Natural History of New York, Zoology of New York, New York Flora T1, J. Torrey 1843

The geographical range of plants being limited by thecharacters of tIle soil and rocks as well as by teillperaturc, and the geological features ofthe State being greatly diversified, our

DISCOVERED IN THE STATE;

WITII REMARKS ON THEIR ECONOMICAL A:ND DIEDICINAL PROPERTIES.

The copyright of this work is secured for the benefit of the People of the State of N e\v-York.

SAMUEL YOUNG,

~Stlcretaryof.SLat.~.

Albany, 1843.

TIle earliest treatise on tIle Botany of New-York, tllat lIas come under IllY observation,.

is the " Pialltre Coldenhall1ire" of Goverllor COLDEN, pllbiisiled in the Acts of the RoyalSociety of Upsal for tIle y"ear 1744 It is all account of tIle plants gro\ving spontaneously

in the neighborhood of Coldenham, in Orange County, and elnbraces only tIle first twelveclasses of the Linnrean Systeln The second part ,vas (I believe) never published.tKALM, a pupil of LINNlEUS (and afterwards a Bisllop), visited Nortll Alllerica in 1747,and collected plants in Ne,v-York, whicll are often referred to in the writings ofLINNlEUS,

and nlan~rof tllem are preserved in his llerbariulll

Dr WANGENHEIM, a Hessian surgeon in the British ArnlY ouring the _A.nlerican tion, made numerous observations OIl tIle plants of tllis country, particlliarly on those ofNew-York After his return to Germany, he published a work on the trees of NorthAmerica

Revolu-MICHAUX the elder travelled in the nortllern and soutilern parts of the State in 1792,

while engaged in collecting plallts for the French Goy'ernnlellt, as well as for his Flora

Boreali-.J1mericana, which was published in Paris in 1803 He ,vas acconlpallied by hisson, who afterwards revisited tllis country, and travelled extensi rely in nlost of the Stateseast of the Mississippi, and, on returning to Europe, pllblislled, in 1810, his splendid work

on the Forest Trees of North America The younger MICHAUX examined tIle valley ofthe Hudson, the borders of Lake Champlain, and a considerable portion of tIle westerncounties

*Much of this historical matter was furnished for Governor SEWARD'S Introduction to the Natural History of the State.

tSee Dr GRAY'S memoir of COLDEN, in Silliman's Journal.

II PREFACE.

The late Dr C W EDDY, of New-Yorl{, was a zealous botanist, and devoted much

attention to tIle, plants of tllis State; but his herborizations were mostly confined to thevicinity of the metropolis and Long Islal1d In 1808, he llublished in tlle New-YorkMedical Repository a list of plants growing spontaneously around Plandolne, in Queenscounty

TIle sanle year, PURSI-I, author of tIle Flora Jlmerict2 Septentrionalis, made an extensivebotanical tour on foot tllrough tIle State, the fruits of whicll nre recorded in his work.Major J LE C~ONTE (110\V, I 1,elieve, the' oldest botanist ill the Ullited States) llas forl1lany years assiduously studied th(~ plants ofNort.h Arncrica Among his valuable publi-cations is a catal(),~ue of 468 species of indigenous and natnralized plants gro\ving spon-taneous]y on tIle island of NC\V -Yorl{ This was inserted in the American Medical andPllilosopllical Register for 1811, edit.ed byDr HOSACK and Dr FRANCIS.

In 1814, the latc Professor JACOB GREEN publishcd at Albany his list of the native plants

of the State of Nc\v-Yurl{, in tIle conlpilation of ,vlllch he \vas assisted by Messrs PURSH,

EDDY, LE CONTE~ und WHITLO\V.

III 1817, at the rcqllcst of tlle Lyceu111 of Natural History, I prepared a list of the plants

gro'Ying witllill tllirty llliles of the city of New-York, which was not publislled, however,llntil 1819 It ell11Jraced about 1300 species (of \\rIlich sevcral new ones were described) ,including a CUllsiderabie portioll of tIle Cr}rptogarnia

The first edition of tIle Man ual of Botany') by tIle late Prof EATON,of Troy, appeared in

1818 Tllis ,veIl kllo,vn 'York passed tIlr~l1g11eigllt editions, the last of ,vhich, in an larged forl11, under tIle title of Nortil All1erican Botall}~, is dated 1840, and was prepared

en-by tIle united labors of Prof EATON and JOHN WRIGHT, ~I. D The authors have cated 1110st of the rarer plallts ,vIlich tlley llad ascertailled to be indigenous to ~ew-York.TIle first YOIUlllC of lllY' Flora of tIle l\iiddle and Korthern States, aceording to theLinnreall Sy'stClll, was publislled in 1823 and 1824,and enlbraced the classes from Monan-dria to Icosandria illclusive Before the second Volul11e ,\~as completed., the 'York wasinterrupted by otller labors, and finally abandoned, tInder tIle persuasion tllatI could betterserv"e tIle cause ofNortll All1erican Botany b}r adopting the nattlral s)Tstem. A Compen-diunl of tIle Flora ,vas, llov.rever, given to tIle public in 1826 Tllese works contain most

indi-of tIle observatiolls I had then lllude on the plants of Nc,,'"-York

III 1833, Prof L C BECK gave us llis ,veIl digested alld conlprehensive Botany of the

Northern States. Witll the exception of IllY account of Dr James's plants collected inLong's first Expedition, tllis \vas tIle first All1crican 'Yorkill vl11icll the Natural System wasfollo\ved

TIle next publication relative to tIle Flora of our State., is a Catalogue of Plantsgrowil1g in tIle vicinity of Troy, by Prof J H_o\LL and Dr J WRIGHT. Tllis appeared in

PREFACE III

plants found near Troybythe lateMr H. H.EATON. Silliman's Journal contains tions of New-York plants byMr DAVID THOMAS, Prof.DEWEYandothers In theReports

descrip-of the Regents descrip-of the University are several local catalogues descrip-of plants, which are useful

in giving the geographical range of many species Some of the most important of theselists are the following: Rare plants detected in Westchester County" byS_~MUELB.MEAD,

M D., published in the Report for 1830; List of indigenous plants growing in the vicinity

of Kinderlloolr, by W V S WOODWORTH, to be found in tIle Report of 1840; Plantsgrowing near Aurora, Cayuga COUllty, by ALEXANDER THOMPSON, M D., printed in theReport of 1841 ; Cataloglle of plants in and about tIle city of Rochester, with their times

of flo'\vering for 1841, in tIle Report of 1842 In tIle sam~ report is a very full and rate catalogue of the plants of Ollcida County, by P D KNIESKERN,M D In the Report

accu-of tIle followi.llg year is a Botallical Calendar for the year 1842, by Praccu-of DEWEY. TheAnllals of the Ne\v-York Lycellnl contain an excellent !Japer by Dr GRAY, on some rareplants of the nortIlcrn and \vestern Coullties, besides other articles in \Vllich New-Yorkplants are described or noticed by Dr GRAY and myself

Lastly I Inay be allo\ved to llotice the Flora of NortIl Alnerica,by Dr.GRAY and myself,110t only because it is Pllblislled in Ne,v-York, but also as contail1ing the reslllts (as far asthe worl{ extends) of our nllluerOllS observations on tIle plants of this State

There are few regions north of Virgillia, possessed of greater interest to the botanist,than the State of New-York The geographical range of plants being limited by thecharacters of tIle soil and rocks as well as by teillperaturc, and the geological features ofthe State being greatly diversified, our Flora embraces nearly as Inany species as the whole

of New-England The able geologists of the Survey llave fully described tIle physicalcharacters of the surface, so that I may omit SUCll details here For botanical purposes, it

is sufficient to divide the State into four Floral Distriets, which nearly correspond with theZoological Regions of Dr DEKAY. WitlI the exception of the first, they cannot be veryaccurately circuillscribed

1 THE ATLANTIC REGION Tllis consists of Long Island alone; for although StatenIsland, as well as the Island of New-York and a part of Westcllester, are within the limits

of salt water, they belong, botanically considered, to tIle Second Region Besides Dllmerousmaritill1e plants, Long Island affords Inany species tllat are found in no other part of theState Some of these characteristic plants are tIle following, viz : Clematis ocllroleuca,

Polygala lutea,* Hudsonia ericoides, Drosera filifor1nis, Ilscy1"um sta1tS, I1renaria squarrosa, Clitoria Mariana, Eupatoriu'J1~leucolepis, E rotund'ifolium ff aroTaaticum, Aster spectabilis, Chrysopsis falcata, (}oreopsis rosea, Lobelia Nuttall-i'i, Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Eleocltaris tuberculosa, and Panicum verrucosum. l\Jlost of tllese plants are also c.haracteristic of thegreat tertiary region of the United States, particularly of that portion of it which embracesthe pine barrens of New-Jersey

• See Appendix.

IV PREFACE.

2 'fIfE I-IuDsoN VALLEY REGION This includes all that }Jortion of the State which is

,vatered bythe Hudson and its tributaries, as far north as Washington and Saratoga ties, together "Titli tIle yalley of the Mo,llawk east of tIle Little Falls; and also StatenIsland Its Ycgetation, tal\:en as a ,vholc, is silnilar to that of Connecticllt, the ,vesternpart of Massachusetts, the northcrn }lart of Nc,v-Jersey, and Pennsylvania east of the BlueRidge It is diffieult toindicate its characteristic plants; but very few of the following arefound ill any of tIle other regions: Ranunculus ])usillus, Brasenia peltata, Nasturtium his-

coun-pid1.l1n, 5 l

ilcne Pfnnsyh'((ll'ica, Le.\'j)crlcza c(fjJitat(l, Crotalaria sagittalis, Prunus lJ.mericana, JJ.cer dasycarpu1n, Ludlci,~ia sp!z(crocarj)([, Erhinocystis lobata, Crantzia lineata, Vernonia Novebo1·acensis, ~nlillgcdiU11t acunLina!u1n, Clcthra a In ifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Hottonia inflata, Qucrcns oliv(pforlnis f:) macrocaJ'j)(l, Bet'ula r'ubra, Scirpus planifolius, and lJ.the1·o-

Moun-,vhile 011 tIle Catskill 1110l1ntains (solne of ,vllich attaill all altitude of between 3000 and

4000 feet) are found GoodyeTa repens, Oxalis lJ.cetosella, Solidago thyrsoidea, lJ.bies balsamea

ff alba, and Betula papyracea.

3 THE WESTERN REGION is bounded on tIle soutll by the State of Pennsylvania, on thewest by Lakes Erie and Olltario, on tIle north lJy an irregular line extending along the

SOllthern borders of JefferSOll and Lewis counties to tIle Little Falls; so that it includesOswego, the greater portioll of Oneida, and the southern part of Herkimer counties.Eastwardly it blends with tIle Hudson River Region Its vegetation greatly resemblesthat of the nliddle portiolls of tile country east of the l\Iissis8ippi, lying between the GreatLakes and tile Ohio River SOBle of tIle peculiar species are the following: Jeffersonia

diphylla, Hydrastus Canadensis, I1rabis dentata, Solea concolm", Ptelea trifoliata, Trifolium reflexum, Phaca neglecta, Gyntnocladus Canadensis, Gillenia trifoliata Sfstipulacea, Erigenia bulbosa, Fedia Fagopyrum, Solidago Ohioensis, Collinsia ve'rna, Zigadenus glaucus and

(}yperus Scltweinitzii.

A fe\v Canadian }Jlants find their way frOin a considerable distance north, into this

region, \\Titllout being kno\vn to occur in tile intervening country; such as Viola Selkirkii,

Valerian a sylvatica, Pinguicula vulgaris, and Primula Mistassinica.

4 THE NORTHERN REGION includes all tllat part of the State which lies north of the

Moha\vlr Valley alld the Hoosick River It is bounded on tIle west by the River St

Law-rence and tIle nortlleastern extrcll1ity of Lake Ontario, and on tIle east by Lake plain and the State of Verll10nt Mucll of th~central part of this region is still a wilder-ness To,vards tIle east and 8011tll tlle land is elevated ,vith high mOllntains, among whichare numerous ·snlailiakes Here are the SOllrces of the Hudson, the All Sable, the Saranac,

Cham-PREFACE. vBlaclr, Raclret, and many otller snlaller rivers Some of tIle mountains, such as MountMarcy, Mount M'intyre, and Wlliteface, rise to tlle h(·jgltt of {roln 4900 to 5400 feet,and afford a truly alpine vegetation On some of the higher peaks are found El)ilobiurn~

alpinttm, Solidago TTirg'(lUrea, Rhododendron Lapponicum, Vacc£niu1n uli/~inosuln, Diapensia Lappon,ica, Empet1 41 umnl~g'rnm,Poa alJ) ina , I-lierocltloa alpina, Juncns trijidus, (t arex sa.1'alilis, Jli1 4

a atrOp'llrpUrea,and other plants peculiar tohj.~h lllollntains of tIle nortllcrn henlisphcrc,

or natives of the arctic zone Sonle of the cllaraeterjstie plants of the less elevated tions of this region are .fl:nernone multi/ida, Draba arabr£:::;a'ns, Ceanotltus oval£s, Nardosm'ia palmata, Aster ptarm-icoides,./1rnica 'lnoll is, /-/al,' nind~flexa,Batschia canesce ns,Dracocepltalun~

por-part'iflorum, Haben,ar'ia obtusata, .f1i/uls 1,ir£dis, JllliurrlJ Canadense, Juncus styg'ius and

Eq'lllisetum scirpo1°des. In its goeneral features, tIle botany of this rrgion is v(~ry sinlilar tothat of Southern Canada and the Northern Ne,v-England States

Some plallts are COllllnon to tIle NorthC'Tn and WesternR('gions, but do 110t OCellI" in theValley of tIle Hudson., nor on Long Island; SUCll as Turrit'is stricta, Nastllrtiuln nata1~s,

Hyper'l°cum ellijJticum, Astragalus Can,ade1~s'is,GeUl1t TivaleSf Canadcnse, COiilarU{f~palustre, Tiarella cordifolia, GnajJlt.aliu/nt decurre1ls, Pyrola uniflora, Shephcrdia (/auadensis'l Strep- tOP'lts arttplexicGulis, and Juncusfiliform'Z~s.

The State of Ne,v-York is the northern limit of a considerable nllnlber of species Thus

Magnolia acum'Z°Ttafa occurs on the Niagara River, and on tIle borders of Lake 011tario,somewhat beyond the latitude of 43°, wllile its eastern limit is the nortllern part of ColunlbiaCOllnty Opuntia vulgaris 11as been found in tIle soutllern part of Herkimer County

Hydrocl~aris cordifolia, ,yllich Dr BRADLEY detected 011 the swampy borders of LakeOntario, is a remarkable instance of a SOlltllern plant being found so far nortll, ,vithoutoccllrring in the intervening country Aconitum u1~cinatumis sparingly seen on the banks

of the Chenango Riyer, in latitude 42° Nelumbium luteu1n is a native of Big SOdllS Bay

on Lake Ontario, in lat 43° 20 1

; beyond ,vhicll, to the north, it Ilas not hitlterto beenobserved Long Island is the northern limit of nllnlerous species, suell as Quercus Phellos, prinoides If nigra, besides nlany of those which 11ave been enulnerated as the peculiarplants of that region

The SOllthern linlits of plants are not so well defined as the extent of their rangeto,,:ards

the nortll; for many nortllern species are found along the tracts of lllountains, where thetemperature is lo,v and tIle air moist, several degrees SOllth of their ordinary places ofgrowth Still we l1ave a few plants in our Flora, ,vllieh, I believe, have not been observedsouth of the State of New-York; such as Hipp'llrisvulgaris, Myriophyllu1n tene/tum, 5"elinu1n Canadense, Valeriana sylvatica, Pterospora lJ.ndromedea, Populus Balsa1nifera, and Shep-

herdia Canade1i~sis.

We can boast of but few plants tllat are unl{nown out of tIle limits of our Flora Pyrola uliginosa, a new species, is alnlost the only unequivocal one of this class Scolopendrium vulgare (an European fern) is certainly indigenous in the western part of the State, and

I have no information of its having been found elsewhere 'in North America The rarest

of all ferns, Onoclea obtusilobata, first described by SCHKUIIR, and now unknown to any

VI PREFA.CE.

European herbarium, was fOllnd more than twenty years ago by Dr JEDEDIAH SMITH, inWashington County He obtained only two specimens, botll of which (though in a muti-lated state) are still in existence, and no others have since been obtained Diligent butllnsuccessful scarell Ilas been rnade for it in the original locality of Dr SMITH.

It is reillarkable, that on tIle shores of tile Great Lakes, there are certain plants, theproper station of,vhich is tIle ilnnledjatca lieig-llborllood of tIle ocean, as if tlley llad consti-tuted part of the carly Flora of tl108C regiolls, wIlen tIle lal{es \vere filled witll salt water,and have sluO\yivl,d the change that lias taken place in tIle pllysical conditions of their soil.Aillong SllCli species 111~lY be CnUl1H'rnteu ()al-Lilf marilinlJl, Hudsonia tomentosa, Lathrus maritilnus, and EUjJhorbia polygonij()lia.

Ofproper InllritiHH' plten(J~amous l)lants, the shores of Long I8land and Staten Island,

a~ \v(,II as the coullll('s of Ne,v-York and \\TestchC'ster \yIlere tlley border on the Hudsonand the Sound, nne)rd alH)utliftJT species, llonc of\vhicll are s('(_'n lJf'yond tIle limits of salt,

or, at least, brac.kish, \vuter, CXCC!)t a fc\v \v]lich occur i l l tIle saline soils of Salina andSyrneuse

Tilt" \vllolc 111111lber of Flo\vering Plants hitherto found in tJle State is about 1450 species,,vllicll is 100 1110rt' than \vcrc t'llUllH'ratcd in Illy prelilninary Report of 1840 Of Fernsand their allies, 60 species belong to Ollr Flora The utiler cryptogamic orders haye notyet been fully dcterlnined, as I filld tlleir 11U11lber so great tllut they· could not be included

in tIle t\VO YOIUnles to ,yllicil 11l~Y first Report was limited An account of such as belong

to the orders l\Iusci, He!Jaticre, Licllenes, Cllaracere and Algre, ,viII be given in a futureYOllll118 if alltllorized by tIle Legislature TIle Fungi constitute so peculiar a department

of the \Tegetablc Kingdoll1, and tlleir sl)ecies are so extremely numerous, that a botanist,

to do tlleffi jllsticc, Inllst 111ak:e tllel1l allllost an exclusive study The late Rev M DE

SCH"VEINITZ llas gi veIl us a list of 1110re than 3000 species belonging to the United States,Inost of ,vI-licll he fOUIld ill tIle State of Penns}1vania Tllere can be little doubt tilat ayery large proportioll of tllenl grow in Ke\v-York; b1lt in collecting these plants, I havebeen obliged to COllfine l1lyself to the lllore important species

A Report on tIle BotallY of Ollr State 'VOllld possess little vallIe, unless the plallts weredescribed so tilat they could be idelltified; and the only ,yay ill ,vhieh this COllld be done(unless the dcscril)tiollS are extended to all llnreasonable length) , is by elllploying botanicallangllage, and by arranging tIle plants in 111etllodical order Hence I was induced to putthe matter of IllY report in tIle forl11 of a Flora Haying adopted this plan, I COllld nothesitate for a nl0111ent as to tIle systelll \yllicll OUgllt to be used; for the artificial classifi-cation of Lilln[eUS, lluying accolllplishcd the object for ,,"hiell it ,,~as designed, may beconsidered as I110rc thall llseless ill tIle present advanced state of Botany TIle naturalarrangement has tllerefore been follo,vcd In defining the orders, it has been deemedadvisable, in 111any instances, to omit cllaracters that belong exclusively to exotic plants.The groups of orders have been adopted, with but little alteration, from the admirableBotanical Text Bool{ of my friend Dr GRAY. As to the names of synonyms of genera andspecies, the Flora of North Americahas been followed, as far as that work is published,

PREFACE VII

except where changes were necessary Beyond the Compositre, the Flora is not writtenout, nor have all the plUllts of tIle remaining orders been critically studied; so that here-after changes will probably be Illade in a few of the spcc.ies described in tllcse volumes,when they are reexanlined to take their })lacc in the larger work of Dr GRAY and myself.Remarks on the Inedicinal and econolnieal uses of the plants, as well as miscellaneousobservations, are placed immediately after the detailed descriptions, and not in a separatepart of the work In tIle tables at the end of tIle second volume will be found a list of allthe natural orders of whicI1 we lluve representatives in the State of New-York, with thenumber of species belonging to each, and the proportion ,vhiclt they bear to the whole ofthe flo\vering plants, as ,veIl as to tIle t\VO grand divi~ionsof tllese It will be seen thatour most numerous dicoty-Iedonous orders are the RANUNCULACElE, whic.h constitute about

"3\rth of tIle flo\vering plants; the CRUCIFERlE, 415"th; the LEGUMINOSlE, "21tjth; ROSACElE,

'215"th; tIle UMBELLIFERlE, :s\,tll; the COMPOSITlE, ~tll; tIte ERICACElE, "314"th; tile LABIATlE,

"31"2d; and SCROPHUL_~RI_<\.CElE,319tl1 Oflllonocotylcdonolls plants, there are but three largeorders, viz ORCHIDACElE, ,vllicll forn1 about "3J1rth of 011r flowering plants; CYPERACElE, ttll;

and GRAMINElE, T12t11. Tllese proportions \vill vary but little from the average for thewhole Flora of North Anleriea

We may take a more popular vie,v of tile vegetation of tIle State The whole number

of flowering plants has been stated to b e about 1450 species Of tl1ese about 1200 areherbaceous, and 150 Inay be regarded as ornaillental Of woody lliants there are 250species, including about 80 that attain to the stature of trees, many of wilich are employed

in tIle arts, or are used as fuel Of plants that are reputed to possess ll1edicinal properties,

we have (native and natllralized) 150 species

The naturalized plants of the State exceed 160species Many of tllem have been duced from Europe, with grain and otller agricultural products; and among them are to befound 11108t of our troublesome "reeds Indeed, tllroughout the Nortllerll States, almost allthe plants that are injurious to the farmer are of foreign origin MallY llseful species,likewise, haye beCOlne so tll0rougllly naturalized alld widely spread, tllat tIley eyery wherespring spontaneously from the soil TIle grasses of our Ineadows, parks, la,vns and road-sides, are, with few exceptions, naturalized European species TIle following are theprincipal kinds: Phleum pratense, Jlgrostis polymorpha, Jinthox.anthu1n odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Fes-tuca p1·atensis, Poa annua, P trivialis, P pratensis, P compressa, Dactylls glomerata, and Lolium pratense.

intro-According to the instructions received with my appointlnent, Illave prepared an

11erba-rium of the plants found within the limits of the State The specinlens are convenientlyarranged for reference in about 50 folio volulues, and are deposited in the Cabinet ofNatllral History at Albany Six other sets of the plants have also been prepared, which

itis understood are to be presented to public institutions

Itis by no Dleans asserted that all the plants of New-York are described in this Report.The State embraces an area equal to the whole of Great Britain; and notwithstanding the

assiduous explorations of numerous botanists for many years, additions are still made,

VIII PREFACE~

almost every year, to tIle Flora of that country So in the immediate vicinity of

New-Yor}\:, 'Vllic.ll lias probably beell Inore diligently searched than any otlier region of the sameextent ill tIle United States, frequent accessions are Inade to our list of species, and doubt-less 11lany others renlaill to be detected A considerable number of plants are extremelylocal; others disappear, or beCOllle extrelnely scarce for a nUIllber of seasons; and some

"rithcr a,vay shortly Ifter IJerfect.ing their flo\vers and fruit, so that many species may for

a long tittlc ('~cape d." cction 1'he parts of tIle State that have been least explored cally arc tILt' eOllntics \vhicll lie on the borders of Pennsylvania, and the region which has

botani-Ut'c.n appropriately called the northern wilderness, included in our Fourt}l District Portions

of Long Island, also, arc far frolll being exllausted At tIle end of the work ,viII be found

a list of suell 1)lants as ,vc expect ,viII be added to Ollr Flora by future observers, with the

}Jarls oftIll' State '\There th(,y ,viII probably be found •

It is ,vith pleasure that I lnake aeknowledgnlellts to the 11Ulllerous botanical friends whoha,Te l{indly assisted lne by cOlltribllting specilnens of plants, or information, for this ,vork.TIle lllost efficientaid11as been rendered by PETERD KNIESKERN, 1\1 D.,late of Oriskany;Prof A GRAY, 110'V of Harvard University; 11 P SART\\rELL, 1\1 D of Penn Yan; and

J CAREY, Esq of Ne,\'"-Yor!i:; especially in exploring the ,Yestern and some of the northernCoullties I anl also i11debted to 1Vfr CAREY for 111uch judicious criticislll respecting manyobscure plants Professors EMMONS and H.ALL, of the Geological Department of theSurvey, supplied lne witll some rare l)lants frOlll their respectiYe districts Dr BRADLEY,

of Greece, gave lne valuable infornlation respecting the botany of Monroe and Oneidacounties Frolll Professor C DEWEY, I llave receiyed friendly assistance in obtaining a

knowledge of tIle plants aroulld Rocllester He lIas also supplied me with authenticspecilllens of many species of Carex,described by llim in Sillinlan~sJournal Mr GEORGE

\TASEY, of Oriskany, llas sent me sOllle rare plants of Oneida County and other parts of theState lVIATTHE'V STEVENSON, M D., killdly allo,,:ed me to select ,vhat I wished fromhis

herbariunl, and in{orIller years freely gave me the results of his numerous herborizations

in "'rashington county, where lle resided a long time To JOHX WRIGHT, 1\1 D., of Troy,laIn indel)ted for plants collected ill the neigllborhood of tllat city; and to ALLEN WASS,

11 D., for a list of tIle plulltS of Stephentown, Rensselaer County, with their times of

flowering and fructification EDWARD TUCKERM_'\N, Esq ., and JONATHAN PEARSON,M D.,

gave 111e illfornlation respecting several rare plants wllicll they found in the neighborhood

of Scllellectady CHARLES BENNER, Esq., has giv"en nle the results of his botanical sions alnong tile Catskill Mountains To Prof BAILEY, of ,\rest Point, I am under many

excur-obligatiolls for reillarks on plants of the Higiliands, as well as for specimens, besides tance ill SOllIe diffiClllt 111icroscopical investigations Mr M B H.ALSTED, a zealous youngbotanist of Newburgll, comlIlunicated to 11le l11any rare plants of Orange County Mr O

assis-R WILLIS, and Prof F C SCHAFFER, have supplied me witll specimens illustrating the

botany of Long Island Dr S B MEAD, now of Illinois, has kindly sent me remarks onsome rare plants collected by him in Westcllester County In exploring the vicinity ofNew-York, milch assistance has been given to me byJ. CAREY, Esq., and Mr R J.

PREFACE IX

BROWNNE Mr LOUIS MENARD, also, has pointed Otlt to me the localities of various teresting plants In addition to all these sources, I llave availed myself of informationreceived in former years from other botanists WllO have explored various parts of theStat~,

In-among whom I would mentioll the following: Major J LE CONTE, WILLIAM COOPER,Esq.; ABRAHAM HALSEY, Esq.; the late CASPAR W.EDDY, M D., and Dr MITCHELL,who collected plants growing around New-Yorl{ : and Professor H~DLEY of Geneva, Prof.AIKIN, thelate Professor EATON, Dr J. EIGHTS, Prof L C.BECK, and Dr J.CRAWE, whofavored me ,vith many rare and interesting plants, chiefly from the nortllern and westerncounties Very important aid, in exuluilling the botany of the Highlands, has beenrendered by J. BARRATT, M D., who spent several years in that region, and most liberallysupplied me with specilllens and critical observations

The Survey of the State llad been in progress about two and a half years,befo~ea painterwas engaged for the botanical department; a delay that was owing to tIle difficulty ofobtaining a conlpetent artist The original plan witll regard to the illustrations, was tohave figured all the plants \vllich are useful in medicine and the arts, besides most of theornamental, new, and rare species, and such as \vere otllerwise possessed of interest.Before the work was cOlnpleted, ho,vever, it was fOllnd that this plan could not be carriedinto effect, both on account of tIle expense, and the time required to procure all thedrawings Many of tIle earlier dra\vings were executed by Miss AGNES MITCHELL, theremainder by Miss ELIZABETH POOLEY, \vith the exception of a few that were dOlle by Mr.SWINTON These are all very respectable artists, but tlley were unaccustonled to make

dis~ectionsof plants The lithography was executed at the office ofMr GEORGE ENDICOTT.Tllis style of ilillstration is certainly not so well suited for botanical objects as engraving,but was adopted on account of its great economy Most of the plates are faithful copies ofthe original drawings, and are very creditable to the gentlell1an to whose care this part

of the work was committed

As regards the typography, I am greatly indebted for its accuracy to the compositor andproofreader, Mr JOHN PATTERSON, of the State Printing-office in Albany, \vho has had theprincipal charge of this part of the labor

JOHN TORREY

NEW YORK, December, 1842.

•

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORS QUOTED IN THIS WORI{.

Agardh, f S1J1t gen Lup. Synopsi~ generis Lupini Lund 1835.

Ait Kew edt1 Hortus Kewensis; or a Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden a.t Kew By W.

Aiton 3 vols 8vo London) 1789.

Ait Kew cd 2. The second edition of the preceding work, enlarged By W Townsend Aiton 5 vols 8vo London,

1810 - 1813.

Ann bot. Annals of Botany By C Koenig and J Sims 2 vols 8vo London, 1805 - 1806.

Ann du mUSt Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle 20 vols 4to Paris, 1802 - 1813.

Ann sc nat. Annales des Sciences naturelles Ire serie, 30 vols 8vo Paris, 1824a1833 Deuxieme serie, 40 vols.

1834 - 1843 Troisieme serie, 1844 -

Ann lye n ltist N Y. Annals of the Lyceum Df Natural History of New-York 4 vols 8vo 1823 - 1837.

Ann nat kist. Annals of Natural History By Sir W Jardine, Sir W J Hooker and others 4 vols 8vo London,

1838 - Ib40.

Archiv du mUSt Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelle 4to Paris, 1839 - 1844.

Arch de bot. Archives de Botanique Par J A Guillemin 2 vols 8vo Paris, 1833.

Audub birds. Birds of America By J J Audubon 2 vols fo1 In this magnificent work, many North American

plants are figured.

Bart corap.jl Philad. Compendium Florro Philadelphicm By W P C Barton 2 vols 12mo Philadelphia, 1818.

Bart veg mat med. Vegetable lVlateria Medica of the United States 2 vols 4to Philadelphia, 181 7 - 1819.

Bart.fl N Am. A Flora of North America, illustrated by colored figures drawn from nature 3 vols 4to Philadelphia,

1821 - 1824.

Beauv.a~ost Essai d'une nouvelle Agrostographiei ou nouveaux genres des Graminees Par A M F J Palisot de

tieauvais 1 vol 8vo with atlas Paris, It:l12.

Beck, bot. Botany of tae Northern and Middle States; or a Description of the Plants found in the Northern and Middle

States north of Virginia 1 vol 12mo Albany, 1833.

Benth Lab. Labiatarum genera et species; or a Description of the Genera and Species of Plants of the Order Labiatw:

with their general history, etc By George Bentham 1 vol 8vo London, 1832 - 6.

Bigel.fl Bost. Florula Bostoniensis: A Collection of Plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific

characters, etc By Jacob Bigelow 1 vol 8vo Boston, 1814 Second edition, 1824 (this is the one quoted) Third edition, 1840.

Biuel med bot. American Medical Botany 3 vols 8vo Boston, 1817 - 1821.

Bot.mag. The Botanical Magazine By William Curtis 12 vols London, 1787 - 1798 Continued by J Sims.

1799 - 1826 Continued by Sir W Jackson Hooker 1827 - 1844.

Bot 'reg. S Edwards's Botanical Register: the descriptions by B Ker 8vo London, 1815 Continued by Dr

Lind-ley to the presen t time.

Bot rep. The Botanist's Repository for new and rare plants By H Andrews 10 vols 4to London, 1797 et seq.

Br01./J1lJ (R). Prodromus Florm Novm Hollandire et Insulre Van Dieman 1 vol 8vo London, 1810.

Corn Canad. Jac Cornuti, Canadensium plantarum aliarumque nondum editarum historia 1 vol 4to Paris, 1635.

Darlingt Jlorul Cest. Florula Cestrica : An Essay towards a Catalogue of the Phrenogamous Plants, native and

na-turalized, growing in the vicinity of the Borough of Westchester, in Chester county, Pennsylvania By Wi! liam Darlington 1 vol 8vo Westchester, 1826.

Darlingt. fl Cest. Flora Cestrica : An Attempt to enumerate and describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chestel'

County in the State of Pennsylvania, &c By William Darlington 1 vol 8vo Westchester, 1837.

Did se nat. Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles 60 vols 8vo Paris, 1804 - 1830

-DC prod.,. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, etc Auctore Aug Pyramo De Candolle 8vo Paris.

Vol 1, 1824; vol 2, 1825; vol 3, 1828; vol 4, 1830~ vol 5, 1836; vol 6, 1837; vol~ 7, pars 1, 1838 i vol 7, pars 2, 1839 Vol 8, Auctore Alph De Candolle, 1ts44~

x LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORS

DC $yst. Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, etc Au~tore Aug Pyramo ~e Candolle 2 vols 8vo Paris, 1818 - 1821.

Deless ic. Benj Delessert, leones selectm pJantarum In syst uruvers descnplarum 4 ~ols., 4to~ 1.820 - 1840.

Don (G.) gen syst. A General System of Gardening and Botany, &c., founded on Miller s Dictionary, and arranged

according to the natural system 4 vols 4to ~ondon, 1838.

DiU !tort EttA. Joh Jac Dillenius, I-Iortus Eltha.mensis 2 vols fol London, 1732:

D1tn Sol. Histoire naturclle, meJicale ct econoDllque des Solanum, et des genres qUI ont ete confondus avec eU% 1

Eat man. A Manual of Botany for the Northern and MIddle States By Amos Eaton Ed ~J 181~j ed;.2, 1818 ~

cd 3, 1822; cd 4, 1824i cd 5, jed 6,1B33jed 7, 1836 The title of the 8th edItion (1~0) 18 changed

to that of cc North Aluencan Botany," under the joint authorship of Prof Eaton and John Wright, M D.

Edinb phil jour. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal Conducted by Dr Brewster and Prot: Jameson 10 vols Bvo.

Edinburgh, 1~19 - 1824 Continued by Prof Jameson alone from 1824 till 1826.

Edinb new phil jour. A continuation of the same journal 1826 et seq.

Ehrk beitr. Frid Ehrhart, Bcitragc zur naturkunde 7 vola 8vo IIanover, 1787 - 1792.

Ell sk. A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia By Stephen Elliott 2 vols Bvo Charleston, S C.

1817 - 1824.

Enol bot. English Botany By Sir J E Smith and J Sowerby 36 vols 8vo London, 1790 - 1828.

Engl bot supple Supplement to the English Botany The descriptions by Sir W J Hooker and others 1831 et 6e~.

End/ gen. Genera Plantnrum f5cCUndUnl ordines naturales disposita Auctore Stephano Endlicher 1 vol 8vo

Vm-debonre, 1836 - 1840.

Endl gen supple2 Mantissa Botanica, sistens gcnerum plantarum supplementum secundum 1842.

Endl gen supple3 Mantissa Botanica altera, sistcns generum plantarum supplementum tertium 1843.

Fl Dan. leones plantarum sponte nascentium in H.egnis Danire et Norvegire, &c 12 vols fol Hafnim Vol 1 - 3,

Auetore G C Oeder, lit)! - 70; vol 4 - 5, auct O F Mueller; vol 6 -7, auct M Vahl, 1787 -1805; vol.

8 - 1:3 et seq., auct J W Bornemann, ]806 - 1829.

Gart.fr. Jos Grertner, ell' fructibus et seminibus plantarum 2 vols 4to Lipsim, 1788 - 1791.

G«rt.f carp. G F Grertner, Carpologia 1 vol 4to 1805 - 1807.

Gra?l, ~ram 4·cyp. North Alneriean Graminere and Cyperacere By Asa Gray_ 2 vo]s fol New-York, 1834 - 5.

Gron,.fl. ITirg. J F Grono\'ius, Flora Virginica, exhibens plantes quas J Clayton in Virginia collegit 1 vol avo.

LUCTd Bat 1743; ed 2, 1762 (the latter is the one quoted).

Hook fxot.;r. Exotic Flora By Sir W Jackson Hooker 3 vols 8vo Edinburgh, 1825 - 7.

Hook bot misc. Botanical Miscellany j containing figures and descriptions of such plants as recommend themselves by

their novelty, rarity or history By the same author 3 vols 8vo London, 1830 - 1833.

Hook. fl BtJr.-Am. Flora Boreali-Americana; or the Botany of the northern parts of British America By the same

author 2 vols 4to 1829 - 1840.

Hook j()ur bot. J ournnl of Botany; being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany By the same author LondoD.

llo)\,O Vol 1, 1834; vol 2 - 4, 1840 - 1842.

Book Lond jour bot. The London Journal of Botany; being a new series of the Journal of Botany By the same

author 8vo London, 1842 et seq.

Hook ic. leones Plantarum; or figures, with brief descriptive characters and remarks, of new or rare plants, selected

from the author's herbarium 6 vols 8vo London, 1836 - 1844.

Hook comp bot mag. Companion to the Botanical Magazine 2 vols 8vo London, 1835 - 6.

Hook sp Fil. Species Filicum; or descriptions of all known ferns; illustrated with pl~tes 8vo London, Parts 1 and

2, 18,14; to be continued.

Hook Brit.fl. The British Flora Vol 1, comprising the Flowering Plants and Ferns 4th ed 8vo London, 1838.

Hook. q Gr if jii. Icones Filicum By Sir W J Hooker and R K Greville ~ vo]s fo1 London, 1827 - 1830.

Hort trans. Transactions of the London Horticultural Society 7 vols 4to London, 1815 - 1831 New series, 1831

and continued.

Horc?, , horl mag. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, &c By C M Hovey Boston, 18 • and continued.

H B.4·Kilt nov gen. Humboldt, Bonpland & Kuntb" Nova genera et species plantarum Paris, 7 vols 4to

Kunin, cnWIil. Enur~eratio Plantarum~~mnium ~ucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, etc

Auc-tore C S Kunth Vol 1, 1 ~33; vol '-') 18 • ; vol 3, 1841; vol 4, 1843.

Kun:.;c, car. Suppleluentc der Riedgracser zu Schkuhr's monographie, etc 3 fasc 8vo 1841 - 1843.

Lam diel. Encyclopedic methouique Botaniquf', par J Bapt Monet de la Mark 4 vols 4to 1783 - 1796.

Lam ill. Illustration des genres PI 900, et 2 vol de tcxfe 1791 et suiv.

Lamb Pin. A Description of the Genus Pinus By Aylmer Bourke Lambert 1 vol fo1 London, 1803; second

edit in 2 vols 8vo London, 1832.

Lehm Asperij Plan.tre~.fa~ilia Aspe~ifoli~rum nuciferre, descripsit J G C Lehman 4to Berlin, 1818.

L;hm .1Vuot. Generls N,tcotI~~arum hlstona 1 vol: 4to Hamburgii, 1820.

L Hent Corn. C L: L HentIer: ~ornus, seu speclnle.n botanicum, etc 1 vol fol Paris, 1788.

Ltnn sp. Carolus Lionreus: SpecIes Plantarum EdltlO 1 2 vols 8vo Holmie 1753 Ed 2 2 vols avo Holmi tn

Linn mant. Mantissa Plantarum 1 vol 8vo Holmim, 1767.

QUOTED IN THIS WORK XI

Lin/,,,. f suppZ. Carolus Linnmus filius: Supplementum Plantarum 1 vol 8vo, Brunsvigm, 1781.

Linn tram. Transactions of the Linnman Society of London 17 vols 4to 1791 and continued.

Linncea. Ein Journal fur die Botanik, &C Edited by D F L von Schlechtendahl 17 vols.Bvo. 1826 - 1844 and

continued.

Lodd hot cah. The Botanical Cabinet By Conrad Loddiges & Sons 20 vols 8vo & 4to London, 1817 - 1834.

Less syn. Synopsis generum CompositarulD, earumque disposition is novre tentamen monographis multarum Capensium

interjectis Auctorc C F Lessing 1 vol 8vo Berolini, 1832.

Lindl gen et sp Orch. The Genera and Species of OrchideouB Plants By J Lindley 1 vol 8vo 1830 - 1840.

Loud ene pl. An Encyclopmdia of Plants,~ Edited by J C Loudon; the descriptions by J Lindley 1 vol Bvo.

London, 1829.

Loud ene pl supple The first additional Supplement to Loudon's Encyclopmdia of Plants EJited by J C Loudon'

prepared by W H Baxter, and revised by George Don 1 vol 8vo LonJon, 1841 '

Loud arh Bnt. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4 vols of letter-press, and 4 vols of 8vo and 4to plates By

J C Loudon London, 1835 - 1838.

Loud ene t'r.~skr An Encycloprediaof Trees and Shrubs, being the Arboretum et Fruticetuln Britannicwn abridged.

By J C Loudon 1 vol 8vo London, lR42.

Marsh arh. Arbustum AmericanulD: 1'ho American Grove, or an alphabetical catalogue of fOfcst tree8 and shrubs,

native of the American United States By Humphrey Marshall 1 voJ 12mo Philadelphia} 1785.

Med repose The Medical Repository Rvo Ne\v-Yorle, 1797 and continued.

Mem du muse l\tlemoires du Museum d'histoirc naturelle.

Mem de l'acad St Pclcrsh. Memoires de l'AcaJemies des Sciences de St Petersbourg vols 4to 18 • - 1844.

Mem de la soc phys et d'IList nat Gencv. Memoires de la ~ocil'te de physique et d'histoire naturelIe de Geneve 9 vols.

4to 1824 - 1844.

Michx. ft. Flora Boreali-Americana, sistens characteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detcxit

Andreas Michaux 2 vols 8vo Paris J 1803 Reprinted in Paris, 1820.

Michx.f sylv. The North American Sylva; or a description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova

Scotia By F Andrew ~Iichaux 2 vols 8vo Paris, 1819 This is a translation by the late Augustus L.

Hillhouse, Esq of the cc Histoire des Arbres forestiers d(' l'Amerique septentrionale," which was published in Paris in 1810 - 1813, in 3 volumes, with some additions by the author The illustrations are from the original

Mill U. P1;~~~es of plants described in the Gardener's Dictionary By Philip Miller 2 vols fo1 London, 1760.

Moq.-Tand Cheno-p. Chenopodearum monographica enumeratio Auctore A Moquin-TandoD 1 vol 8vo Paris, 1840.

Muhl eat. Catalogus Plantarum Americm Septentrionalis, huc usque cognitarumJ in<1igenarum et cicurum, etc By

Henry Muhlenberg 1 vol 8vo Lancaster, 1813 Second edition, Philadelphia, 1818; the latter is the one

MUllN gram. escrlptIo u enor gramlnum e p an arum ca amlnarum merlcre septentnona s In Igenarum et clcurum.

Auctore Henrico Muhlenberg 1 vol 8vo Philadelphia, 1817.

Nees) dst. Genera et Species Asterearum Recensit, descriptionibus et animadversionibus illustra,;t, etc Auct C G.

~ees ab Esenbeck 1 vol 8vo Norimbergre, 1833.

Nees, Agrost Bras. Agrostographica Brasiliensis Stuttgardire 1 vol 8vo 1829 This forms part of Martius's Flora

Brasiliensis.

Neue S(,hrift ges nat.fr Berol. Der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu Berlin, neue schriften 4 vol 1795 &, seq.

Nutt sylv. The North American Sylva; or a description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova

Scotia, not described in the work of F Andrew Michaux J and containing all the forest tree,:, discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon down to the shores of the Pacific, &c By Thomas Nuttall Philadelphia 8vo Vol 1, 1842.

Nutt gen. The Genera of North American Plants J and a catalogue of the species to the year 1817 By Thomas

Nut-tall 2 vols 12mo Philadelphia, 1818.

Nouv ann du muse Nouvelles Annales du Museum de I'Histoire Naturelle 1834 - 1839.

Pers syn. Synopsis Plantarum, seu Enchiridium Botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicum specierum usque cognitarum Curante C H Persoon 2 vols 12mo Paris, 1805 - 1807.

huc-Poir dict. Encyclopedie methodique: Dictionnaire de Botanique, continue par J L M Poiret 4 vols 4to Paris,

1804 - 1808.

Poir supple Encyclopedie methodique: Supplement au Dictionnaire de Botaniqtlc 4 voIs 4to Paris, 1810 - 1816.

Presl, pterid. Tentamen Pteridographire J seu Gencrum Filicaccarum, &C Auctore Car Bor Pres!' 1 vol 8\"0 Pragfe, 1836.

PurskJfl. Flora Americre Septentrionalis; or a systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America.

By Frederick Pursh 2 yo1s 8vo London J 181Ll,

Raj ann nat. Annals of Nature, for lR~O 8vo pamphlet Lexington, 1820.

Rad Py'J"ol. Dissertatio de Pyrola et Chimaphila Auctore ~ustus Radius 1 Y01 4to Lipsire, 1821.

Red Lil. Les Liliacees, par P J Redoute 8 vols fo1 ~ans, 1802 - 1816 Vol 1 - 4, texte par De Candolle; vol.

5 - 7, par F De la Roche; vol 8, par A R Dehle .

Ruh (L C.) Conif. Memoires sur les Coniferes et les Cycadees: <?uvrage posthume de L C RIchard, temnne et

pub:ie par Achille Richard fils 1 vol 4to Stuttgard et Pans, 1826.

Ro:m.4'-SchuU syst. Car a Linne, Systema vegetabilium, curantibus J A Rremer 8vo Stutgardire Vol 1 et 2,

1817; vol 3, 1818; vol 4, 1819; vol 5 (a Schultes solo), 1819; vol 6, 1820; vol 7, pa.rs 1 (a J A Schultes

et J ul H Schultes), 1829, pars 2, 1830.

Sekk Car. Christ Schkuhr, Beschreibung der Reidgraesser 1 vol of text and 1 of plates 8vo Leipsig, 1802 - 1806.

XII LIST OF AUTHORS QUOTED IN THIS WORK.

Schult r/tant l. J A Schultes, Mantissa in vol 1 Syst vegetabil ex Rrem & Schult 1 vol 8vo Stutgardire J

1822-SclLult manto2 Mantissa in vol 2 1 vol 8vo 1824.

Schult 'Inant.3 J A Schultes et J H Schultes, Mantissa in vol 3 1 vol 8vo 1827.

Scltreh gen. C Linne, Genera PJantarum, cur J C D Schreber 1 vol 8vo Francofurti ad Mrenum, 1789.

Sill jour. The American J ournnl of Science and the Arts By Benjamin Silliman 47 vols 8vo 1816 - 1844, and

continued.

Spr,'n~.$yst. C Linn:ri, Systema Vegetabilium, edt 16, curante Curtio Sprengel 4 vols 8vo Gottingce, 1821 - 1827.

Spreng neue ent. K Sprengel, Neue cntJeckungen in ganzen umfang der pflanzenkundc 3 vols 12mo Leipzig,

1820 - 1822.

Sw Brit fl.~artl The British Flower GarJcn Commenced in 1823 Conducted by R Sweet, and afterwards by

D.DontiJI 1837.

Trans AliJ insl. Transactions of the Albany Institute 3 parts, 8vo Albany, 1828 - 1829.

7"rans Amer ph soc. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6 vols 4to 1771 - 1809 New series, 9

vols ]~lG - 1~44, and continued.

Torr cat 1'1 N. Y Catalogue of Pla.nts growing within thirty miles of the city of New-York By John Torrey 1

New-Trin diss grill/I. C B Trinius, Dissprtatio de graminibu8 unifloris et sesquitloris 1 vol 8vo Petropoli, 1824.

lr 6'lU korl Cels. Description des pIaJltt's nouvelles ou peu connues du jarilin de J 1\1 Cels, avec figures Par E P.

V cntenat 1 Yul fol Paris, 1800.

JVlllt. fl Car. ~"lora Caroliniana Auetorc Tholll Walter 1 vo] 8vo London, 1788.

JVang Amer. P A J V\Tang.·nhc-iin, Anpilanzung Nordanlericanischer holzarten 1 vol fol Gottengen, 1787.

JVern trans. 1\ fClll0irs of the 'Vernerian Natural History Society 5 vols 8vo 1809 - ).';;;2.5.

'Vats th·ndr. DcnJrologia Britannica; or Trees and Shrubs that will live in the open air of Britain 2 vols 8vo.

Lonoon, V":25.

JViUd sp. Car Linllf' Species Plantarunl, exhibentes plantes rite cognita5 ad genera relatas, etc Curante Car Lu(lov 'Villdcno\v Svo Berolini ,tol 1, pars 1, 17~7, pars 2, 17fJ8; vol 2,179a; vol 3, pars 1, 1800, pars 2,18011pars 3, 1803; vol /1, pars ], 1805, pars 2, 1,,-;07; vol 5, 1810.

JJ""illd hart Bfrol. Bortus Berolinensis Auct C L \rilldeno\v 1 vol fol Berolini, 1806 - 1810.

IVilld enll771. EnUllll'ratio plantaruln horti bot Berolinensis 2 vols 8vo Berolini, 1809 Supple 1813.

Traltl, enum. Enumeratio plantarUU1 Auet Mart Vah! 2 vols 8vo Haunice Vol 1, 1805; vol 2, 1806.

F L O R A

OF TilE

STATE OF NEW-YORK.

PLANTS FURNISHED 'VITH FLOWERS (CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF STAMENS AND

PISTILS), AND PRODUCING SEEDS.

Stem ,vith distinct bark and pith, with an intervening circle of woody fibre; the latter increasing in diameter by the allnual deposition of llew layers of wood

on the outside, forming concentric zones, whicll are traverse(l by medullary rays from the pith to the circumference; the bark growillg by new layers within Leaves commonly articulated to the stem; the veins, alld those of the floral envelopes branching and reticulated Sepals alld petals most commonly in fOUfS and fives, very rarely in threes Ovules produced ,vithin

an ovary, and fertilized by the action of pollen through the medium of a stigma Embryo with two opposite cotyledons.

SUBCLASS I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.*

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals distinct.

*In this subclass are included a few apetalous genera and species, and also some in which the petals are united; while there are excluded from it a small number of plants in which the petals are distinct to the base: for it must be remembered that the subdivisions of our classes are to a considerable degree artificial; and in a natural arrangement, plants must Dot

be separated which agree in important characters, and only differ in minor points.

2 GROUPS AND ORDERS.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GflOUPS AND ORDERS.

GROUP 1 Ovaries several or numerous (inBerbcridacctc solitary), distinct; ,vhen in several rows, sometimes cohering

together, but not united into a compound pistil Petals nnJ t=;taJnens inserted on the receptacle.

'Ie Stamens or pistils (one or both) nwncrous.

Oruer 1 RANUNCULACElE Sepnls 3 - 6, usually 5, dcciJuous P(·tals 3 - 15 Anthers cxtrorse (sometimes none).

Ovaries rarely few, tlistinct.-Ilerbaccous (rarely shrubby) plants, with acrid watery juice; leaves without stipules.

2 MAGNOLIACElE Sepals 3 - 6, ucciJuous Petals 3 to nJany Anthers adnate, elongated Carpels in one or

several rows, often more or less coht·ring.- Trees or shrubs, ,vith large and usually coriaceous punctatc leaves; stipulcs lucJubranaccous Flowers solitary, generally large and fragrant.

3 ANONACElE Sepals 3 Petals G Sceu::; with rwninatcd aILuIDcn.- Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leave5

destitute of stipules.

** Stamens fcw Pistils very few or solitary.

4 ME~ISPERMACE1E Flo\vcrs small, usually dicccious or polygamous Sepals 3 - 12, in 1 - 3 rows Petals as

many as the sepals, or fewer (soilletillJC's none) Carpels usually several; only one or two arriving

at maturity, and forming one-secJ(·d berries or tlrupes.- Climbing or twining frutescent plants, with alternate palmately veined lea Vl~S.

5 BERBERIDACElE Flowers perfect Stamens opposite the petals; cells of the anther usually opening by valves

Ovary solitary, simple.- Shrubs or herbs, ubually without stipules.

GROUP 2 Ovaries scveral, either distinct or united into a compound pistil of several cells Stamens usually numerous,

inserted on the receptacle or torus.- Aquatic heros.

*Carpels not united into a compound ovary Leaves centrally peltate

6 CABO~IBACElE Torus small; ovules 2 or several in C'J.ch carpel, inserted on the dorsal suture.

7 NELUMBIACElE Torus large, turbinate; the ovaries immersed in its disk, each with a solitary ovule.

**Ovary compound; the ovules covering the dissepiments.

8 N YMPHlEACElE Stigmas united in a radiated disk.

***Ovary compound; the placentre in the axis.

9 SARRACEN IACElE Leaves hollow, pitcher-shaped.

GROUP 3 Ovary compound, with parietal placentre Calyx not adherent to the ovary; the stamens and pistils inserted

on the receptacle Leaves not dotted.

*Styles or stigmas united.

t Sepals 2, or rarely 3, deciduous.

10 PAPAVERACElE Petals 4, equal Stamens nUUlerous (rarely few) Seeds albuminous Juice milky or colored.

11 FUMARIACElE Petals 4, irregular Stamens 6, united in 2 parcels Pod one-celled.

t t Sepals and petals 4, or rarely 6.

] 2 CRUCIFERlE Stamens 6, two of them shorter than the others Pod ~celled.

13 C.APPARIDACElE Stamens 6 - 32; C\vhen 6, not tetrauynamous.) Pod one-celled Seeds kidney-shaped.

ttt Sepals 5 (rarely 3), persistent.

14 VIOLACEJE Petals 5, irregular Stanlens 5.

15 CISTACEJE Petals fugacious, regular Stamens usually numerous.

**Styles or stigmas separate.

16 DROSERACElE Stamens few Leaves circinnate, usually with glandular hairs.

GROUP 4 Ovary compound, with the placentre parietal, or ~ - !i-~f'lled from their meeting in the axis; styles distinct, or

partly united JEstivation of the calyx imbricated Stamens and petals inserted on the receptacle Seeds with a straight embryo, and little or no albunlen '

17 HYPERICACElE Stamens usual1y numerous and polyadelphous Leaves dotted.- Shrubs or herbs, without

stipules.

18 ELATINACElE Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals Seeds attached to a persistent central

axis.-Small annual \veeds, with axillary flowers.

GROUPS AND ORDERS 3

GROUP 5 Ovary compound, one-celled with a free central placenta, or several-celled with the placentm in the axis Calyx

free from the ovary, or nearly so Embryo coiled arounu the outsitle of the albumen.

19 CARYOPHYLLACElE Sepals and petals equal in number Stipules none.

20 ILLEcEBRACElE Sepals and petals equal in number, the latter often '\vanting Stipules scnrious.

21 PORTULACACElE Sepals 2 - 3 Petals 5 Stipules nonc.

GROUP 6 Ovary compound, several-celIed, with the placentro in the axis; or the numerous carpels more or less coherent

with each other, or with the central axis Calyx free from the ovary, \vith a valvatc restivation Stamens numerous, monadelphous, frec, or somewhat polyadelphous, inserted with the petals into the receptacle or base of the calyx.

22 MALVACElE Stamens monndelphous; anthers one-celled.

23 TILIACElE Stanlens distinct, or somewhat polyadelphous; anthers 2-cclJt'd.

GROUP 7 Ovary compound, or of several carpels adhering to a central axis, free from the calyxJ which is mostly

imbri-cated in restivation Stamens as ulany or twice as rllanyas the petals, inserted on the receptacle, commonly monadelphous at the base Flowers perfect.

*Flowers regular, or nearly so Sepals inlbricatc.

24 LINACElE Ovary of 3 - 5 united carpels, each in the capsule spuriously 2-cellcd by a false partition from the

back j the spurious cells with a single ovule.

25 GERANIACElE Carpels 5, one-seeded; styles cohering to the elongated axis J from which they at length separate

by twisting or curling back froln below upwards Seeds without albumen.

26 OXALIDACElE Carpels 5, commonly several-seedcd1united in a membranaceous 5-cclled capsule Seeds arillate,

albuminous Trifoliolate.

**Flowers irregular.

27 BALSAMINACElE Sepals 5; the ~ upper ones commonly united into one; the lower one spurred Petals 4,

united in pairs Stamens 5 Capsule bursting elastically.

***Flowers regular Sepals valvate.

28 LIMNANTHACElE Stamens twice as many as the petals Carpels 3 - 5, distinct, united by their styles, in fruit

forming fleshy achenia: Seeds without albumen Leaves pinnatifid.

GROUP 8 Ovary compound, with from 2 to several cells; or carpels several, and more or less united by their styles Calyx

free Petals as many as the sepals, or rarely wanting Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, inserted into the receptacle or base of the calyx Flowers often dicecious or polygamous.

29 ANACARDIACElE Stamens as many as the petals Ovary one-celled, with 3 styles or stigmas and a single

ovule Leaves not dotted Albumen none.

30 ZANTHOXYLACEJE Carpels 2 or more, separate or united; seeds one or two in each cell or carpel Seeds

albuminous.

GROUP 9 Ovary compound, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled, free from the calyx Petals (exceptinAceraaa)irregular, usually

one fewer than the sepals, or sometimes wanting Stamens definite, distinct, inserted on or around a gynous disk Seeds destitute of albumen.- Mostly trees or shrubs.

hypo-31 ACERACElE Flowers regular Fruit formed of 2 cohering samaroo.

32 HIFPOCASTANACElE Fruit large, roundish, dehiscent, with 1 - 3 very large seeds Leaves digitate.

GROUP 10 Ovary compound, 2 - 5-celled Calyx free from or adherent to the base of the ovary Petals and stamens

equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted into its base or throat, or upon the disk that covers

it Seeds albuminous.- Trees or shrubs Flowers regular.

*Stamens alternate with the petals.

33 CELASTRACElE Calyx imbricated Seeds usually arillate.

**Stamens opposite the petals Calyx valvate.

34 RHAMNACElE Ovary usually coherent with the tube of the calyx, mostly 3-celled, with a single ovule in each

cell.

35 VITACElE Calyx free Ovary mostly 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.

1-4 GROUPS AND ORDERS.

GROUP 11. Ovarycompound, 2-cellcd Sepals and petals very irregular Stamens tnonadelphous, thetubeoffilamenta

split on one side; anthers opening by a terminal pore Seeds albuminous.

36 POLYGALACElE Character the same as that of the group

GROUP 12 Ovary simple and solitary Corolla papilionaceous or irregular, sometimes regular Fruit a legume Seeds

destitute of albumen.

37 LEGUMINOSlE: SuborderPapilionacea. Corolla papilionaceous, rarely almost regular; the mstivation imbricated.

Stamens inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.

GROUP 13 Ovaries one or soveral, simple and distinct, or combined into a compound ovary, with two or more cells, and

tho placentro in the axis Flowers regular Petals and (distinct) stamens inserted on the calyx Albumen none.

38 ROSACElE Calyx (except in the suborderPomacea:)free from the ovaries Stamens usually numerous Ovaries

with solitary or few ovules Styles distinct Leaves alternate, usually with conspicuous stipules, which very often adhere to the petiole.

39 MELASTOMACElE Calyx adhering to the angles of the ovary Stamens 8 - 12 Anthers elongated, mostly

appendaged and opening by pores; in mstivation, inflexed, and contained in tubular spaces formed

by the adhesion of the ovary with the nerves of the calyx Leaves opposite, ribbed, not dotted.

40 LVTHRACElE Calyx tubular, enclosing the 2 - 4-celled ovary, but free from it Stamens definite; anthers

opening longitudinally Styles united into one Capsule membranaceous, the dissepiments often obliterated.

<-11 ONAGRACElE Calyx-tube adherent to the (usually 4-celled) ovary Petals mostly 4, with as many or twice as

many stamens Styles united; stigmas 4 or united.

GROUP 14 Ovary compound, one-celled, with parietal placentre Petals and stamens inserted in the throat of the calyx.

Flowers perfect Calyx adherent to the ovary.

42 CACTACElE Sepals and petals numerous, confounded Fruit baccate.- Succulent and usually leafless plants.

43 GROSSULACElE Calyx-lobes, petals and stamens 5.- Shrubs, mostly spiny or prickly Leaves palmately lobed.

GROUP 15 Ovary compound, with the calyx adherent Fruit a pepo Corolla usually monopetalous Stamens

di-triadelphous; anthers long, sinuous.

44 CUCURBITACElE Character same as that of the group.

GROUP 16 Ovaries 2 or more, many-ovuled, distinct or more or less united Calyx free from the ovary, or the tube

partly (rarely wholly) adherent to the ovary Petals and stamens (mostly definite) inserted on the calyx Seeds numerous, albuminous.

45 CRASSULACElE Calyx free Ovaries always as many as the sepals, distinct, or rarely partly united, follicular

in fruit.

46 SAXIFRAGACElE Calyx often partly adherent Ovaries mostly 2, usually united below, distinct at the summit GROUP 17 Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 3 - 5-) celled, with a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.

Stamens (with one exception) as many as the petals and lobes of the adherent calyx.

47 HAl\1AMELACEJE Summit of the ovary free Capsule Ioculicidal.- Shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves.

48 UMDELLIFERlE Styles 2 Carpels 2, separating at maturity Albumen horny.- Herbs, with the in1lorescence

in umbels.

49 ARALIACElE Styles 3 to 15 (rarely 2) Carpels mostly baccate, not separable Albumen fteshy.- Herbs with

the inflorescence in umbels.

50 CORNACElE Flowers tctramerous Styles united into one Fruit a ~celled drupe.- Trees or shrubs with

opposite leaves, Flowers in cymes.

Cr"EMATIS. RANUNCULACEiE 5

GROUP 1 Ovaries several or numerous (in Berberidacere and a fe10 other cases solitary), distinct; when in several r01VS, sOlnetillzes col~ering togetl~er, but not united into a cOlnpound lJistil Stamens and lJistils inserted on tlt.e recclJtacle (h.ypogynous) Seeds albulninOlts.

Calyx of 3 to 6 (but usually 5) distinct decidllollS sepals, which (except in

Clematis) are imbricated in restivation Petals 3 to 15, sometimes irregular

or deformed, occasionally absent Stamens indefinite, distinct (very rarely definite) Ovaries numerous (rarely few or solitary), distinct; ovules solitary

or several, anatropous Carpels eitller dry acllenia, or baccate, or follicular Seeds solitary or several Embrj·o minute, at the base of fleshy or horn~y·albumen.- Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs, sometimes climbing, with an acrid watery juice Leaves alternate (opposite in Clelnatis), usually palmately

or ternately divided, without stipllles.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Tribe I ANEMONElE Petals flat or wanting Anthers mostly extrorse Achenia numerous, caudate or subulate with

the style Seed suspended.

Tribe II R_U~NCULE1E Petals with a small nectariferous scale, pore or gland at the base inside Anthers extrorse.

Achenia numerous Seed erect, or sometimes suspended.

Tribe III HELLEBORElE Petals irregular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous; sometimes wanting Calyx

peta-loid Anthers mostly extrorse Carpels few (rarely solitary), follicular, \vith several seeds.

Tribe IV CIMICIFUGEE Sepals petaloid Petals (dilated sterile filaments or staminodia 1) 3 - 6 Anthers introrse or

innate Carpels few, sometimes solitary, rarely numerous, follicular or baccate, and several-seeded; or sometimes indehiscent and one-seeded.

Tribe V HYDRASTIDElE Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous Anthers innate Ovaries numerous, ~-ovuled Carpels 1

-2-seeded, baccate, in a globose head.

TRIBE I ANEMONE./E Torr. cJ- Gr.

CLEMA.TIDE£ AND ANEMONE£. DC.

Petals flat or wanting Anthers mostly ext1 4

0rse Achenia numerous, caudate, subulate or mucronate with the persistent style Seed suspended.

1 CLEMATIS. Linn.; DC Syst. 1 p.31 J7IRGIN'S BOJVER.

[Named from the Greek, klema, a shoot or tendril; in allusion to the climbing habit of the genus.]

Involucre none, or resembling a calyx and situated close to the flower Sepals 4, colored~

in restivation valvate, or sometimes wit.h the edges bent inwards Petals usually none,

6 RANUNCULACE£ CLEMATIS.sometimes few, shorter than the sepals Anthers linear, extrorS8 Achenia terminated by

long (mostly plumose or hairy) tails.- Perennial, herbaceous, somewhat shrubby plants,mostly sarmentosc, ,vith opposite leaves and fibrous roots

§ 1 CLE~IATIS proper. Inrolucre none: petals nonc.

1 CLEl\fATIS OCIIROLEUCA, Alt. (Plate I.) Silky Virgin's B01.ver.

Stem herbaceous, erect, silky-pubescent; leaves undivided, ovate, silky underneath; duncles solitary, one-flowered, terminal, inclined.-Ail. IieWe (ed 1.) p. 260; Sims, bot m,ag t. 1175; Ell sk. 2 1).48; DC prodr. 1 p. 8; Torr. <} Gr fl N Am. 1 p 7.

pe-C sericea, Michx fl. 1 p. 319; Pursh, fl· 2 ]) 385

Stem sinlple or some\vhat branched, I! - 2 feet high, firmly erect Leaves ll- 3 incheslong and 1 - 2 inches in diameter, nearly sessile, rather obtuse, sometimes a little cordate atthe base, reticulated, nearly smooth when old Flowers about an inch in diameter, only one

on a plant ,vhen the stel11 is simple, but usually several when branched Sepals (rarely 5)

silky externally, of a dull yellowish color internally, lanceolate, acuminate; the point

some-\vhat recurved Peduncle of the fruit erect Carpels ,vith long plumose silky tails; the silk

of a yellowisll color

In a sl11all sandy copse about half a Inile from the South Ferry, Brooklyn; the only knownlocality of the plant in the State It was first detected there by the late Dr C W Eddy, inthe year 1806; and though often sought for, ,vas not found again until a few years ago, when

it ,vas collected by Mrs S Carey It flowers in May, and ripens its fruit early in July

Flowers panicled, direcious or polygamous; leaves ternate, smooth; leaflets ovate orroundish, acuminate, often more or less cordate, incisely toothed and lobed; carpels with longplumose tails.-Willd sp. 2.p. 1290; Afichx.fl. 2 p. 318; Pursh,fl. 2.p 384 ; Darlingt.

fl Cest p. 335; TorT. 4· GT·fl N Am. 1 p 8.

Stem 8 - 15 feet long, clinlbing over shrubs and bushes, pubescent when young, nearlysmooth and somewhat shrubby when old Leaves on petioles which are 2 - 3 inches long;the leaflets 1 - 3 inches in length and 1 - 2 inches in breadth, petiolulate Panicles axillary,trichotomously divided, with small leaves at the divisions Sepals white, elliptical-obovate,longer than the stamens and pistils Carpels with silky plumose whitish tails, which are about

an inch long, and recurved in maturity

Comlnon in thickets, and along fences and stone walls Flowers from the latter part ofJuly to August; the fruit mature about the end of September

This plant is sometimes employed as an emetic, diaphoretic and alterative Wood and Bache's U S Dispensatory, append 1078.

CLEMATIS. RANUNCULACEiE.

92 ATRAGENE, DC Involucre none ,,' petals several, minute.

7

3. CLEl\IA1'IS VERTICILLARIS, DC Whorl-leaved VirgiJ~'s BO'lver.

Peduncles one-flowered; leaves verticillate in fours, ternate; leaflets petiolulate, ovate,acuminate, somewhat cordate, entire or sparingly toothed - DC prodr. 1 p. 10; Hook.

fl· Bor.-Am. 1 p. 2; Torr. <} G'r.fl. N Am. 1 p. 10 Atragcne Americana, Sims, bot mag t. 887; Pursh, fl. 2 p. 384; Bigel. fl. Bost p 219.

Stem suffruticose, clilnbing over roc}{s and shrubs, nearly smooth Leaflets about 2 incheslong, often entire, but sometimes with a few coarse serraturcs Peduncles about the length

ofthe petioles Flowers cernuous, very larg'e, and of a fine purplish blue color, campanulate.Sepals oblong-Ianceolate, acute, sparingly pubescent externally, ,voollyon the margin Petalsspatulate, passing into stamens Carpels ,vith lung \vhitc plumose tails

Northern and western parts of the State, not llncon1nl0n; rare in the valley of the Hudson

Its most southern station is the Fishkill Mountains, near the summit of which it occurs

sparingly Flowers the latter part of April and early in May. A beautiful climber

[From the Greek, an{;7nOS, wind; because many of the species gro\v in elevated bleak situations.]

Involucre of 3 leaves, remote from the flovver; the leaflets variously incised Sepals 5 to 15,petaloid Petals none Achenia mucronate (sometimes with a long plumose tail).-Perennial herbs, ,vith radical (usually divided) leaves Scapes, when branched, bearingleaf-like involucres at each division Peduncles one-flowered

91 ANEMONANTHEA, DC Carpels 1.cithout tails: pedicels solitary or in pairs (rarely more), all

leafless and one:flo'wered: leaves of the involucre sessile or petiolate.

Leaves ternate; leaflets undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft and the lateral ones

2-parted, incisely toothed, acute, those of the involucre slnaller, petioled; sepals 4 - 6 monly 5), oval or elliptical.-llficltx fl. 1 ]) 319; Pursh, fl. 2 p. 387; Ell skI 2 p 53;

(com-DC prodr. 1 p. 20; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1 p. 6; Torr. <} Gr. fl. N Am. 1 p. 12 ;

Pritz revise Anem in Linncea, 1841, p. 650 A.lancifolia, Pur'sh, l c., DC l. c

var quinquefolia: lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base.-DC l c.; Bart.

fl. N Am. 2._t. 39.f. 2; Torr cOlnp p. 223; Torr. 4 Gr l. c .A. quinquefolia, Linn.

Rhizoma horizontal, 2 - 3 inches long Stem or scape 3 - 8 inches high, slender, usuallysmooth Radical leaves (often wanting) on long petioles Leaflets of the involucre resemblingthose of the radical leaves, an inch or more in length, ciliate-pubescent on tIle margin Pe-duncle slender, 1 - 2 inches long, arising from the centre of the involucre Flower about aninch in diameter Sepals rarely only 4 and occasionally as many as 7, resembling petals,white or more or less tinged with purple, especially underneath Carpels elliptical-ovoid,with a small recurved point

Moist woods and thickets; very common Flowers in April and May Fr. June

8 RANUNCULACE.tE. ANEMONB.

2. ANEMONE CYLINDRICA, Gray Cylindrical-headed Wind-flower.

Silky-pubescent; leaves ternately divided; lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one2-cleft; lobes linear-lanceolate, with the apex incisely toothed, those of the involucre similarand petioled; peduncles 2 - 6, rarely solitary; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse; carpels denselywoolly, in a long cylindrical head, pointed with a short somewhat curved beak.-Gray in

ann lye N York, 3 p. 221; Torr. f Gr.fl N Am. 1 p. 13; Pritz 1. c p 668.

Plant 1 - 3 feet high, the stem and peduncles slender and usually of a purplish color.Radical leaves on petioles, which are 2 - 6 inches long; lamina 2 - 3 inches in diameter,the ultimate segments only 2 - 3 lines wide Peduncles commonly umbellate, very erect;tllose of the flowers about 6 incIles long; of the fruit, twice or more that length Leaves ofthe involucre 2 - 3 times the number of the peduncles Flowers scarcely more than half anincll in diameter, all expanding nearly at the same time Sepals somewhat coriaceous, hairy

externally, pale yello\vish green within Style very short Heads of carpels an inch or more

in length, and one-third of an inch in diameter

Sandy plains near Oneida lake (Dr Gray). Irondequoit mills, 12 miles east of Rochester

(Dr Knieskern). May - June

This species, which was first cllaracterized by Dr Gray, has a general resemblance to

A }"'irgin£ana, but is easily distinguished by its different inflorescence, more slender habit,

narro\v leaf-segments, and cylindrical head of carpels

§ 2 ANEMONOSPERMOS, DC Carpels without tails, compressed; pedicels several from one involucre,

one of the1J~leafless and one-flowered, the others bearing a 2-leaved involucel.

Leaves ternately divided; segments 3-cleft, acuminate, incisely serrate, those of the volucre and involucels similar, petioled; sepals 5, somewhat coriaceous, elliptical, silky-villous externally; carpels densely woolly, in an ovoid-oblong head, mucronate.-Michx fl· 1 p. 320; Pursh, fl· 2 p. 388; DC p1 A

in-odr. 1 1) 21 ; Hook.fl Bor.-Am. 1 p. 7 t 4.

f· B; Darlingt_ fl Cfest p. 320; Torr. f Gr fl N Am. 1 p. 13; Pritz l. c p 671.

Rhizoma short, and somewhat ligneous Plant 1 - 3 feet high Radical leaves on longpetioles; leaflets 2 - 4 inches long, and 1 - I! inch wide Peduncles 6 - 12 inches long,several from each involucre Flowers about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, appearing

in succession, so that tIle flowers and fruit are found on the plant at the same time Sepalsgreenish white or ochroleucous, two of tllem narrower than the others, with a short acuminatepoint; the others obtuse Carpels ovoid, with a subulate and somewhat incurved beak, mattedtogetherbythe wllitish dense wool which clothes them; the heads usually about three-fourths

of an inch long, and half an inch in diameter

Dry woods, hill sides, and banks of rivers Fl. Latter part of June Fr. September.This is one of the numerous plants supposed to possess the power of curing the bite of therattlesnake

ANEMONE. RANUNCULACEJE 9

4. ANEMONE MULTIFIDA, Po-lr. [Plate II] (}ut-lectved Win (l-jlower.

Hairy; leaves ternately divided; segments cuneiform, Iaciniately 3-cleft, the lobes linear,acute, those of the involucre and involucels similar, on short petioles; sepals 5 - 8, oval,obtuse -; head of carpels oval, ,voolly.-Poir dict SUP1)l. 1 1) 364; Deless ic. 1 t. 16 ;

DC.prodr. I.p 21 (excl var. uniflora); Hook fl BOT.-Anl l.p 7; Pritz. 7 c.p 672.

val'. Hudsoniana: stem mostly 2-fIowered - DC 7 c.; Gray, in ann lyc N York, 3.

p. 222; TorT. ~ Gr.fl. N Alll. 1 p. 13 A Hudsoniana, and var. sanguinea, Richards app Frank jour edt 2 p. 22; Pritz l c. A I-Iudsoniana, Oakes, in J-Iovey's hart mag illay, 1841 A sanguinea, Pursh, in herb La171.b.

About a foot high l{adicalleaves on petioles which arc 2 - 5 inches in length; segments

1 - 2 lines wide Peduncles of the flower 1 - 3 inches long, of the fruit 6 inches or more;one of tllelTI naked, the other ,vith an involucel near the middle Flo\vers as large as in A Jlirginiana, brigllt purplish red Sepals usually 5, silky-villous externally Head of carpelsabout tl1ree fourths of an inch long and half an inch in diameter Carpels pointed \yith aslightly curved subulate beak~

The only l{no\Yll locality in our State, of this rare plant, is Watertown, Jefferson count~y~

,vhere it ,yas discovered about 25 years ago by Dr I Cravve It grows on limestone rocks,and, illthis place, always occurs Witll red flo\vers, whicll appear in June Dr Robbins found

it in Vermont ,vith the flo"rers dull white, and sometimes tinged "\vith rose-color

DeCandolle, in his Syst nat veg. (1818), describes two varieties of this plant, one gellanica) from the Straits of Magellan, collected by Commerson; the other (Hudsoniana)

(111a-from HudsOll~SBay These seem to differ merely in the number of flowers on a plant; acharacter by no means constant The former is figured in Delessert's leones, Vol 1 t 16~

In t 17 is a representation of a tl1ird variety (" pedicellis solitariis " )7 from the Straits ofMagellan, but not described by DeCandolle in llis Systema It is tIle y. uniflora of his Pro-dromus This differs so muc}l from the ordinaryA. 1nultifida, that the author of the leonesproposed it as a distinct species, under tIle name of A Commersonia, which is adopted by

Sprengel in his Systema veg. In the southern hemisphere the A multijida has even a moreextended range than in North America, being found from Conception to the Straits of Magellan

5 ANEMONE PENNSYLVANICA, L Pennsylvallia W1~nd1lo'l()er.Somewhat llairy; leaves 3 - 5-parted; segments oblong, incisely toothed at the apex; in-volucre and involucels similar, 2-leaved, sessile; sepals 5, obovate; carpels llairy, margined,with a long subulate style which is somewhat recurved at tIle point; lleads of carpels glo-

bose.-Pursh, fl. 2.p. 387; DC prodr. 1.p. 121; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am I p. 8 t. 3 f B;

Torr. ~ Gr. fl. N Amer. 1 p. 14; Pritz l. c p. 667 A dichotoma, Linn anlren. acado

1 p. 155 A. aconitifolia, Michx·fl· 1..e. 320.

10 RANUNCULACElE. ANEMONE.Plant about a foot and a half high, usually growing in patches Rhizoma creeping, some-what ligneous Petioles 8 - 12 inches long Leaves 4 - 6 inches or more in diameter.Flowers 1 - I ! inch in dialneter Sepals white and membranaceous, pubescent externally.Style mucll longer than the ovary or even the ripe carpels.

Banks of rivers and rather wet lneadows; not uncommon June - August Fr. ber OUfplant seems to agree in every essential character with the Siberian A dichotoma.

Septem-3 HEPATICA. Dill.; DC syst l.p 215; Endl gen 4774 LIVER-LEAF.

[From the Greek, ltepar, the liver; the 3-lobed leaves resembling the liver of some animals.]

Involucre very near the flower, and resembling a calyx of three sepals Sepals (resemblingpetals) 6 - 9, arranged in two or three rows Petals none Carpels without tails.- Leavesradical, 3-lobed Involucre one-flowered

Leaves broadly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes entire.-DC prod]". 1.p. 22; Pursh, fl 2.

I)· 391, Hook fl Bor.-Am. 1 p. 8; Darlingt fl Cest p. 331; Torr. «} Gr fl. 1 p 15.

Anemone Hepatica, Linn.; Afichx.fl. 1.p. 319; Pritz l c p 690.

var 1 obtusa: leaves 3-lobed; lobes roundisll, obtuse.-Pursh, l c.; Torr. «} Gr 1 c.

H Americana, Ker, in bot reg t 387 ; DC. 1 c.

var 2 acuta: leaves 3 - 5-lobed; lobes acute, spreading.-Pursh,1.c.; Torr. «} Gr 1 c.

H. acutiloba, DC l. c

Root consisting of coarse fibres Leaves somewhat coriaceous, unsually remaining through

the winter till the followiug season; the older ones IJurplish underneath Petioles and scapesvillous, 3 - 6 inches long, the latter appearing before the vernal leaves, sheathed at the basewith oblong imbricated stipules Involucralleaves ovate, villous externally Sepals oblong,obtuse, usually blue, but sOlnetimes IJale purple or ,vhite Carpels oblong, acuminate,hai~y.

A very common plant in woods, flowering frequently in the latter part of March, and tinuing till May The acute-leaved variety is more common in the northern and westerncounties than in the southern part of tIle State; but I have seen this form, when"transplantedinto gardens, produce part of its leaves with obtuse lobes In their native woods the twovarieties remain distinct, and seldom grow near each other

con-This plant has for anumber of years past been employed as aremedy in pulmonary

dis-eases, but it is of very doubtful efficacy See Wood «} Bache's U S Dispens p 347.

RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACE.£.

TRIBE II RANUNCULE.L£ DC.

II

Petals with a small necta/riferous scale, gland or pore at the base on the inside Anthers

extrorse Seeds erect, or rarely suspended.

4 RANUNCULUS Linn.; DC syst. 1.p. 231; Endl gen 4783 CROWFOOT.

[From the Latin, rana, a frog; the species often growingin wet places where that reptile abounds.]

Sepals 5, deciduous Petals 5 (sometimes 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale or pore onthe inside of tIle cla\v Stamens numerous (rarely fe\v) Carpels ovate, pointed, com-pressed, disposed in a cylindrical or roundish head Seed erect (rarely suspended).-Annual or perennial Ilerbs Leaves mostly radical; the cauline ones at the base of thebranches and peduncles

~ 1 BATRACHIUM, DC Carpels transve1'sely ~l'rin~led: petals white: cla1JJs yellow, with a

con- spicuous nectariferous pore.

Stem floating; submersed leaves filiformly dissected, emersed ones 3-parted, with form toothed lobes; petals obovate, longer than the calyx.-lJursh,fl. 2.p. 395; DC prodr 1.p. 26; Hook.fl. Bor.-~4m.I.p 10;D.arlingt.fl CestAp, 327; Torr. <} Gr.fl N Am 1 p.15.

cunei-var capillaceus: leaves petioled, all immersed and filiformly dissected.- DC l c.; Hook.

i c.; Torr.<} Gr I. c

Stem filiform, varying in length according to the deptl1 of the water, smooth and branching,producing roots at the lower joints Leaves dichotomously or trichotomously divided intothread-like segments of about an incll in length Petioles dilated and sheathing at the base.Peduncles 1 - 2 inches long Sepals elliptical, smooth Petals white or ochroleucous Car-pels slightly rugose, with a short beak

Flowing waters and ponds; rather rare: Singsing, Schenectady, Lake Erie, ChenangoCounty, Penn-Yan, &c Fl. June - August .Fr. August - September

~ 2 HECATONIA, DC Carpels srnooth (not 'lorinkled), ovate or roundish, in small 8"Zobose heads.'

root fibrous: flo'wers yellow.

* Leaves all undivided.

2. RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA, Linn Spearwolrt.

Leaves smooth, linear-Ianceolate or ovate-Ianceolate, often toothed, the lower ones petiolate,upper ones nearly sessile; stem declined, rooting at the lower joints; peduncles opposite the

leaves; carpels with a subulate beak; petals longer than the calyx.-DC prodr. 1.p. 32 ;

Pursh,fl 2 p 391; Darlingt.fl Cest p. 327; Torr. <} Gr.fl N Am. 1.p 16.

2-12 RAN~UNCUL.ACEiE. RANUNCULUS.

Whole plant smooth, and of a yellowish green color Stem 1 - 2 feet long, somewhatbranching: leaves 3 - 6 inches long, and from one quarter to nearlyan inch in breadth; upperones acute at each end; lower ones more or less obtuse at.the base Pe.duncles 1 - 2 incheslong Flowers nearly llalf an incll in diameter Carpels in a globose head, beaked

A common plant in low wet grounds, ditches, and about springs, flowering from July toAugust Fruit ripe in November It is one of the most acrid of the genus, and is sometimes·employed in domestic practice for blistering the skin The distilled water is used as anenletic See Wood t} Bache's U S Dispens p 543.

3~ RANUNCULUS REPTANS, Lillil. Least SjJear1.lJort.

Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, acute at each end, smooth, entire ; stem creeping (rooting

at the joints); carpels dotted, with a minute blunt point.-DC prod1-. 1.p 32.

var filifornzis, DC.: stem filiform, creeping extensively; leaves linear; flowers

small.-Torr. 4· Gr.fl. N A17l. 1.p. 16 R filiformis, Michx. fl. 1 p. 320; Pursh, fl. 2 p. 392 ;

Bart ji Aln Stept. 2.p. 101 t. 70,f. 2; Bigel.fl. Bost p 224.

Stems numerous, 6 - 12inches or Inore in length, producing leaves and roots at the joints.Leaves scarcely one line ill breadth, but occasionally broader and somewhat lanceolate.Flowers 3 - 4 lines in diameter Petals obovate Carpels roundish, ovoid, the beak verysl10rt and oblique

Sandy banks of rivers and lakes; rather rare It is abundant on the shores of the Hudson,about Albany and Troy; on Lake Erie, near Sackett's Harbor; Chenango County(Dr Knies-

kern), and in a few other places. Flowering from July to August

4. RANUNCULUS PUSILLUS, Poil· Small:flowered Crowfoot.

Stem usually erect; leaves all petiolate, the lower ones ovate and subcordate, entire orsparingly toothed, upper ones linear-Ianceolate; petals usually 3 (sometimes-} - 5), as long

as tIle calyx; carpels ovate, smooth, with a minute blunt point.-Poir dict. 6.p. 99; Pursh,

fl. 2·1)·312; Ell sit. 2.p. 58; DC prodr. 1.1) 32; Deless ic. 1 t. 28; Darlingt.Jl~Cest.

p. 328; Torr. t} Gr.fl N Arner. 1.p 17.

yare rnuticus: carpels without any beak.-Torr. <} Gr 1 c.

A dwarf species, the only locality of which, in this State, so far as I can learn, is on theIsland of New-York It occurs sparingly in the low grounds of Bloomingdale, about fivemiles from the City lIall; flowering ill July When it throws up numerous stems, it issometimes decumbent

5. RANUNCULUS CYMBALARIA, Pursh Sea Crowfoot.

Stoloniferous; leaves cordate, ovate or reniform, petioled, obtuse, coarsely crenate; scape

RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACEiE 13

1- 3-flowered; p~tals spatulate, longer than the calyx - Pursh, fl. 2, 1) 392; Bigel. fl.

Bost p. 225; Flook fl Bor.-Am. 1.p. 11; Torr. l} Gr.fl. N. Aln. 1.1) 19 R

Cymba-laria, {3 Americana, DC.1Jrodr. 1.p 33.

Scapes 2 - 6 illches high, \vith one or two Ininute linear leaves Stolons extensively ing Radical leaves smooth, SOil1e\¥hat fleshy, about half an incll broad; petioles 2 - 4

creep-inches long Flo\¥ers about a tllird of an incl1 in diameter Sepals oval, concave Pet.als

5 - 8 Carpelsovate, acute, compressed, with several elevated ribs, disposed in dense oblongheads

Salt marshes on the seacoast of Long Island; also about the salt works of Salina and

Syracuse July - September

-t;fl Lea,pes more or u:ss dit l ·idcd.

Smootl1; radical leaves on long petioles, reniform or broadly ovate and subcordate, crenate,sometimes 3-cleft; cauline ones 3 - 5-parted, with linear-oblong, nearly entire segments;sepals reflexed, longer than the petals; head of carpels globose or ovate - Pursh, fl. 2.p.

392; DC prodr. 1 p. 34; Hook.fl Bor.-A.m. 1.p. 14; Darlingt fl Cest p. 328; Torr.

trun-A common species in rocliy woods, meadows, etc.; beginning to flower towards the end ofApril, and continuing through May Fr. June - July

7 RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS, L'inn, Celery-leaved Crowfoot.

Snlooth; leaves petioled, 3-parted, radical ones with the divisions 3-lobed and obtuselyincised, the upper cauline ones with oblong-linear nearly entire lobes; sepals reflexed, aboutequal to the petals; carpels minute, scarcely mucronate, disposed in oblong cylindrical heads

- Pursh,fl. 2 p. 393; DC pTodr. 1.p. 34; Ell sIL.2.p. 59; Hook fl Bor.-Am. 1.1) 15 ;

Darlingt.fl Cest.p. 339; Torr <5 Gr.fl N Amer. 1~p.19.

Plant pale green Stem thick and rather succulent, fistulous, very leafy, branching.Leaves 1 - 3 inches long, with spreading narrow segments: petioles dilated and sheathing atthe base Flowers small Petals pale yellow, with a roundish nectariferous pore on theclaw Carpels a hundred or more, forming a head which is sometimes an inch in length

A common plant in low grounds and ditches; flo\vering froDl May to August A native

also of Europe

14 RANUCULACE£ RANUNCULUS.

Submerged leaves divided into filiform flat segments, the emersed ones reniform, 3 -

5-parted; lobes variously divided; petals twice as long as the reflexed sepals; carpels in globoseheads, smooth, with a short straight ensiform style - lIoole.fl. Bor.-Am. 1.p. 15; Torr. 4-

Gr.jl N Am. 1.p. 19

var. 1 : leaves all filiformly dissected; flowers large; stem fistulo~s.-l-Iook l c.; Torr.4- Gr l c. R multifidus, Pursh, fl. 2 p. 736; DC prodr. 1.p 34. R fluviatilis, Bigel.

fl Bost rd 1 p. 139 R delphinifolius, Torr in Eat 1nan ed 3 (1822), p.424

R.lacus-tris, Beck <} Tracy, in Eat man 7 c and in trans Alb inst. 1.p. 148 cum icon.

var 2: subnlcrscd lcaves filiformly dissected, floating ones reniform, palmately many-cleft

- Hook. 7 c t. 7 B.f 7; Torr. 1·. (/r. 1 c

var 3: creeping; lo\ver leaves luany-cleft, \vith linear segments; upper ones reniform,

palmately nlany-cleft.- Hoole l c t. 7 B f. 2; Torr. 4- Gr l c.

Stem in the floating varieties from one to several feet long, according to the depth of thewater, much brancllcd; in the creeping form shorter, and often partly erect Circumscr~p­

tion of the leaves roundish; segments of the submerged ones 1 - 2 inches long Flowers

in var 1, as large as in R. acris, in tIle others smaller. Sepals ovate, colored, smooth.Petals bright yellow, obovate, one-third longer tllan tIle sepals

Sluggish streams, and also ill still \vater Common in the northern and western parts ofthe State The first and third varieties occur in ponds on Long Island two or three milesfrom Brooklyn l\iay - July A ,veIl marked species

Leaves pubescent or somewhat glabrous, 3 - 5-parted, with the segments deeply 3-cleft ;lobes lanceolate, acute, the uppernl0st linear; stem man)T-flowered; peduncles terete; calyxspreading, villous; carpels roundish, compressed, pointed witll a s110rt recurved beak.-Pursh,

fl. 2.p. 394; DC prodr. 1.p. 36; Bigel.fl. Bost ed. 2 p. 226; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1 p.

18; Torr. 4- Gr.fl N Am. 1 p 21.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, the lower IJart and the petioles usually clothed with spreading hairs,but sometimes nearly sIYlooth Peduncles 1 - 3 inches long Flowers about an inch indiameter, bright yellow

Meadows and pastures, not uncommon; flo,,~ering from June to November The rootsand leaves are sometimes bruised and applied to the skin, as a rubefacient, and also to pro-duce blistering It is a naturalized plant of European origin

Stems throwing off from the base long prostrate or creeping branches; leaves trifoliolate;leaflets cuneiform, 3-lobed, incisely toothed, the middle (and generallythe lateral ones also):letiolulate; peduncles sulcate; calyx spreading; carpels with a broad short rather straight

RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACEiE 15

point.-DC prodr. 1 p. 38; Pursh} fl. 2 p. 394; Darlingt.fl. Cest p. 329; Torr. <}

Gr. fl. N Am. 1 p. 21 R intermedius, ~at. man ed. 2 p. 329 R. Clintonii, Beck,fl.

1 p. 7 R. nitidus, Muhl cat ed. 2 p. 56; Ell skI 2.p. 60; Hoolefl. Bor.-Am. 1 p "20.

(excl syn DC.)

var 2 linearilobus (DC.).' prostrate; stems very long, floriferous; lobes of the leavesvery narrow.- Torr. <} Gr l c.

var.3 Marilandieus (Torr. <} Gr.): stem and petioles densely hirsute with very soft hairs;

leaflets distinctly petiolulate.- R Marilandicus, Poir diet. 6.p. 126; DC syst. 1; p. 291 ;

Pursh, l.e.

Stems at first, especially in var 3, and \vhen growing in woods, only a few inches high andwholly erect; but later in the season, and in rich soils, at length 1 - 4 feet long and mostlyprostrate, often rooting at the joints Sometimes the whole plant is smooth, but m~recom-monly the stem and petioles are hairy Peduncles 1 - 3 inches long Flowers about two-thirds as large as in R acris, bright shining yellow Carpels in a globose head, margined,somewhat orbicular, punctate; the beak usually straight, but sometimes a little curved.Low grounds, particularly along river~: var ::I, in woo(J~ A variahle species, presentingvery different appearauces according to the age of tIle plant, soil, etc Early in I\Iay - A~l1g.

11. RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS, M1tltl. Buncl~-roote(l Cro1lfoot.

Plant clothed with an appressed silky pubescence; stem short, erect or spreading; leavespinnately divided; segments oblong-obovate or cuneiform, pinnatifidly lobed; calyx spread-ing, villous, half the length of the petals; heads subglobose; carpels orbicular, tllmid, slightlymargined; style subulate, slender, a little curved, nearly as long as the carpel.-llfuhl cat.

p. 56; DC prodr. 1.p. 40; Bigel.fl. Bost edt 2.p. 226; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1.p. 20 t 8.

f A.; Darlingt.fl. Cest p 329; Torr. f G1\fl. N Am. 1.p 24.

Root composed of thick, somewhat fleshy, fasciculate fibres Sten1 6 - 12 inches high,erect or oblique Leaves variously divided; of the radical ones, the middle lobe is alwaysdistinctly petioled, or separated from the lower segments by a portion of elongated naked mid-rib; llltimate divisions about 2 lines wide Flowers nearly as large as in R acris. Petalsobovate or oblong, bright or pale yellow; scale of the cla\v cuneate-obovatc Carpelsminutely punctate, abruptly pointed with tlle slender style

Rocky woods and sunny hill sides, particularly along rivers Common in the northerncounties, but rather rare on the Hudson Fl. April - May Fr. June

12. RANUNCULUS PENNSYLVANICUS, Lin1~" Pen1lsylvanian Cl"Otvfoot"

Stem and petioles hispid with spreading hairs; leaves ternate, villous, with tlle hairs pressed; lower ones on long petioles, the leaflets petiolulate , lobes lanceolate, incised; calyx

ap-reflexed, longer than the small petals; heads oblong or somewhat cylindrical; carpels broadly

16 RANUNCULACE£. RANUNCULUS.

ovate, pointed with a very short oblique style.-Ell sk. 2 p. 63; Rigel fl Bost.ed. 2 p.

227 ; DC prodr. 1.p. 40; Hook fl Bor.-Am. 1.p. 19; Torr. I} Gr fl N Am. 1 p 22.

R Canadensis,Jaeq ie rare 1 t. 165 R hispidus, Pursh,fl. 2.p 395.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, stout, usually much branched, erect, clothed with stiff horizontalhairs Leaves 2 - 4 inches in diameter; the lower ones with petioles -3 - 6 inches long;

petioles of the leaflets often an inch or more in length Penducles obscurely grooved

Flow-ers about three lines in diameter Sepals ovate, rather obtuse, reflexed Petals pale yellow,obovate, usually shorter than the calyx and ovoid compact head of pistils; scale broadly

cuneate, emarginate Carpels viscid, very numerous

Banks of rivers, in damp soils, clliefly on the Hudson River and in the northern counties

Fl. latter part of July - August Fr. September

13. RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS, Poir .J."Janicle-leaved CrO'Wfoot.

Erect; stem and petioles clothed with spreading stiffish hairs; leaves 3-parted, with pressed hairs, or nearly snl00th; segments broadly oval, incisely toothed, the lateral ones 2-

ap-lobed; calyx reflexed; petals narrowly oblong, shorter than the sepals; heads ovoid-globose;carpels roundish, \vith a sharp hool{ed style.-Poir diet. 6 p. 123; Pursh, fl. 2 p. 394;

Deless ie. 1 t. 41; DC.prodr. I.p 39; Ell sk. 2 p. 63; Hook fl Bor.-Am. I.!) 20 (inpart); Darlingt. fl. Cest·1 J • 329; Torr. I} Gr.fl N Am. 1.p 22.

Root coarsely fibrous Stem about a foot high Leaves 2 - 3 inches in diameter, with a

pentagonal outline, petiolate Flowers small, on ·short peduncles Sepals oblong, hairy

Petals pale yellow, often only half the length of the sepals, with a conspicuous cuneate scale

at the base Carpels much compressed, margined; the beak very slender, about half the

length of the carpel

Shady woods, in rich soil; common Flowers from May to June

14. RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS, Linn Butter-cups.

Stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the neck; radical leaves cut into 3 - 5 petiolated leaflets,which are 3 - 5-cleft and incisely toothed; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, shorter than

the sepals; carpels ovoid, with a sl10rt acute recurved beak - Michx.jl. 1.p. 321 ; Pursh,

fl. 2.p. 392; Darlingt.fl Cest.p. 331; Torr.-I} Gr fl N Am. I.p 24

Root consisting of thick fibres Stem abouta foot high, clothed \vith appressed hairs, the

tuber at the base abollt the size of a filbert Leaves hai.ry, deeply parted and variouslycut; the segments short, obtusely incised and lobed Peduncles 1 - 3inches long Sepalsexternally Petals usually5, sometimes more, deep yellowand shining Carpelsin aglobose

Fields, pastures and road sides May - July A weed of Eur~pean origin It is one of themost acrid of the genus

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA,

5 CALTHA Sepals 6 - 9 Petals none.

6 TROLLIUS Sepals 5 - 15 Petals 5 - 20, small and one-lipped.

7 COPTIS: Sepals 5 - 6, deciduous Petals 5 - 6, with claws, Follicles stipitate, membranaceous,

8 HELLEBORUS Sepals 5, persistent Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular Follicles sessile, coriaceous.

9 AQUILEGIA Sepals 5, deciduous Petals 5) each with a long spur.

10 DELPHINIUM Sepals 5, irregular, one of them spurred Petals 4, very irregular, two of them with spurs which are concealed in the spur of the calyx.

11 ACONITUr-I Sepals 5, irregular, one of them large and vaulted Petals 5, very irregular, the two upper ones on long claws.

5 CALTHA. Linn.; DC syst. 1.p. 306; Endl gen 4786 MARSH MARIGOLD.

[From the Greek,kalatllos,a cup; in allusion to the form of the flowers.]

Calyx of 5 - 10petaloid sepals Petals none Stamens numerous Ovaries 5 - 10 - 16

Follicles compressed, spreading, many-seeded.- Perennial, very smooth herbs Leavescordate or reniform

I. CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Linn COln1non lJ[arslt lJIarigold.

Stem erect; leaves orbiculate-cordate or reniform, obtusely crenate, or nearly entire, thelobes rounded; sepals usually 5 (sometimes 6), broadly oval.-llfichx.fl. 1.p. 234; Pursh,

fl. 2 p. 390; DC p1'"odr. 1 p 44; Darlingt. fl· Oeste p. 336; To'rr. 9· Gr. fl. N Am. I

p.26.

var integerrima: radical leaves wholly entire; floral ones sessile, obscurely crenate;

petals obovate.-Torr. c} Gr 1 c C integerrima, Pursh, l c., DC prodr. 1.p 45.

Root consisting of coarse fasciculate fibres Stem 6 - 10 inches high, erect, rather thickand succulent, corymbosely or dicllotomously branched above Radical leaves 2 - 4 inchesbroad, on petioles 3 - 8 inches or more in length, sometimes acutely toothed Flowers few,somewhat corymbose, an inch or more in diameter, bright yellow Sepals about twice as long

as the stamens Carpels 8 - 10, oblong, somewhat recurved, mucronate with the style Seedsoblong, dark purple, horizontally arranged in a double series

Common in swamps Yare integerrima, near Peekskill (Dr Crandell) Fl April - May.

In its early spring state, the plant is tlsed as a potherb, or one of the numerous articles called

" greens" in the United States Asyrup prepared from it is a popular remedy for coughs

18 RANUNCULACE.tE. TROLLIUS.

6 TROLLIUS. Linn.; DC syst 1 p. 311; Endl gen 4787 GLOBE-FLOWER.

[Said to lit' deriveu froID the German word'.,-ollo, or frolell., sig-nifying a ball or globe.]

Calyx of 5 - 10 - 15 deciduous petaloid sepals Petals 5 - 25, ~mall, I-lipped, tubular atthe base Starnens and ovarics nunlcrous Follicles numerous, scssile, somewhat cylin-

drical, lnany-seeded.- I)crennial glabrous herbs hrrving the appearance of Ranuneulus,

with fibrous-fasciculate roots, and palmately di"ideu leaves; the segments many cleft.Flowers yellow

1 TROLLIlT~ LAXU~, Salisb. (Plate III.) AIJlerican Globe-flower.

Sepals [) - 6, spreading; pctals 15 - ;2;J, shortcr tban the stamens.- Salisb in Linn trans.

8 p 303; Pursh, fl. ~.p. 3~)1; Dol 'II/ag t. 19~5; Lodd. ~ot. cab t. 56; ()ray in ann lye.

N l T ork, 3 p. ~~~; Torr. (f· (/r. fl N Am 1.1). 2t-l. 'f Amcricanus, Afuhl cat p. 56 ;

DC'.jJro(Z. 1.p. 4G; Hook. fl. Bor.-Alll. 1.1) ;23.

Plant 1 - 2 feet high, crect 11adical leaveson petioles G - 8 inches long; llpper caulineones sessile Flo\ver about t\vice as large as in Ranulluculus acri3. Sepals broadly obovate,ochrolcucous, ,vith a tinge of green underneath Petal~ ~carcclyhalf the length of the sta-mens,deep orange yello\v Stalncns about half the length of the petals; anthers linear-oblong.Carpels 8 - 15 Seed oblong, horizontal, some\yhat angular

Sphagnous s\vamps n~ar Utica (Dr (/ray). Jamesto\\'n, Chautaurlue county (Miss C Ha=eltine). Wet woods, Mount Hope, near l{ochester(J)rof Dewey) Fl Early in May.-

A rare and handsome plant, looking at a little distance like a large-flowered l{anunculus

7 COPTIS. Salisb in Linn flrans. 8 p.305; Endl gen 4792 GOLDTHREilD.

[From the Greek, koplo, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves.]

Calyx of5 - 6 petaloid deciduous sepals Petals 4 - 6 Stalnens 15 - 25 Follicles 3 - 10,

on long stalks and sOlnewhat stellately uiverging, mernbranaceous, ovate-oblong, pointed

witll the style, 4 - 8-seeded.- I-Ierbs, witll radical S01l1e\\'hat coriaceous divided leaves andvery slender creeping rhizofilas

§ CnnvsA, Raj Petals very small, cucullate-obconic.

Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets cuneiform-obovate, crenately and mucronately toothed, scurely 3-lobed; scape I-flowered.-Salisb l e.; Pursh, fl. 2 p. 390; Bigel med bot. 1

ob-t. 5; DC prodr 1 p 47; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am 1 p. 23; Torr. 9- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1 p 28:

Helleborus trifolius, Linn.; 11lichx.fl. 1.p. 325 Chrysa borealis, Raj. in Dtsv jour. bot.

2 p 170.

COPTIS. RANUNCULACE£ 19

Rhizoma horizontal, throwing off numerous long and slender bright yellow fibres of an tensely bitter taste Leaves evergreen, on long petioles, very smooth and shining, stronglyveined; leaflets about an inch long Scape slender, but somewhat rigid and \viry, 3 - 6

in-inches long Flo\vers about two-thirds of an inch indiulneter Sepals 5 - 7 oblong, obtuse,white, sometimes purplish llnderneath Petals luuch shorter than the sepals, yellow at thebase Carpels acuminate ,vith the persistent curved style Seeds oblong, smooth and shining;raphe indistinct

Common in sphagnous s"vanlps, and in damp shady ,,,oods around the roots of trees;

flower-ing in May, and ripening its fruit about the endofJune The root is apure bitter, like that of

Quassia, Witllout any astringency It is extensively elTIploycd as a tonic, both in domesticpractice, and as an ordinary article of the n1ateria nledica

[From the Greek, hcki ll, to cause death, anubora, food; the plant being poisonous]

Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish Petals 8 - 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped

Sta-mens numerous Stigma orbicular Follicles 3 - 10, slightly cohering at the base, ceous, many-seeded Seeds elliptical, fungous at the hilum.- Perennial herbs (natives of

coria-Europe and Asia) Leaves coriaceous, the radical ones palmately or pedately divided.Flowers large, nodding

Radical leaves glabrous, pedately divided; the cauline few, nearly sessile, palmatelyparted; peduncles often geminate; sepals roundish-ovate, green (DC.) -Jacq. fl. Austr.

t. 106; Eng bot t. 200; ilfuhl cat p.56; DC prodr. 1.p.47; Torr. <}Gr.ft N Am 1.

p. 659 (supp!.)

Plant about a foot high, smooth, usually a little branched above Rhizoma rather thick andwoody Radical leaves on long petioles, 5 - 8 inches wide, divided into 7 - 15 lanceolateserrated lobes Flowers an inch or nl0re in diameter Petals shorter thall the stamens

On the plains near Jamaica, and in a wood near Brooklyn, Long Island (Mr A Halsey,

and]VIr R J Brownne). April A native of Europe, but fully naturalized in these localities

[Latin, aquila, an eagle; the spurs of the petals having some resemblance to eagles' claws.]

Sepals 5, deciduous, colored Petals 5, somewhat bilabiate; the outer lip large, flat andspreading; inner one very small, produced at the base into as many hollow spurs or horns,which descend between the sepals Follicles 5, erect, many-seeded, pointed with the

style.- Perennial herbs, with bi- or triternate leaves Flowers terminal, scattered

3·

R A N U N C U L A C E B AQUILEGIA

Spur straight, larger than the limb ; scpals ovate or oblong, a little larger than the petals ; stamens and styles exserted.-Nichx J1 1 p 36 ; DC prodr 1 p 50 ; Bot mag t 246 ;

Bart J Amel- Scpt 1 t 36 ; Ilook J1 1301-.-rimer 1 p 24 (in part) ; Darlingt $ Cest

p 3 2 0 ; Torr & G r 3 N Am 1.27 Z ! )

Root fusiform Stcm 12 - 18 inches high, paniculately branched, smooth Leaves on long petioles, glaucous underneath, colnmonly biternntc ; leaflets cuneiform, crenately lobed Flowers on slender pedicels, pendulous, scarlet externally, yellowish within Spurs about

an inch long, swollen, slightly curvecl and callous at tlie extremity Ovaries pubescent :

styles a little longcr than the stamens

Rocky hill-sides ; flowering from the end of April to July

10 D E L P H I N I U M Lirin ; Endl g - ~ ~ i 4796 LARKSPUR

[From the Grcck, (11 Iljhin, a dolphin; from the shape of the upper sepal.]

Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid, irregular, the upper one produced into a spur at the base Petals 4, irregular ; the two superior ones furnished with a spur-like appendage at the base, inclosed in the spur of the calyx Ovaries 1 - 5, mostly 3 Follicles rnany-seeded.-

Annual or perennial herbs with erect branched stems Leaves 'etiolate, palmately divided Flowers in terminal racemes, comi~lonly blue

$ CONSOLIDA, DC Ovary solitary: petals united into one: inner spur of one piece,-Annual

Stem erect, smoothish, divaricately branclled ; flowers few in a loose raceme ; pedicels longer than the bracts ; carpels smooth.-DC prodr 1 p 51 ; Pursh, $ 2 p 372 ; Torr

[From Acone, a town in Bithynia.]

Sepals 5, petaloid, irregular, deciduous ; tlie upper one (galea) large, vaulted ; lateral ones roundish ; the 2 lower oblong Petals 5 ; the 3 lower ones minute, often converted into stamens ; the 2 upper on long claws, expanded into a sac or short spur at the summit, con- cealed under the galea Follicles 3 - 5, many-seeded.- Perennial herbs Leaves pal- mately divided

The species of this genus contain a powerful narcotic principle called Aconitine

ACONITUM. RANUNCULACE£ 21

Panicle rather loosely flowered, with diverging branches; galea obtu~cl~yconic, compressed,witll an obtuse beak; spur thick, inclined; leaves deelJly ;3-lobcd.-Jllicltx fl· 1 i). 315 ;

Bot. mag. t. 1119; DC. proclr 1 p 60; Ell. skI 2 p 20; 7'orr. <J Gr fl lvT

• Am. 1 p 34.

Root tuberous Stem flexuous, slellder, 2 - 5 feet long, uften reclining Leaves 3 - 5

inches in diameter, 3 - 5-parted, tIle segillcl1ts laciuiatelyand mucrollately toothed Flowers

as large as in A Napellus, bright blue Ovaries 3 - 5, villous

In wet places on mountains, Cllcnango cuunty (1110)"0]"' J LeConte: v s ill herb LeConte).

No otheI botanist has found this IJla11t \vitllill tIle lilnits of our State Dr. Knie~kern latelysearched for it in Chenango county, but withuut success

TRIBE IV CIlJtIICIFUGE.JE Torr. 0/ Gr.

Sepals petaloicl Petals (dilated sterile filulucnls or sla,Jjlill(}(lia?) 3 - 6 Anthers £11trorse

or innate. (1arpels few, sonletimes solitary, rarely nUllLCFUUS, follicular or baccate, sometivzes indehiscent and one-sectleel Flowers uy auorl;on occasionally (liclinous.

12 ACT£A Linn.; Enell. gen 4799.

[Name from the Greek,aIde, elder; which this genus rcsclnblcs in its foliage.]

Sepals 4 - 5 Petals (or staminodia) 4 - 8, spatlllate Stamens numerous: antllers trorse Stigma capitate, sessile Carpels solitary, baccate, n1any-seedcd Seeds COIll-pressed, smooth, 110rizontal.- Perennial 11erbs Leaves bi-triternately divided; segmentsincisely serrate Flowers in simple racemes, white

Raceme ovate; pedicels longer than the flo\ver, scarcely any thicker in fruit; petals ovate, acute, shorte! than the stamens; fruit l1early ovoid, (rcd.)- Bigel fl. Bost p. 211 ;

rllombic-Hook fl Bor.-Am. 1 p. 27; Torr. ~ Gr fl N Aln. 1 1). 35 A Alnericana, L'ar. rubra,

Pursh, fl. 2 p. 366 A bracllypetala, var. rubra, DC. pTodr 1. p. 65 A ~picata, var.

rubra, Afichx.fl. 1.p. 308.

Stem Ii - 2 feet high, slender, smooth Lcaves ter11ately decompound; leaflets oYate,acuminate, 1 - 2 inches long, unequally and i11cisely serrate; tIle terminal one often 3-cleft.Raceme 20 - 40-flowered, broadly ovate or hemispherical Sepals 4, greenish, ovate Pe-tals sometimes 8 - 10, minute Berries bright cherry red, the size of a large pea, about16-seeded; the pedicels half an inch long, and not one-fourtll as tllicl~ as the peduncle, atlength spreading horizontally

Rocky woods; not rare Fl. May Fr. August - September

Raceme oblong; pedicc18 as long as the flower, much thickened in fruit; petals oblong,truncate at the apex, shorter than the stamens; fruit roundisll-ovoid, (white.)-Bigel.fl.

Bost.p. 211; IIook.fl Bor.-Am.l.p. 27; TOTT. ~ (l f

t.fl N Am. l.p.35 A Americana,

var. alba, Purslt, fl. 2.1) 336 A spicata, var. alba, Alicltx.fl. 1.p. 308 A brachypetala,

va1'" a. & o. DC prodr. 1.p 65.

Plant about two feet high; in foliage and inflorescence resembling the preceding species.Petals often emarginate or two-toothed at the apex Pedicels of the flowers nearly as thick

as the peduncle, at length ~ - 1 inch long, spreading, red Berry about one-third of an inch

in dianletcr, milk-white, and often tipped with purple

Rocky woods; nl0re C01l1n10n than the preceding in the southern counties Fl. May Fr.

Aug - Sept A 111ild astringent and tonic (See Wood ~ Bache's U S Dispens app 1067).

These t\VO species are generally very distinct, and easily recognized by their peduncles andberries; but intermediate forms now and then occur Dr Knieskern found, in Cattarauguscounty, an Actrea with thick peduncles and red berries He did not find it in flower

[From the Latin,cimex, a bug, andfugo, to driveaway.]

Sepals 4 - 5 Petals (or staminodia) 3 - 5, concave or unguiculate, sometimes by abortionfewer or none Stamens numerous: anthers introrse Style short: stigma simple Car-

pels 1 - 8, follicular, many-seeded.- Perennial herbs Leaves bi-triternately divided;segments incisely serrate Flowers in virgate racemes, white

~. l\IAcROTYS, Raj Monogynous.· carpels subglobose: seeds compressed, smooth, horizontal:

stami-nodia several, very s1Jlall, with long claws. (Botrophis, RaJ; Fisck. ~ Meyer.)

1. CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA, Ell. (Plate IV) Black Snake-root Rattle-weed.

Raceo1es_very long; leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely-toothed; staminodia slender,

2-forked.-Ell sk. 2 p. 16; Torr compend p. 219; Torr. ~ Gr. fl. N Am. 1 p. 36 Actrea mosa, Linn ameen acado 7.p. 193 t 4; Afichx. fl. 1.p. 308; DC prodr. 1.p. 64; Hook.

race-fl. Bor.-Am. 1 p. 27 Macrotys actreoides, Raj in Desv jour bot. 2 p. 170 Botrophisserpentaria, Raj 'nled. fl. 1 p. 85 B actreoides, Fischer ~ Meyer, ind sem St Petersb.

1835 Christiphoriana, ~c. Dill Ellh. 79 t 67.J 78.

Root thick and knotted, with long fibres Stem 3 - 8 feet high, smooth and furrowed,leafy near the middle Leaves triternate; leaflets 2 - 3 inches long Racemes compound,terminal, 6 - 12 inches long: pedicels 3 - 4 lines long, bracteate Flowers very fretid.Stamens very l1umerous, white Sepals roundish-ovate, very caducous, greenish white.Staminodia 4 - 8, cleft nearly half way down Carpels globose-ovoid, obliquely beakedwith the short thick persistent style Seeds 7 - 8, angular

CIMICIFUGA. RANUNCULACEJE 23Woods, in rich soil, not rare Fl. Latter part of June - July Fr. September A showyplant vvhen inflower It is a popular remedy in most parts oftIte United States, being consi-dered tonic and astringent, stinlulating the secretions of the skin, kidneys, uterus and lungs.See lltood <} Bache's [1. S Dispens p 200.

14 THALICTRUM Linn.; Endl gen 477:!.

[Greek, tllallo, to Lc green or flourishing.]

AtIEADOn r

RUE.

Sepals 4, rarely 5, petaloid, usually crlducons Petals none Stamens numerous; anthersinnate Carpels (achenia) 4 - 15, pointed vvith the short style or stiglna, sulcate or ribbed,sometin1es inflated Seed suspended - Perennial herbs Leaves bi-lriternately divided.Flowers cO:-Ylnbose or paniculate, often diCBCious or polyganlous, greenish-white or yellow

§ 1 EUTHALICTR Ul\I, DC Carpels ot'oid or oulong, ribbed, sessile or slightly stipitate.

t S_'pals caducous, shorter than tlLe stamens: rool fibtOllS.

1. THALICTRUl\I DIOICUl\I, Linn. Earl.,! .J.~leado1v Rue.

Very smooth, direcious or polygan1ous; filaments filiform; anthers linear, elongated~

mucronate; leaves on sllort petioles, ternately decon1pound; leaflets rounded, crenately and

obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpels oblong, sessile,strongly ribbed, t\vice the length of the slender curved style.-Parsh, fl. 2 7) 3SS; DC.

prodr.l.p. 12; Hook.fl Bor.-Am. 1'1)' 3; Darlingt fl. Ccst.]J 333; Tor1'. ~ (;r.fl N.

Am. 1.p. 39 T. lrevigatum, llIichx fl. 1.p 322.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, slender, some\\' hat branched, \ovith ~heathing stipules at the base.Common petiole 1 - 3 inches long; leaflets about three-fourths of an inch in dianleter, more

or less distinctly 3-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed Sepals 4 - 5, oval, obtuse, often plish Filaments much longer than the sepals, \veak, ahnost capillary and nearly of thesam.e thickness throughout; anthers yello\vish Fertile flo\\'crs \\-ith 6 - 8 ~tamens. Pistils

pur-6 - 10; the styles (including the stigmatic portion) longer than the ovary; the persistent base,

in maturity, shorter than the carpel: stigmas linear, elongated

Common in woods, particularly in rich soil among rocks Fl. April - l\Iay Fr. June

2. THALICTRUM CORNUTI, Linn. CO'lllJ1l0n J.lfeadolc Rue.

Direcious or polygamous; filaments somewhat clavate; anthers oblong, obtuse; leaves

sessile (the petiole divided to the base), ternately decompound; leaflets roundish-obovate orelliptical, 3-lobed, with the lobes rather acute, glaucous or sOlnewhat pubescent beneath; pe-duncles longer than the leaves; carpels nearly sessile, acuteateachend, strongly ribbed, twice

as long asthe style; stigma linear-oblong.-Linn sp p. 768; Pursh, fl. 2 p. 338; Hook.

24 RANUNCULACE.tE. THALICTRUM.

fl. Bor.-Am. 1 p. 3 t. 2; Torr' <} G'r. fl. N Am. 1 p. 38 T pubescens, Pursh, l c.

T coryncllum and T revoluturn, DC prod. 1.p. 12 T polygamum, Muhl cat p. 56 T.rugosum and Cornuti, Darlingt.fl Cest p 334.

Stem 3 - 6 feet high, branching Leaves very large, always sessile, the divisions of the tiole elongated; leaflets varial)le in size, form and pubescence, ovate, elliptical or roundish;often cordate at the base, but sometimes cuneate; lateral ones sometimes entire; the veinseither scarcely prominent, or elevated and rugose; margin commonly revolute Panicle com-pound, loose Sepals greellish-,vhitc, oblong, much shorter than the stamens Ovariesabout 1~, styles short; stigmas thick, pubescent Carpels about 3 lines long, slightly stipi-tate, bcal{ed ,vith the persistent style

pe-A con1ffion tall plant in ,vet meadows, varying in its foliage according to the degree ofexposure and shade Fl. July - August Fr. September

it S'rpals somcn"llatp~rsistent, wnger tltan tlte stamens: 'Toot grurno'Us.-(Syndesmon, HojJmannsegg.)

Root fasciculately tuberous; flowers few, large, umbellate; fioralleaves resembling an volucre; radical ones biternate.-1l1ichx.fl. 1.p. 322; DC prod. 1.p. 15; Juss ann muse 3.

in-p. 2~19. t. 31 f. 2; Hook. fl. Bor.-A1n. 1 p. 4; Darlingt.fl. Cest. 1) 333; Torr. <} Gr.

fl. lV Am. 1.p. 39; Brit.fl. gard. (2 ser.) t. 150 Anemone thalictroides, Linn.; Pursh,

fl. ~.p. 387; llTilld hort Berol. 1 t. 44; Bigel. fl. Bost. 1) 233; Bart.fl. Am Sept 2.

Pedun-Common in most parts of the State, in open woods, but rather scarce in the western ties It begins to flo\ver in the latter part of April, and continues till June Although sostrongly resemblingAnCl110ne in its flower, the fruit shows that its true place is in the genus

coun-Tlz.aliclrunl.