b Understand the role of International Financial Reporting Standards.[k]b Describe the duties and responsibilities of directors and other parties covering the preparation of the financia
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Contents
Page Chapter 1 Introduction to financial reporting 1
Trang 4Chapter 24 PRACTICE ANSWERS 511
Trang 5Paper Introduction
chapter
Introduction
Trang 6How to Use the Materials
These Kaplan Publishing learning materials have been carefully designed to make your learning experience as easy as possible and to give you the best chances of success in your examinations.
The product range contains a number of features to help you in the study process. They include:
The sections on the study guide, the syllabus objectives, the examination and study skills should all be read before you commence your studies. They are designed to familiarise you with the nature and content of the
examination and give you tips on how to best to approach your learning.
The complete text or essential text comprises the main learning materials and gives guidance as to the importance of topics and where other related resources can be found. Each chapter includes:
(1) Detailed study guide and syllabus objectives(2) Description of the examination
(3) Study skills and revision guidance(4) Complete text or essential text(5) Question practice
• The learning objectives contained in each chapter, which have been carefully mapped to the examining body's own syllabus learning objectives or outcomes. You should use these to check you have a clear understanding of all the topics on which you might be assessed in the examination
• The chapter diagram provides a visual reference for the content in the chapter, giving an overview of the topics and how they link together
• The content for each topic area commences with a brief explanation or definition to put the topic into context before covering the topic in detail. You should follow your studying of the content with a review of the illustration/s. These are worked examples which will help you to understand better how to apply the content for the topic
• Test your understanding sections provide an opportunity to assess your understanding of the key topics by applying what you have learned
to short questions. Answers can be found at the back of each chapter
Trang 8(2) Online testing: provides you with additional online objective testing so you can practice what you have learned further.
(3) Online performance management: immediate access to your online testing results. Review your performance by key topics and chart your achievement through the course relative to your peer group
Paper introduction
Paper background The aim of ACCA Paper F3, Financial Accounting, FIA Diploma in Accounting and Business, Financial Accounting, is to develop knowledge and understanding of the underlying principles and concepts relating to financial accounting and technical proficiency in the use of doubleentry accounting techniques including the preparation of basic financial statements.
Objectives of the syllabus
Core areas of the syllabus
Trang 91 The scope and purpose of, financial statements
for external reporting
2
Trang 10(b) Understand the role of International Financial Reporting Standards.[k]
(b) Describe the duties and responsibilities of directors and other parties covering the preparation of the financial statements.[k]
B THE QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1 The qualitative characteristics of financial information
(a) Define, understand and apply qualitative characteristics:[k]
1
(i) Relevance(ii) Faithful representation(iii) Comparability
(iv) Verifiability(v) Timeliness(vi) Understandability(b) Define, understand and apply accounting concepts 1 (i) Materiality
(ii) Substance over form(iii) Going concern(iv) Business entity concept(v) Accruals
(vi) Fair presentation(vii) Consistency
C THE USE OF DOUBLE ENTRY AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
1 Double entry bookkeeping principles including the maintenance of accounting records
(a) Identify and explain the function of the main data sources in an accounting system.[k]
3
Trang 11(b) Outline the contents and purpose of different types
of business documentation, including: quotation, sales order, purchase order, goods received note, goods despatched note, invoice, statement, credit note, debit note, remittance advice, receipt.[k]
D RECORDING TRANSACTIONS AND EVENTS
1 Sales and purchases
Trang 123 Inventory (a) Recognise the need for adjustments for inventory
in preparing financial statements.[k]
6
(b) Record opening and closing inventory.[s] 6 (c) Identify the alternative methods of valuing
inventory.[k]
6
(d) Understand and apply the IASB requirements for valuing inventories.[s]
6
(e) Recognise which costs should be included in valuing inventories.[s]
6
(f) Understand the use of continuous and period end inventory records.[k]
6
(g) Calculate the value of closing inventory using FIFO (first in, first out) and AVCO (average cost) both periodic weighted average and continuous weighted average.[s]
6
(h) Understand the impact of accounting concepts on the valuation of inventory.[k]
6 (i) Identify the impact of inventory valuation methods
on profit and on assets.[s]
6
4 Tangible noncurrent assets
(b) Recognise the difference between current and noncurrent assets.[k]
1 & 7
(c) Explain the difference between capital and revenue items. [k]
7
(d) Classify expenditure as capital or revenue expenditure.[s]
7
(e) Prepare ledger entries to record the acquisition and disposal of noncurrent assets.[s]
7
(f) Calculate and record profits or losses on disposal
of noncurrent assets in the statement of profit or loss, including part exchange transactions. [s]
7
(g) Record the revaluation of a noncurrent asset in ledger accounts, the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and in the statement
of financial position.[s]
7
(h) Calculate the profit or loss on disposal of a revalued asset.[s]
8
Trang 13(e) Calculate depreciation on a revalued noncurrent
asset including the transfer of excess depreciation between the revaluation surplus and retained earnings.[s]
8
(f) Calculate the adjustments to depreciation
necessary if changes are made in the estimated useful life and/or residual value of a noncurrent asset.[s]
9
(d) Calculate amounts to be capitalised as
development expenditure or to be expensed from given information.[s]
Trang 147 Accruals and prepayments (a) Understand how the matching concept applies to accruals and prepayments.[k]
10
(b) Identify and calculate the adjustments needed for accruals and prepayments in preparing financial statements.[s]
10
8 Receivables and payables (a) Explain and identify examples of receivables and payables.[k]
1 & 11 & 12
(b) Identify the benefits and costs of offering credit facilities to customers.[k]
11
(c) Understand the purpose of an aged receivables analysis.[k]
11
(d) Understand the purpose of credit limits.[k] 11 (e) Prepare the bookkeeping entries to write off a
irrecoverable debt.[s]
11
(f) Record an irrecoverable debt recovered.[s] 11 (g) Identify the impact of irrecoverable debts on the
statement of profit or loss and on the statement of financial position.[s]
11
(h) Prepare the bookkeeping entries to create and adjust an allowance for receivables.[s]
11
(i) Illustrate how to include movements in the allowance for receivables in the statement of profit
or loss and how the closing balance of the allowance should appear in the statement of financial position.[s]
11
(j) Account for contras between trade receivables and payables.[s]
14
(k) Prepare, reconcile and understand the purpose of supplier statements.[s]
14
(l) Classify items as current or noncurrent liabilities in the statement of financial position.[s]
1
Trang 159 Provisions and contingencies
12
(c) Identify and illustrate the different methods of
accounting for provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets.[k]
Trang 16E PREPARING A TRIAL BALANCE
1 Trial balance (a) Identify the purpose of a trial balance.[k 16 (b) Extract ledger balances into a trial balance.[s] 16 (c) Prepare extracts of an opening trial balance.[s] 16 (d) Identify and understand the limitations of a trial
balance.[k]
16
2 Correction of errors (a) Identify the types of error which may occur in bookkeeping systems.[k]
14, 15 & 16
(b) Identify errors which would be highlighted by the extraction of a trial balance.[k]
16
(c) Prepare journal entries to correct errors.[s] 16 (d) Calculate and understand the impact of errors on
the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and statement of financial position.[s]
16
3 Control accounts and reconciliations (a) Understand the purpose of control accounts for accounts receivable and accounts payable.[k]
14
(b) Understand how control accounts relate to the double entry system.[k]
14
(c) Prepare ledger control accounts from given information.[s]
14
(d) Perform control account reconciliations for accounts receivable and accounts payable.[s]
14
(e) Identify errors which would be highlighted by performing a control account reconciliation.[k]
14
(f) Identify and correct errors in control accounts and ledger accounts.[s]
14
4 Bank reconciliations (a) Understand the purpose of bank reconciliations.[k] 15 (b) Identify the main reasons for differences between
the cash book and the bank statement.[k]
15
(c) Correct cash book errors and/or omissions.[s] 15 (d) Prepare bank reconciliation statements.[s] 15 (e) Derive bank statement and cash book balances
from given information.[s]
15
Trang 17F PREPARING BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1 Statements of financial position
(a) Recognise how the accounting equation,
accounting treatments (as stipulated within sections D, E and examinable documents) and business entity convention underlie the statement
D, E and examinable documents.[s]
17
(e) Understand why the heading retained earnings
appears in a company statement of financial position.[k]
treatments as stipulated within sections D, E and examinable documents.[s]
18
(d) Disclose items of income and expenditure in the
statement of profit or loss. [s]
17
Trang 18(e) Record income tax in the statement of profit or loss
of a company, including the under and overprovision of tax in the prior year.[s]
13
(f) Understand the interrelationship between the statement of financial position and the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. [k]
17
(g) Identify items requiring separate disclosure on the face of the statement of profit or loss.[k]
17
3 Disclosure notes (a) Explain the purpose of disclosure notes.[k]
(b) Draft the following disclosure notes[s]
(i) Noncurrent assets including tangible and intangible assets
17
(b) Classify events as adjusting or nonadjusting.[s] 17 (c) Distinguish between how adjusting and non
adjusting events are reported in the financial statements.[k]
17
5 Statement of cash flow (excluding partnerships) (a) Differentiate between profit and cash flow.[k] 19 (b) Understand the need for management to control
cash flow.[k]
19
(c) Recognise the benefits and drawbacks to users of the financial statements of a statement of cash flows.[k]
19
(d) Classify the effect of transactions on cash flows.[s] 19 (e) Calculate the figures needed for the statement of
cash flows including:[s]
19
(i) cash flows from operating activities(ii) cash flows from investing activities(iii) cash flows from financing activities
(f) Calculate the cash flow from operating activities 19
Trang 19(iv) use of profit percentages to calculate missing figures.
G PREPARING SIMPLE CONSOLIDATED
(vi) Trade/simple investment(b) Identify subsidiaries within a group structure.[k] 21
(c) Describe the components of and prepare a
consolidated statement of financial position or extracts thereof including.[s]
21
(i) Fair value adjustments at acquisition on land and buildings (excluding depreciation adjustments)(ii) Fair value of consideration transferred from cash and shares (excluding deferred and contingent consideration)
(iii) Elimination of intragroup trading balances (excluding cash and goods in transit)(iv) Removal of unrealised profit arising on intragroup trading
(v) acquisition of subsidiaries part way through the financial year
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(d) Calculate goodwill (excluding impairment of goodwill) using the full goodwill method only as follows:[s]
21
Fair value of noncontrolling interest X Less fair value of net assets at
acquisition
(X)
(e) Describe the components of and prepare a consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income or extracts thereof
including:[s]
22
(i) Elimination of intragroup trading balances (excluding cash and goods in transit)(ii) Removal of unrealised profit arising on intragroup trading
(iii) Acquisition of subsidiaries part way through the financial year
2 Associates(a) Define and identify an associate and significant influence and identify the situations where significant influence or participating interest exists
[k]
22
(b) Describe the key features of a parentassociate relationship and be able to identify an associate within a group structure.[k]
22
(c) Describe the principle of equity accounting[k] 22
H INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1 Importance and purpose of analysis of financial statements
(a) Describe how the interpretation and analysis of financial statements is used in a business environment.[k]
Trang 21(b) Draw valid conclusions from the information
contained within the financial statements and present these to the appropriate user of the financial statements.[s]
Divide the time you spend on questions in proportion to the marks on offer.
One suggestion for this exam is to allocate 2 minutes to each mark
Trang 22Computerbased examination (CBE) – tips
Be sure you understand how to use the software before you start the exam. If
in doubt, ask the assessment centre staff to explain it to you.
Questions are displayed on the screen and answers are entered using keyboard and mouse. At the end of the exam, you are given a certificate showing the result you have achieved.
The CBE exam will not only examine multiple choice questions but could include questions that require a single number entry or a multiple response.
Do not attempt a CBE until you have completed all study material relating
to it. Do not skip any of the material in the syllabus.
Read each question very carefully.
Doublecheck your answer before committing yourself to it.
Answer every question – if you do not know an answer, you don't lose anything by guessing. Think carefully before you guess.
With a multiplechoice question, eliminate first those answers that you know are wrong. Then choose the most appropriate answer from those that are left.
Remember that only one answer to a multiplechoice question can be right. After you have eliminated the ones that you know to be wrong, if you are still unsure, guess. But only do so after you have doublechecked that you have only eliminated answers that are definitely wrong.
Don't panic if you realise you've answered a question incorrectly. Try to remain calm, continue to apply examination technique and answer all questions required within the time available.
Study skills and revision guidance
This section aims to give guidance on how to study for your ACCA exams and to give ideas on how to improve your existing study techniques.
Preparing to study
Set your objectives Before starting to study decide what you want to achieve – the type of pass you wish to obtain. This will decide the level of commitment and time you need to dedicate to your studies.
Trang 23Devise a study plan
Trang 24Trying to summarise a chapter without referring to the text can be a useful way of determining which areas you know and which you don't.
Three ways of taking notes:
Summarise the key points of a chapter.
Make linear notes – a list of headings, divided up with subheadings listing the key points. If you use linear notes, you can use different colours to highlight key points and keep topic areas together. Use plenty of space to make your notes easy to use.
Try a diagrammatic form – the most common of which is a mindmap. To make a mindmap, put the main heading in the centre of the paper and put a circle around it. Then draw short lines radiating from this to the main subheadings, which again have circles around them. Then continue the process from the subheadings to subsubheadings, advantages, disadvantages, etc.
Highlighting and underlining You may find it useful to underline or highlight key points in your study text – but do be selective. You may also wish to make notes in the margins.
Revision
The best approach to revision is to revise the course as you work through it. Also try to leave four to six weeks before the exam for final revision. Make sure you cover the whole syllabus and pay special attention to those areas where your knowledge is weak. Here are some recommendations:
Read through the text and your notes again and condense your notes into key phrases. It may help to put key revision points onto index cards to look at when you have a few minutes to spare.
Trang 25Review any assignments you have completed and look at where you lost