, many motifs as we can see in the Khmer's story about Heroes

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Summary of Chapter 4

In Chapter 4, the similarities and differences in characters, structures and motifs

of the type of the stories about the Heroes of Southern Khmer and Viet people have been described, analyzed and explained We found that the similarities make up the internationality of story genres and types, differences make up the distinctly nationalistic beauty of each story

For explanation, Chapter 4 applies the type theory to affirm the existence of common narrative types in the treasure of folk literature of mankind, where similarities are the result of the laws of narrative development

In addition, this chapter provides explanations that the influences of Indian culture

on the Southern Khmer and Viet people culture have created similarities in cannibal character and motifs in the stories of Southern Khmer and Viet people The long-term settlement relationship between the Southern Khmer and Viet people makes many stories have very similar structures and motifs, such as stories "Thach Sanh" and "Chau Sanh Chau Thong"

The first interpretation of the difference follows the direction of explaining the difference in characters, leading to difference in motifs The thesis presents two characters characterized by Hero character and cannibal character These two characters

in the Khmer fairy tales reflect the Theravada-Buddhism-influenced worldview, the king's religious beliefs, and folk beliefs of the Khmer

The second interpretation is focused on the differences in structure The Rô-băm and Du ke folk stages have a great influence on the richness and complexity of the stories on the Heroes of the Khmer The Heroic inspiration in the Rô-băm plays, the theatricality of Yu-ke plays which is a special stage environment that cultivates the world of characters of Heroes and cannibals, choreographize story motifs and deepen the narrative structures

CONCLUSIONS

Comparing the Southern Khmer 's fairy tales with the Viet people's fairy tales in

terms of some basic types and motifs: "Type and motif are unit elements that are both

characteristic and sustainable in folk tales." The thesis has applied the combination of

research theories of type, motif in the folklores and theory of type comparison, interdisciplinary research in folklore research to point out the fundamental similarities

and differences in the two types of stories: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill

Monsters of these two ethnic groups It can be said that from this comparison, the thesis

identifies in a scientific way and the nature of the typical characteristics as well as the outstanding values of the Southern Khmer 's fairy tales in comparions with the Viet people’s fairy tales

1 Based on an overview, assessment of the fields and issues involved in the study of

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type and motif in the folklores of previous researchers, the thesis has given preliminary assessments on the research achievements as well as issues that need further discussion and especially those that have been gaps in the field of research choosen in the thesis Accordingly, it gives the reader a more systematic and comprehensive view of the issue and field of study; Furthermore, it helps to pursuasively affirm the urgency of the topic

2 The thesis has developed a theoretical framework for the research topic Theories of type and motif as well as theories of type comparison (synchronic), diachronic and some other related theories (symbols, structures, etc.) are appropriately applied during the study In particular, in order to explain the similarities and differences

in the two types of stories of "Heroes that kill Monsters " and "People in animal shapes

", in this thesis, these two types of stories have been analyzed in various aspects: type,

history, geo-culture, customs, practices, religious beliefs, cultural exchange- adaptation, the self-generation of cultural phenomena, etc

For the fairy tales of the Southern Khmer and Viet people, we selected 27/44 fairy tales to survey and identify two types of stories that we think as basic types (types

of the People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters ) From these two types of

stories, we continue to study identifying, naming and systematizing 20 motifs of the type

of the People in animal shapes ; 21 motifs of the type of Heroes that kill Monsters

From naming motifs based on symbols, investigating the order of appearance of motifs, basing on the life and actions of the protagonist to build the basic structure for the story

3 It can be said that the basic motif system identified in chapter 2 will help the next researchers of fairy tales in general, type and motifs in the Khmer Krom 's fairy tales in particular, get more complete, clearer, and more convenient view about the characteristics of story types through the number and order of motifs as well as learn about the multi-colored folk picture of human life reflected through these motifs

4 In the process of accessing some type and motif dictionaries in Vietnam, we find that some motifs in the fairy tales of the Khmer are still not present So, based on comparison to show these motifs, we hope that in subsequent editions, these motifs will

be added to the existing type and motif dictionaries, contributing to make adequate and comprehensive types and motifs in Vietnamese folklores

Furthermore, the thesis applies the theory of type comparison, cultural exchange and adaptation to focus on comparisons, showing the similarities and differences in two types of

stories: People in animal shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters of the Southern Khmer and

Viet people in the aspects: the main character, structure, motif On this basis, the roots of similarities, differences from the aspects of the genre, cultural characteristics and cultural exchanges in society have been shown

According to the findings, the similarities are created by the genre (fairy tales);

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type of folklore (the international feature of foklore); Deriving from the same "original pattern" in ancient folklore and culture (epic, mythology) and cultural exchange and adaptation between the peoples of the same or near residence or in objective and subjective conditions of social history, etc All these factors have created the close consistence, connection and prominent feature of the fairy tales of all ethnic groups in Vietnam in particular and in the world in general

The difference in characters, structures and motifs in the above story types is created by the particular "geo-cultural" characteristics of each region and the "cultural identity" of each nation as well as the adaptation to changes, creativity in the process of exchange and receipt of cultures among ethnic groups; the law-based development of cultural phenomena, literature to adapt to the development of history, etc

In particular, the results of the study show that the differences in the two types of stories of the Southern Khmer and Viet people comes from cultural exchanges and adptation between the Southern Khmer and Viet people with other ethnic groups The culture of the Southern Khmer is greatly and deeply affected by Indian culture while the Viet people's culture is greatly influenced by Chinese culture Therefore, during the cultural exchanges and adaptation, the two story types have developed and added more different characteristics

It can be said that the results of research on the similarities and differences of the thesis have pointed out the distinctive characteristics, content values and art form of

fairy tales of the Southern Khmer and Viet peoplein the type of story: People in animal

shapes and Heroes that kill Monsters

5 There are 27 Khmer folklores that have been collected, compiled and published

by the Khmer language, which is a feat and efforts of the writter and the artists, monks who have a thorough knowledge of the Khmer language and culture This will be a necessary source of materials for further research on the folklores of this nation

6 For a limited time, the thesis is restricted to the scope of the study and comparison of fairy tales of the Southern Khmer and Viet people based on somae basic types and motifs At present, in order to implement the policy of preservation and promotion of the cultural identity of ethnic groups for culture establishment, it is necessary to implement many researches on the culture and folk literature of the Southern Khmer in general and research on type and motif in folk tales in general and fairy tales of the Southern Khmer in particular; especially, comparative studies for extension of types and motifs in the folk tales of the Southern Khmer with other ethnic groups in or near the residence area