Solid waste recycling in rajshahi city of bangladesh

The survey is conducted in three dif-ferent categories which include: primary waste collectors, wastes recycle shops, and wastes recycle factories.. Primary waste collectors Primary wast

Solid waste recycling in Rajshahi city of Bangladesh

Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 12 August 2011

Accepted 27 May 2012

Available online 1 July 2012

Keywords:

Recyclable solid waste

Recycling

Waste collectors

Recycling dealers

Recycling factories

Private sector

a b s t r a c t

Efficient recycling of solid wastes is now a global concern for a sustainable and environmentally sound management In this study, traditional recycling pattern of solid waste was investigated in Rajshahi municipality which is the fourth largest city of Bangladesh A questionnaire survey had been carried out in various recycle shops during April 2010 to January 2011 There were 140 recycle shops and most

of them were located in the vicinity of Stadium market in Rajshahi About 1906 people were found to be involved in recycling activities of the city The major fraction of recycled wastes were sent to capital city Dhaka for further manufacture of different new products Only a small amount of wastes, specially plas-tics, were processed in local recycle factories to produce small washing pots and bottle caps Everyday, an estimated 28.13 tons of recycled solid wastes were handled in Rajshahi city area This recycled portion accounted for 8.25% of the daily total generated wastes (341 ton d 1), 54.6% of total recyclable wastes (51.49 ton d 1) and 68.29% of readily recyclable wastes (41.19 ton d 1) Major recycled materials were found to be iron, glass, plastic, and papers Only five factories were involved in preliminary processing

of recyclable wastes Collecting and processing secondary materials, manufacturing recycled-content products, and then buying recycled products created a circle or loop that ensured the overall success

of recycling and generated a host of financial, environmental, and social returns

Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

1 Introduction

In view of the importance of energy saving as well as

conserva-tion of resources, efficient recycling of solid wastes is now a global

concern requiring extensive research and development works

to-wards exploring newer applications and maximizing use of

exist-ing technologies for a sustainable and environmentally sound

management (Demirbas, 2010) Growth of population, increasing

urbanization, rising standards of living due to technological

inno-vations have contributed to an increase both in the quantity and

variety of solid wastes Globally, the estimated quantity of solid

wastes expected to be generated annually by the year 2025 is

about 19 billion tons (Yoshizawaet al., 2004) It is now a global

concern, to find a socio, techno-economic, environmental friendly

solution to sustain a cleaner and greener environment A part of

management can be done by reusing the reusable portion of the

waste following the excellent waste management hierarchy which

emphasizes reduce, reuse, recycle, recover and stable residue

Recycling and reuse imply separating, collecting, processing,

mar-keting, and ultimately using a material that would otherwise have

been thrown away This morning’s newspaper can be recycled for

another morning’s news or other paper products Carpet and

cloth-ing can be made from recycled soda bottles Collectcloth-ing and

processing secondary materials, manufacturing recycled-content products, and then buying recycled products creates a circle or loop that ensures the overall success of recycling and generates a host of financial, environmental, and social returns Some of these benefits accrue locally as well as globally In addition, recycling and reuse of waste materials can contribute to other state and local policy goals, such as job creation, economic development, and reducing land and marine pollution (Cascadia Consulting Group,

2009)

Bangladesh is generally faced with the rapid deterioration of environmental and sanitation conditions due to the conventional system of collection, transportation and the crude dumping of mu-nicipal solid wastes Therefore, urban solid waste management has become a major concern for cities and towns in the country With regards to achieving proper solid waste management in municipal-ities, efforts were made particularly to improve the waste collec-tion process and disposal facilities Nevertheless, a tradicollec-tional solid waste recycling and reuse scheme has been established in dif-ferent cities of Bangladesh under private initiatives whose sustain-ability was confirmed over the years without any official or formal funds (Bari et al., 2009) The private sector is characterized by a small scale, labor-intensive, unregulated and disorganized system for services The private sector generally cannot get any special support from the government for their activities The traditional recycling of solid waste has been carried out not designating recyc-lables as wastes but as resources which provided positive impacts

0956-053X/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

⇑ Corresponding author Tel.: +880 01714087299; fax: +880 41 774780.

E-mail address: qhbari@yahoo.com (Q Hamidul Bari).

Contents lists available atSciVerse ScienceDirect Waste Management

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w e l s e v i e r c o m / l o c a t e / w a s m a n

With some exceptions, recycling activities take place in a polluting

and unhealthy environment This study aims at revealing the

tradi-tional solid waste recycling pattern in Rajshahi city of Bangladesh

as an example In this context, the major focus was encompassed

with the participation of different levels of waste collectors; an

assortment of hierarchical recycle shops, and local factories

2 Methodology

In developing countries waste reuse scheme is managed by

informal sector, specially the urban poor, as means of employment

Generally, this is a decentralized waste management system

with self sufficient (autonomous) management The system is

characterized by having separate small-scaled flows and flexible

management systems with high involvement of end users Such

decentralized systems include small scale private waste collection

systems and informal recycling projects Decentralized system

manages flow of materials close to production areas hence are being

considered to have low cost of management The decentralized

sys-tem seems to work better in provisions of urban infrastructures,

especially in situations where centralized system is not yet in place

and in situations where the end users of these systems strive to

function independent from higher level institutions and authorities

2.1 Selection of study ares

Rajshahi is the 4th largest city of Bangladesh The area of

Raj-shahi city corporation is 96.72 square kilometers and divided into

30 wards According to the census in 2009, the population in

Raj-shahi was around 775,500 (BBS 2009) A structured questionnaires

survey on solid waste recycling in Rajshahi city was conducted

during April 2010 to January 2011 (Haque, 2011) A total of eight

locations in 30 wards were surveyed and almost all the waste

recy-cling shops (WRS) of Rajshahi city were situated in the selected

area (Table 1)

2.2 Questionnaire survey

A structured questionnaire survey on the existing recycling

pro-cess was conducted among those people who are related with the

recycling process such as waste collectors, owner and workers of

shops and recycling factories The survey is conducted in three

dif-ferent categories which include: primary waste collectors, wastes

recycle shops, and wastes recycle factories

2.2.1 Primary waste collectors

Primary waste collectors were those people who collected

recy-clable waste materials from houses or dustbins and finally sold to

various waste recycle shops Two types of primary waste collectors

were involved in this process: waste pickers and house to house

waste collectors locally named feriwala The waste pickers used

to collect wastes from streets, municipal bins and other places

2.2.2 Waste recycling shops

The wastes recycle shops were found to be developed in cluster

form The shops were categorized according to the type of wastes

they deal with, the size of shops, and the number of workers in

each shop Based on this preliminary survey, some shops were

se-lected for detailed survey Most of the SFRM proprietors were not

willing to provide the real data because they worried to increasing

taxes They used to maintain informal records However, it was

interesting to recover a number of sensible information from

the traditional reuses pattern The questionnaire survey in recycle

shops documented information regarding the quantity of waste

material they dealt with, type of wastes, number of workers,

working hours, wages, collection process, etc In this study, a total

34 shops were surveyed in details

2.2.3 Waste recycling factories The waste recycling factories were located in Bangladesh small and cottage industries Corporation (BSCIC) area of Sapura A de-tailed questionnaire survey was conducted in these factories which included: factory activity, raw material, number of workers, wages, amount of waste collected and products, etc

2.3 Rate of waste generation Different studies suggested a waste generation rate around 0.38–0.78 kg per capita per day in Rajshahi city (Table 2) with an average of 0.44 kg per capita per day The total population in this city was considered 775,500 (BBS, 2009) and hence the average so-lid waste generation rate was estimated 341 tons d 1 The physical composition of solid wastes of Rajshahi, Khulna and Dhaka city were represented inTable 3where only food and vegetable wastes accounted for 70% of the total generated wastes (Hai and Ali, 2005; Yousuf and Rahman, 2007)

3 Results and discussion 3.1 Primary waste collectors Waste pickers and feriwala (buyer of recyclable wastes from house) normally work as the primary waste collectors In Rajshahi city, the waste pickers were found collecting wastes from waste-bins or road sides The detail information on primary waste collec-tors and their activities have been documented inTable 4 People

of different ages were involved in picking wastes but most of them fall within 10–30 years old There was a tendency among the poor people, who did not get job, to be involved in waste picking; because there was no financial investment in this work and the money they received by selling the waste was totally their income Most of the primary waste collectors were found to be the inhab-itants in a slum of 92 families and situated behind the Padma res-idential area at Vodra The waste pickers usually went out for work

in the morning and returned back in the afternoon During this per-iod they used to collect an estimated 11–20 kg d 1of wastes from different parts of the city Most of the waste pickers were found illiterate Recently, the city authority arranged a temporary class for about 70–80 students behind the ‘‘Shahid Captain Monsur Ali park’’

In comparison to waste pickers, the number of feriwala was less, almost one third of total primary waste collectors; because

in this case financial investment was needed.Moniruzzaman et

al (2011) found 658 number feriwala and 1349 number waste pickers involved in waste recycling in Khulna city with ratio of 1:2 Usually, feriwala used to collect an estimated 30–40 kg d 1

of wastes and had better financial condition than waste pickers Moreover, feriwala were of two categories: (i) walked door to door with container made of bamboo and a balance (Fig 1a), (ii) used rickshaw van to carry the waste materials Finally, the waste pick-ers and feriwala sold the collected recyclable wastes to various re-cycle shops (Fig 1b) A waste picker usually earns Tk 90–150 per day while a feriwala earns Tk 150–200 per day The estimated amount of waste collected by waste picker and feriwala were found to be 17.5 kg d 1and 34.63 kg d 1, respectively (Table 4) 3.2 Waste recycling shops

A total of 140 waste recycling shops were identified in Rajshahi city area Mainly four categories of wastes were recycled as

described inTables 5–7 Major recycled materials were paper or

bags, plastic, glass, and metals A total 34 shops (24% of 140 shops)

were surveyed in details The number of workers in recycle shops

were found to be varied according to the nature of job like only

separation, only compaction or both On the basis of the amount

of waste handled, the shops were classified into four categories

namely Large, Medium, small type A (STA) and small type B

(STB) for further analysis The large shops usually handled more

than 2000 kg d 1, the medium shops handled 1000–2000 kg d 1,

the STA handled 500–1000 kg d 1and the STB handled less than

500 kg d 1

There were three large recycle shops in the study area, however,

only one agreed to provide data (Table 5) This shop was located at

Vodra and used to handle 9250 kg d 1 recyclable wastes

Gener-ally, all large shops used to buy recycled wastes from medium

and small shops Only one medium shop was identified in the city

area which had an average waste handling capacity of 1500 kg d 1

A total of seven STA shops were identified and each had a capacity

of handling 500–875 kg d 1recyclable wastes (Table 6) Two STA

shops were located in Vodra area, three in Stadium area and one

in Sapura area Primarily, the STA shops were found to dealing with

metal items However, glass items were also handled in these

shops Working hour of the owner/staffs were found around

8–9 h a day with income/salary Tk 1800–4500 per month Out of

a total 129 STB shops in the city area, data from 26 shops were

collected and documented as shown inTable 7 Most of those were

found to dealing with mixed items and handled around

50–450 kg d 1 of recycled wastes Working time of the owner/

staffs were about 7–9 h a day Most of them did not provide

infor-mation regarding their income or salary The range of income or

salary of the respondent owner or worker was Tk 1800–4500 per

month Mostly, these shops were located in Vodra and Stadium area

3.3 Estimation of recycled waste The average recycled wastes handled by the small type B shop was estimated from Table 7 Recycled wastes = 4519/26 = 173.8 kg d 1 Similarly, small type A shop 601 kg d 1 (Table 6) Thus, the total recyclable wastes handled by 129 numbers small type B shops, 7 numbers small type A shops and a Medium shop would be aggregated to 28.13 ton d 1 The wastes from small and medium shops finally reached to large recycle shops The three large shops handled almost similar amount of wastes as estimated from the field survey as mentioned in Section3.2 Thus, a conser-vative estimate on the amount of waste handled by the large shops was = 9.25  3 = 29.75 ton d 1 This value was very close to the amount handled by the small and medium shops Therefore, the total estimated amount of recyclable wastes handled in Rajshahi was taken 28.13 ton d 1 The Percentage of recycled solid waste

of total solid waste generation per day in Rajshahi city was esti-mated 8.25% (28.13  100/341) The data 8.25% of recycled wastes

in Rajshahi was found analogous with Dhaka and Khulna cities as 9.10% (Memon, 2002) and 8.87% (Bari et al., 2009) of total daily solid waste generation, respectively

3.4 Estimation of recyclable solid waste Potential recyclable solid waste in Rajshahi city was 15.1% as calculated fromTable 3, which includes the recyclable composition such as paper and paper products, polythene and plastic, metal components, glass and ceramics This data was important with re-gards to recycling The other major part 84.9% was not recyclable and could be used for composting or fermentation Therefore, the quantity of recyclable solid waste (RSW) was estimated from total waste generation (341 ton d 1) as 0.151  341 = 51.49 ton d 1 3.5 Estimation of readily recyclable solid waste

A term readily recyclable solid waste could be introduced to estimate the percentage of recycling as it was not possible for waste collectors to collect all of the RSW found in the waste bin, dustbin and disposal site They can collect only those recyclable solid wastes, which were clean and have some selling value In absence of proper separation at the source some slowly biodegrad-able components such as paper and bone tend to decompose and some other were spoiled with the mixed decomposable organic waste Finally, they lost their selling value as well as opportunity

Table 1

Location of shops and characteristics of the places Source: Rajshahi city corporation web site.

Ward number/location

names

Characteristics of the ward No of house-holds in ward (area

in acre)

Population of the ward (literacy %)

No of dealers a

2 Court station Mixed income households and some agricultural land 3119 (1125 b

7 Laxmiipur Vatapara Middle class and educated professionals live here 1874 (782) 12700 (69.3) 3

12 Shaheb bazar Rani

Bazar

15 Stadium market Shal

Bagan

Recyclable waste market area and residential area 2104 (602) 10500 (84.8) 68

16 Sapura industrial area Industrial area and residential area 2549 (936) 12000 (72.3) 6

27 Vodra, Tikapara Residential area High to middle income people live in

this area

3 Dingadoba, Tultulipara Residential area, Middle income people live here 2469 (596) 12009 (59.75) 7

a

Finding of this work.

b

1 acre = 0.4047 hectare.

Table 2

Waste generation of Rajshahi city according to different studies.

Reference of

study

Reference of study total waste

generation (ton d 1

)

Calculated waste generation (kg capita d 1

)

Clemett et al.

(2006)

Waste Safe

(2005)

Ahmed and

Rahman

(2000)

387 a

0.50

Average 341 a

0.44 b

a

Calculation based on the population 775,500.

b

Average of last three references.

for recycling The portion of recyclable solid waste, which were

clean and had selling values, could be designated as readily

recyclable solid wastes The readily recyclable solid waste was

estimated as 80% of RSW = 0.80  51.49 ton d 1 equaled to

41.19 ton d 1

The total amount of recycled wastes in Rajshahi city was found

28.13 ton d 1which accounted for 8.25% of daily total generated

wastes (341 ton d 1) Furthermore, this 28.13 ton d 1 recycled

wastes was found to be 54.6% of total recyclable solid wastes

(RSW) 51.49 ton d 1and 68.29% of readily RSW of 41.19 ton d 1

3.6 Plastic recycling factory

Most of the wastes collected by the large and medium shops

were sent to Dhaka for the production of different new materials

Only a small amount of wastes were processed in local factories

Therefore, details information of these local factories were vital

with regards to have a complete scenario on waste recycling in

Raj-shahi city Only five recycling factories were found in RajRaj-shahi

These factories were located at the BSCIC area of Sapura The

facto-ries handled 75–800 ton d 1and had workers from 2 to 23 persons

with a total 47 staffs as shown inTable 8 These were small type

factories which dealt with plastics (Fig 3a) These factories

col-lected the plastic wastes from recycle shops and cut the sorted

plastics into small pieces and sent to Dhaka for the manufacture

of new products Wastes like PET bottles were only washed and sold in the market directly Two of the local factories used to man-ufacture plastic products such as small containers, water pots (Bodna), and bottle caps

3.6.1 Processing of wastes in local factories Four out of five local factories were associated with preliminary processing of waste materials which included: sorting, separation, cutting, washing, and drying the products The process flow dia-gram was shown in the first five units ofFig 2

 Sorting: The plastic wastes were sorted according to their phys-ical properties such as hardness, color, and thickness, because different types of processed wastes were sent to different pro-duction factories

 Separation: Separation included removal of unwanted objects such as dusts or other wastes particles

 Cutting: Cutting was done to reduce the size of the plastic waste materials in the range of 6 mm to 12 mm (Fig 3b)

 Washing: After cutting, the plastic wastes were washed with water using detergent

 Drying: The wet waste chips were then dried in the sun (Fig 3c) Sometimes, the waste chips were mixed with colors and finally the dried plastic chips were packed and sent to Dhaka or local factory for the manufacture of new products

Table 3

Physical composition (%) of solid waste generated from Rajshahi and Dhaka with typical values of Bangladesh.

Paper and paper products 8.9 a

Glass and ceramics 1.1 a

a

Summation of these values is 15.1%, which is the Potential recyclable solid waste in Rajshahi city.

Table 4

Amount of waste collected by primary waste collectors.

Type of waste collectors (age) Male/female Amount of waste collected (kg d 1

)

Average collection (kg d 1

a Taka (Tk); 1Euro = 106 Taka, August 5, 2011.

Fig 1 (a) A feriwala carries a balance like container made of bamboo and rope and moves from door to door on foot; (b) a small waste recycling shop in Rajshahi city Table 5

Amount collected by large and medium recycling waste shops.

Sl no Place No of worker Paper bags Plastic Glass Metal Total (kg d 1

) Working hours Salary a

/income

a

Thousand Taka average income or salary per owner or worker per months (1Euro = 106 Taka, August 5, 2011).

Table 6

Collected data on small type A recycling waste shops.

Sl no Place No of worker Paper bags Plastic Glass Metal Total (kg d 1

) Working hours Salary a

/income

a

Thousand Taka average income or salary per owner or worker per months.

Table 7

Collected data on small type B recycling waste shops.

Sl no Place No of worker Paper bags Plastic Glass Metal Total (kg d 1

) Working hours Salary a

/income

a Thousand Taka average income or salary per owner or worker per months.

b

Table 8

Particular of solid waste recycling factories in Rajshahi city.

Sl no No of worker Type of waste Amount (kg) Processes or product Working hour Monthly salary

5 23 Plastic 800 Cutting, washing, washed water bottles send to Dhaka 10 2000–8000 Total 47

Fig 2 Process flow diagram of a plastic recycling factory in Rajshahi.

3.6.2 Factories deal with production of new products

Two wastes recycle factories among the five produced new

products from waste materials One factory produced bottle caps

and small pots and other factory produced washing pots ‘locally

named Bodna’ The process flow diagram was shown in Fig 2

which included both the preliminary and final processing The final

processing units namely helical stick preparation, cutting helical

stick, heating, manufacture of final products, and maintaining

shape were shown inFig 2 Photographic flow chart of a plastic

recycling factory in Rajshahi was shown inFig 3

3.6.2.1 Helical plastic sticks (Dana) The waste pieces were melt to

form a plastic stick called Dana It was an intermediate condition

of the plastic during the production process of the washing pots

looked like a thick irregular shape helical spring These sticks were

normally 30 cm to 50 cm long and had a diameter varying from

2 cm to 5 cm

 Cutting of stick: The helical sticks were then cut into small chips

of 2 to 3 cm sizes by a cutting machine

 Heating: The small plastic chips produced from stick were then

heated in a machine The raw chips were not melted at this

stage This was a kind of preheating of raw chips

 Making product: In this phase the primary shape of the desired

product was performed The preheated plastic waste chips were

fed into the final production machine subjected to further

heat-ing and became soft, however, not liquid

 Final polishing: The final polishing of the products was done

through manual and mechanical means (Fig 3d) Then polished

pots were then packed for marketing

3.7 Estimation of number of people involved in recycling process

The people involved in primary collection were waste pickers

and feriwala The number of feriwala was found one third of the

to-tal primary collectors The capacity of waste collection by feriwala

was found to be approximately double than a waste picker

(Moniruzzaman et al., 2011) The average amount of waste

col-lected by a waste picker was 17.5 kg d 1 and a feriwala

34.63 kg d 1 (Table 4) Thus, the total 28.13 ton d 1 of recycled

wastes could be collected together by 404 number of feriwala

and 808 number of waste pickers Therefore, the total number of

feriwala plus waste pickers is 1212

The total number of people involved in recycling shops and

fac-tories were consisted of proprietors and appointed workers

Usu-ally for small shops the owner worked alone For the estimation

of number of people involved in recycling activities, the average

number of workers in each type shop was determined and then

multiplied with total number of identified shops The total number

owner plus worker for all types of shops was estimated:

= Worker of (STA + STB + Medium shop + Large Shop)

= (113  129)/26 + (21  7)/5 + 3  1 + 18  3 person (identified

shop number is in italic font)

= 647 persons

The total numbers of people involved in recycling factories were

47 persons (Table 8)

Therefore, the total number of people involved in recycling in

Rajshahi was estimated:

= Number of people involved in (primary collection + shops +

factories)

= (1212 + 647 + 47) persons

= 1906 persons

Thus, a total 1906 persons were working daily in Rajshahi city for waste recycling processes

4 Significance The recycling of solid waste was not included in the waste man-agement policy of local authority, yet it had become a main source

of income for several groups of the private sector The waste collec-tors should be formally incorporated in waste management sys-tems, both at local level syssys-tems, as well as in the larger urban framework For this, training would be required on personal hy-giene as most waste collectors were found to be unaware of the consequences of garbage sorting without adopting safety guide-lines Moreover, attention should be paid to improve the living conditions of the waste collectors

The amount of final processing of recyclable waste materials in Rajshahi city was found to be very small, about 5.87% of the col-lected wastes undergone preliminary processing and only 0.53% were recycled into new products such as washing pots and jars The manufacture of new products from most recycled wastes was done in Dhaka The major portion (100 – 5.87 – 0.53 = 93.6% of 28.13 ton d 1) about 26.48 ton d 1of waste materials were trans-ported to Dhaka city over a distance of 230 km daily Thus, a huge amount of money was wasted for transportation in both directions:

to export raw waste materials and to import recycled products for local consumption Therefore, it is imperative to establish large recycling factories in Rajshahi city which would save a large amount of money and help in reducing unemployment

5 Conclusions The major conclusions drawn from this study was outlined as below:

 There were 140 recyclable shops and most of them situated at Stadium market in Rajshahi About 1906 people were involved

in the recycling chain of the city

 The total amount of recyclable waste handled in Rajshahi was 28.13 ton d 1 This recycled portion accounted for 8.25% of the daily total generated wastes (341 ton d 1), 54.6% of total recy-clable wastes (51.49 ton d 1) and 68.29% of readily recyclable wastes (41.19 ton d 1)

 There were five recycling factories with clear preliminary and final processing sequences These factories had been using locally available machineries and consumed only 6.4% of RSW The major fraction, around 93.6%, of recycled wastes were sent

to capital city Dhaka for further manufacture of different new products Only a small amount of wastes, specially plastics, were processed in local recycle factories to produce small wash-ing pots and bottle caps

 Training on personal hygiene as well as improving living condi-tions of waste collectors would definitely ensure the long term sustainability of this traditional pattern of solid wastes recycling

References

Ahmed, M.F., Rahman, M.M., 2000 Water Supply & Sanitation: Rural and Low Income Urban Communities ITN-Bangladesh, Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Ali, A., 2010 Faulty solid waste management in Rajshahi city Daily Star (11.02.2010).

Bari, Q.H., Moniruzzaman, S.M., Uddin, M.A., 2009 Recycling of solid waste in Khulna city of Bangladesh Scenario of solid waste management program of selected municipalities in Bangladesh In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Waste Management, WsateSafe, KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh,

pp 623–630.

Cascadia Consulting Group, 2009 Recycling and Economic Development: A Review

of Existing Literature on Job Creation, Capital Investment, and Tax Revenues.

King County Solid Waste Division LinkUp, Washington, USA.

Clemett, A., Amin, M.A., Ara, S., Akan, M.M.R., 2006 Background Information for

Rajshahi City, WASPA Asia Project Report 2 Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Demirbas, A., 2010 Waste management, waste resource facilities and

waste conversion processes Energy Conversion and Management 52, 1280–

1287.

Hai, F.I., Ali, M.F., 2005 A study on solid waste management system of Dhaka city

corporation: effect of composting and landfill location UAP Journal of Civil and

Environmental Engineering 1 (1), 18–26.

Haque, M.E., 2011 Solid Waste Recycling In Rajshahi City B.Sc Thesis, Department

of Civil Engineering, KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Huda, K.M.N., 2008 Municipal Solid Waste Management, Bangladesh Perspective.

Academic press and Publishing Library, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p 27.

Memon, M.A., 2002 Solid Waste Management in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

<www.kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/docs/demo/dhaka_bangladesh/spdhaka.pdf> Moniruzzaman, S.M., Bari, Q.H., Fukuhara, T., 2011 Recycling practices of solid waste in Khulna city, Bangladesh The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, USA 37 (1), 1–16.

Safe, Waste, 2005 Integrated Management and Safe Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in Least Developed Asian Countries – A Feasibility Study Department of Civil Engineering, KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Yoshizawa, S., Tanaka, M., Shekdar, A.V., 2004 Global trends in waste generation In: Gaballah, I., Mishar, B., Solozabal, R., Tanaka, M (Eds.), Recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology TMS Mineral, Metals and Materials Publishers, Spain, pp 1541–1552 (II).

Yousuf, T.B., Rahman, M., 2007 Monitoring quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste in Dhaka city Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 135, 3–11.