The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay, with an account of the establishment of the colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, 1789

Account of the Establishment of the Colonies ofPort Jackson & norfolk island ; compiled from authentic Papers, which have been obtained from the several Departments to which are added, ,

Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of

Port Jackson & norfolk island ;

compiled from authentic Papers,

which have been obtained from the several Departments

to which are added,

,, Shortland , Watts , Ball , & Cap t

,, Marshall ;

with an Account of their New Discoveries

embellished with fifty five Copper Plates,

he Maps and Charts taken from atual Surveys,

& the Plans & Views drawn on the Spot,

by Capt Hunter, Lieuts Shortland, Watts, Dawes, Bradley, Capt Marshall, &c.

=

L o n d o n

Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly.

mdcclxxxix.

TO T HE MOST NOBLE

t h e M a R Q U I S o f S a L I S B U R y,

LORD CHAMBERLAIN OF HIS MAJESTY’s HOUSEHOLD, &c., &c.

T H I S V O L U M E, CONTAINING ALL THAT IS YET KNOWN OF THE

E R R A T A ‡

Page 1, line 15, for enterprizes, read enterprses [Page 1, line 13]

13, l penult for only ity, read an hundred [Page 8, line 23]

ibid l ult for Penryn, read Penrhyn [Page 8, line 23]

75, l 7, for surprize, read surprse [Page 41, line 7]

87, l 14, ater 17, dele h [Page 47, line ult.]

96, l 13, for into, read in [Page 52, line 18]

149, l 10, for Kangooroo, read Kanguroo he orthography of a word derived only from oral sound is in some degree arbitrary; but it ought to be consitent he plates, by mitake, have Kangooroo [Page 87, line 24]

185, l 14, for it were were, read if it were [Page 128, line 15]

203, l 3, for John, read homs [Page 137, line 18]

213, l 10, for four, read forty [Page 143, line 2]

228, l 23, bis, for Macauley, read Macaulay [Page 161, lines 32 & 35 (penult.)]

231, l 15, for Ptri, read Pahi [Page 163, line 9]

252, Margin, for May, read June [Page 150, line 21]

253, Ditto [Page 151]

255, Margin, for July, read June [Page 152]

232, l 18, for Taha, read Toha [Page 163, line 29 - not correted]

242, l 9, for who, read whom [Page 169, line 28 - not correted]

246, l 25, for veer’d, read near’d [Page 172, line 3]

n B Some of the early impressions of the plates have erroneously Wulpine Oppossum for Vulpine Opossum ater a few were work’d of the fault was perceived, and correted

‡ [Modern editor's note: hese errata were motly correted in the second edition and those which were correted have also been correted in this book, with footnotes where appropriate his lit is included here for the sake of completeness and as an intereting sample of what were thought of as signiicant errors, even though some

of them may not in fat have been incorret he line and page references refer to the original irt edition and the correponding reference in this book is given in square brackets a few unrecorded and insigniicant typographic errors in both irt and second editions such as omitted charaters or duplicated words have been silently correted More subtantial revisions or amendments to the text are indicated by trikethrough of the irt edition text and

brown colouration of the second edition text (which is almot invariably also that given in the third, otavo, edition) hroughout this book footnotes of the modern editor are given in square brackets as here all other footnotes were part of the original editions further information on the modern editor’s treatment of this book is given at the end.]

a N e C D o t e S

OF

g o V e R N o R P H I L L I P.

Cook, has raised himself by his merit and his services, to ditintion and command his father was Jacob Phillip, a native of frankfort, in germany, who having settled in england, maintained his family and educated his son by teaching the languages his mother was elizabeth Breach, who married for her irt husband, Captain herbert of the navy, a kinsman of lord Pembroke of her marriage with Jacob Phillip, was her son, arthur, born in the parish of allhallows, Bread-treet, within the city of london, on the 11th of otober, 1738

Being designed for a seafaring life, he was very properly sent to the school of greenwich, where he received an education suitable to his early propensities at the age of sixteen, he began his maritime career, under the deceased Captain Michael everet of the navy, at the commencement of hotilities, in 1755: and at the same time that he learned the rudiments of his profession under that able oicer, he partook with him in the early misfortunes, and subsequent glories of the seven years war Whatever opulence Phillip acquired from the capture of the Havannah, certain it

is, that, at the age of twenty-three, he there was made a lieutenant into the cstle, on the 7th of June, 1761, by Sir george Pococke, an excellent judge of naval accomplishments

Stirling-But of nautical exploits, however they may raise marine oicers, there mut be an end Peace, with its blessings, was retored in 1763 and Phillip now found leisure to marry; and to settle at lyndhurt, in the new foret, where he amused himself with farming, and like other country gentlemen, discharged assiduously those provincial oices, which, however unimportant, occupy repetably the owners of land, who,

in this island, require no oice to make them important

a n e C D o T e S o f g o V e r n o r P h i l l i P xiii

But sailors, like their own element, are seldom at ret hose occupations, which pleased Phillip while they were new, no longer pleased him when they became familiar and he hatened to ofer his skill and his services to Portugal when it engaged in warfare with Spain his ofer was readily accepted, because such skill and services were necessary amidt an arduous truggle with a too powerful opponent and, such was his condut and such his success, that when the recent interference of france, in 1778, made it his duty to ight for his king, and to defend his country, the Portugueze court regretted his departure, but applauded his motive

his return was doubtless approved by those who, knowing his value, could advance his rank: for he was made mater and commander into the Bsilsk ireship,

on the 2d of September, 1779 But in her he had little opportunity of diplaying his zeal, or of adding to his fame his tep, however, led him up to a higher situation; and he was made pot-captain into the Ariadne frigate, on the 13th of november,

1781, when he was upwards of three and forty his is the great epoch in the lives of our naval oicers, because it is from this that they date their rank in the Ariadne,

he had little time for ative adventures, or for gainful prizes, being appointed to the Europe of sixty-four guns, on the 23d of December, 1781 During the memorable year 1782, Phillip promoted its enterprizes, and shared in its glories and in January,

1783, he sailed with a reinforcement to the eat indies, where superior bravery contended againt superior force, till the policy of our negotiators put an end to unequal hotilities by a necessary peace

he ativity, or the zeal of Phillip, was now turned to more peaceful objets and when it was determined to form a settlement on that part of new holland, denominated new South Wales, he was thought of as a proper oicer to condut

an enterprize, which required professional knowledge, and habitual prudence his equipment, his voyage, and his settlement, in the other hemiphere, will be found

in the following volume When the time shall arrive that the european settlers on Sydney Cove demand their hitorian, these authentic anecdotes of their pritine legislator will be sought for as curious, and considered as important

A D V E r T i S E M E N T ‡

might be wished, it is necessary that something should be said to obviate any imputation

of negligence he truth will be the bet, and, as it ought, the only apology he oicial papers

of governor Phillip, which were liberally communicated by government, formed at irt our principal source of intelligence hese, from their nature, could contain but little information

on subjets of natural hitory, and many other points, concerning which the curiosity of every reader would naturally be excited he eforts of the publisher to give satisfation to the public

in these repets produced a gradual inlux of materials; and the successive arrival of diferent vessels from the indian seas, occasioned additions to the work, which made it necessary to engrave new plates While, therefore, the completion of the book was anxiously pressed by many who were eager to possess it, that desirable point has contantly been deferred by the communications of those who were tudious to render it more valuable; and the word Fins, has seemed to ly from us, like italy before the wandering Trojans from the combination

of these circumtances it has arisen, that every separate part has been hurried on in the execution; and yet, in the inishing of the whole, more time has elapsed, than would have been necessary to complete a much more ample volume he defets that proceed from these causes, it is hoped, the reader will forgive, and accept with complacency a volume in which, it

is conidently hoped, nothing material has been omitted that is conneted with its principal objet, the formation of a settlement promising both glory and advantage to this country; in which several important discoveries are announced; no small accession is made to the tores

of natural hitory; and intereting notices are communicated of countries visited before, and persons in whose fate the public has long felt an interet.

he publisher thinks it his duty, in this place, to return thanks to the following noblemen and gentlemen, for their kind assitance and free communications he Marquis of Salisbury, Viscount Sydney, lord hood, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart Mr rose, Mr nepean, Mr Stephens, Sir Charles Middleton, Sir andrew Snape hammond, Mr Dalrymple, and Mr Chalmers: but, to Mr latham particularly, the mot grateful acknowledgements are due, for having furnished many drawings and accurate descriptions, which tamp a value on the natural hitory contained in this work, and mut for ever render it an objet of attention to all lovers

of that science: and to lieutenant Shortland, lieutenant Watts, and Captain Marshall, of the Scarborough tranport, the public owe whatever important discoveries and useful knowledge may be found in their journals, which they communicated with a disinteretedness that the publisher will be always happy to acknowledge.

‡ [To the firt edition].

A D V E r T i S E M E N T ‡

necessary to apologize, being now removed, the publisher has only to thank his friends, and the public, for the candour with which they tolerated those unavoidable imperfetions, and attended only to what was truly intereting in the work nothing seems to be required

in sending out the second edition, but to give assurance, that the alterations made in it, are such only as, while they raise in some degree the value of the present publication, cannot materially depreciate the former at the same time, however, the publisher feels it is his duty

to repeat his thanks to the following noblemen and gentlemen for their kind assitance, and free communications: the Marquis of Salisbury, Viscount Sydney, lord hood, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., Mr rose, Mr nepean, Mr Stephens, Sir Charles Middleton, Sir andrew Snape hammond, Mr Dalrymple, and Mr Chalmers.

But to Mr latham particularly the mot grateful acknowledgements are due for having furn - ished many drawings and accurate descriptions, which tamp a value on the natural hitory con- tained in this work, and mut for ever render it an objet of attention to all lovers of science

To lieutenant Shortland, lieutenant Watts, and Captain Marshall of the Scarborough tranport, the public owe whatever important discoveries and useful knowledge may be found in their journals and narratives, which they communicated with a disinteretedness that it would be unpardonable not to acknowledge he anecdotes of governor Phillip and lieutenant King, were kindly supplied by a friend whose accuracy of research may be implicitly relied on, but he was not principally concerned in any other part of the compilation.

We conclude by again expressing our hopes that in this volume nothing material has been omitted which is conneted with its principal objet, the formation of a settlement promising both advantage and glory to this country Certain it is that in this volume several important discoveries were irt announced; no small accession has been made to the tores of natural hitory; and curious information has been communicated, concerning countries which had been indeed visited before, and concerning persons in whose fate great Britain, and europe, have long felt an interet.

‡ [To the Second edition he third (otavo) edition carried a similar advertisement, as well as a brief advertisement

to the otavo edition: in publishing this edition for the accommodation of those purchasers who might be deterred by the expence of the Quarto, it has been the endeavour of the editor to render it as useful and satisfatory as possible as many plates have been inserted as could by any means be allowed at so inferior a price; and care has been taken to selet such as were necessary to illutrate the narrative a lit of these is subjoined; and if the reader should be surprised to ind in this work references to other plates that are omitted, he is requeted to consider them as intended only to point out to him in what intances his curiosity may be more fully gratiied by an inpetion of the Quarto edition]

a C C o U N t

o f t H e

V I g N e t t e.

ThE elegant vignette in the title-page, was engraved from a medallion which

the ingenious Mr Wedgewood caused to be modelled from a small piece of clay brought from Sydney Cove he clay proves to be of a ine texture, and will be found very useful for the manufatory of earthern ware.‡ he design is allegorical;

it represents hope encouraging art and labour, under the inluence of Peace, to pursue the employments necessary to give security and happiness to an infant settlement he following verses upon the same subjet, and in allusion to the medallion, were written by the author of he Boanic Garden, and will peak more powerfully for themselves than any encomium we could betow

‡ [in the second and third editions, this second sentence reads: he clay proves to be, for ineness of texture, and lightness when burned, superior to any that has yet been used in this country, and promises, therefore, to become an important article of commerce

he version of Mr Wedgwood's medallion engraved for he Boanic Garden by T holloway is shown above.]

V i S i T o f h o P E

t o S Y D N E Y - C o V E ,

N e a r B o T A N Y - B A Y

Courts her young navies, and the torm repels;

high on a rock amid the troubled air

Calm’d with her rosy smile the tossing deep, and with sweet accents charm’d the winds to sleep;

To each wild plain she tretch’d her snowy hand, high-waving wood, and sea-encircled trand.

“ hear me, ” she cried, “ ye rising realms! record

“ Time’s opening scenes, and Truth’s unerring word.——

“ here shall broad treets their tately walls extend,

“ he circus widen, and the crescent bend;

“ here, ray’d from cities o’er the cultur’d land,

“ Shall bright canals, and solid roads expand.——

“ here the proud arch, Colossus-like, betride

“ yon glittering treams, and bound the chaing ‡ tide;

“ embellish’d villas crown the landscape-scene,

“ farms wave with gold, and orchards blush between.——

“ here shall tall pires, and dome-capt towers ascend,

“ and piers and quays their massy trutures blend;

“ While with each breeze approaching vessels glide,

“ and northern treasures dance on every tide! ” ——

hen ceas’d the nymph——tumultuous echoes roar, and Joy’s loud voice was heard from shore to shore——

her graceful teps descending press’d the plain, and Peace, and art, and labour, join’d her train.

‡ [he irt edition has chaing, while the second and third editions say chaing Conceivably it should have been chasing, i.e an “f ” was mitakenly set intead of a long “s” (ſ ).]

View of he fleet and establishment sent out wih

g overnor P h i l l i P to new Sout h Wales.

Captain arthur Phillip of the navy, Governor and Commander in Chief

of he territory of New Souh Wales, and of hs Majety’s ships and vessels employed on ht cost

his Majety’s ship Sirius,Captain arthur Phillip

Captain John hunter

his Majety’s armed tender Supply,

lieutenant h l Ball

* his gentleman did not go.‡

‡ [his annotation is omitted from second and third editions.]

Six tranports carrying the convits.

each tranport had a detachment of marines on board

hree tore ships:

he Golden Grove, Fshburn, and Borrowdale;

With provisions, implements for husbandry, cloathing,

&c for the convits

lieutenant John Shortland, agent for the tranports

he garrison is formed from the marines

‡

‡ [he material on this and the preceding facing page, as well as the table on the page following is copied word for word and number for number from Stockdale's earlier publication he Hstory of New Holand, published in 1787 jut prior to the sailing of the leet, with the exception only of the numbers for women convits in the Prince of Wales and Lady Penrhyn which are given in that work as 30 and 102 repetively.]

Distribution of the Detachment of Marines for new South Wales, with the number embarked on board of each of the Transports upon that Service.

Scarborough,

Captain Shea

lieutenant Kellow lieutenant Morrison

Friendship,

Capt lieut Meredith

lieutenant Clarke lieutenant faddy

Charlotte,

Captain Tench

lieutenant Cresswell lieutenant Poulden

Alexander, lieutenant J Johnston

{put on board his Majesty’s ship

Sirius, as super- numeraries.

forty women, wives to the Marines, permitted to go out with the garrison.

l i S T

O F T H E

1 head of governor Phillip, 150% - - - frontipiece.

2 View of Botany Bay, 135% - - - to face page - 25

3 yellow gum Plant, 150% - - - - 32

4 View in Port Jackson, 135% - - - - 34

5 natives of Botany Bay, 135% - - - - 44

6 ‡ Chart of norfolk island, 60% - - - - 48

7 lieutenant King, 150% - - - - 52

8 hut in new South Wales, 135% - - - - 56

9 View in new South Wales, 135% - - - - 63

10 ‡ Sketch of Sydney Cove, 60% - - - - 66

11 axe, Basket, and Sword, 135% - - - - 73

12 ‡ Plan of Port Jackson, 90% - - - - 76

13 Dog of new South Wales, 150% - - - - 79

14 Martin Cat, 150% - - - - 80

15 he Kanguroo, 150% - - - - 81

16 Skeleton of the head of the Kanguroo and Vulpine opossum, 150% - - - - 84

17 Spotted opossum, 150% - - - - 86

18 Vulpine opossum, 150% - - - - 88

19 Black lying opossum, 150% - - - - 89

20 Kanguroo rat, 150% - - - - 90

21 flying Squirrel, 150% - - - - 91

22 Blue-bellied Parrot, 150% - - - - 92

xxii l i S T o f T h e P l aT e S.

23 Tabuan Parrot, 150% - - - - 93

24 Paciic Parrakeet, 150% - - - - 94

25 Pennantian Parrot, 150% - - - - 95

26 Bankian Cockatoo, 150% - - - - 96

27 red Shouldered Parrakeet, 150% - - - - 97

28 Psittaceous hornbill, 150% - - - - 98

29 Sacred Kings-isher, 150% - - - - 99

30 great brown Kingsisher, 150% - - - - 100

31 Wattled Bee-eater, 150% - - - 101

32 Male Superb Warbler, 150% - - - 102

33 female ditto, 150% - - - 103

34 new holland goat-sucker, 150% - - - - 104

35 Bronze-winged Pigeon, 150% - - - 105

36 new holland Cassowary, 150% - - - - 106

37 White-fronted heron, 150% - - - 107

38 White gallinule, 150% - - - - 108

39 Capian Tern, 150% - - - - 109

40 norfolk island Petrel, 150% - - - - 110

41 laced lizard, 150% - - - 111

42 Port Jackson Shark, 150% - - - 112

43 Watt’s Shark, 150%- - - 113

44 Bag-throated Balites, 150% - - - - 114

45 fish of new South Wales, 150%- - - 115

46 Map and View of lord howe island, 100% - - - 125

47 Ball’s Pyramid, 135% - - - - 126

48 lieutenant Shortland, 150% - - - 127

49 ‡ Chart of the Track of the alexander, 90% - - - - 129

50 ‡ Shortland’s Chart of new georgia, 75% - - - 137

51 ‡ Track of the Scarborough, 90% - - - - 149

52 a Canoe, &c Mulgrave’s range, 135% - - - 152

53 head of lieutenant Watts, 150% - - - - 158

54 Curtis’s isles, 150% - - - 161

55 Macaulay’s isles, 150% - - - 162

56 Vignette in title page. 150% —for an explanation see the Preface.

‡ [hese charts are reduced in size to the percentages shown; additional copies at full-size are folded into the pocket in rear board other plates are enlarged from the irt edition at the percentages shown.]

AnDreWS, James Pettit, esq f a S.

apsley, Viscount, M P

aubrey, Sir John, Bart M P

allen, robert, esq

aylesford, earl of

a‘Court, William Pierce ashe, esq M P

aldersey, William, esq

andrews, Sir Joseph, Bart

addington, right hon henry, Speaker of

the house of Commons

arden, John, esq arden hall

addington, John hiley, esq M P

arden, Sir richard Pepper, M P

Mater of the rolls

anson, george, esq M P

adams, Mr James Blake

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annesley, hon richard

appleyard, Mr 6 copies

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B.

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Baber, edward, esq

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Blackburne, John, esq M P

Breadalbane, earl ofBelgrave, lord, M P

Buccleugh, Duke ofBarwell, homas Smith, esq

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Bootle, r Wilbraham, esq M P.Bissett, Maurice, esq

Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart

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Barnet, Mr homas

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Cook, Mr bookseller, godalming,

2 copies

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a l i S T o f T h e S U B S C r i B e r S xxv

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a l i S T o f T h e S U B S C r i B e r S.

xxvi

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H.

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hawke, lord

hanmer, Job, esq holbrook hall

harpur, Sir harry, Bart

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hill, Mr bookseller, 12 copies

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haydon and son, booksellers, Plymouth,

5 copies

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harlow, Mrs bookseller, 12 copieshall, Micah, esq

Johnson, Mr bookseller, 20 copies

K.

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L.

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a l i S T o f T h e S U B S C r i B e r S xxvii

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lee, Mr James, hammersmith

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Portlock, Capt nathaniel, r n

Pye, Walter, esq

Potenger, homas, esq

Prattent, Mr engraver

Pitt, right hon William, M P

Pocock, Sir isaac, Bart reading

Peachey, John, esq M P

Penn, granville, esq

Pochin, William, esq M P

Phiney, Mr bookseller, 6 copies

* Preton, Mr

Parkyns, homas Boothby, esq M P

f r S and f a S

Pennant, homas, esq

Pitman, homas, esq loxford hall

Pye, henry James, esq M P

Putland, William, esq

Peachey, Sir James, Bart

Popham, home, esq

Pollock, W esq

Pierse, henry, esq M P

Pery, rev John

Prince and Cook, booksellers, oxford, 6 copies

Patterson, CaptainPhillips, Mr bookseller, 6 copiesPeat and newcomb, booksellers, Stamford

Pearson and rollason, booksellers, Birmingham

Payne and Son, booksellers, 12 copiesPetrie, William, esq

Plampin, lieutenant, r n

Phipps, hon henry, M P

Pitt, William Morton, esq M P

Popham, William, esq M P

R

rivers, lordrichards, Mr

ramsay, Capt Johnrose, george, esq M P

robinson, William, esq

rolle, John, esq M P

rawtorne, lieut Col

robinsons, Messrs booksellers, 200 copies

richardson, Mr bookseller, 20 copiesrome, george, esq

roberts, Mr

ramsford, nicholas, esq

rous, Sir John, Bart M P

rodney, James, esq

rivington, and Sons, booksellers, 20 copies

robson and Clarke, booksellers, 25 copies

Stanley, homas, esq M P.

Sturt, Charles, esq M P

Speke, Mrs

Swale, John, esq

Smyth, John, esq

Saville, hon henry

Scott, Major, M P

Shuckburgh, Sir george, Bart M P

Stephens, Philip, esq M P

Skipwith, Sir homas george, Bart

Sykes, Sir francis, Bart M P

St John, St andrew, esq

Stanley, John, esq M P

Shore, Samuel, esq

Sitwell, francis, esq

Spooner, Charles, esq

Smith, Sir John, Bart

Smart, Baptit, esq

Sydney, Viscount, two copies

Spence, Mr george

Scott, homas, esq M P

Sotheron, William, esq M P

Strahan, Mr bookseller, 6 copies

Steele, Mr bookseller, 6 copies

Scatcherd and Whittaker, booksellers, 6

copies

Sewell, Mr bookseller, 6 copies

Spens, Walter, esq

Silveter, Mr John, architet

Smith and gardner, booksellers

* St John, the hon Miss Barbara

Simmons and Kerby, booksellers, Canterbury

Swinney, Mr bookseller, BirminghamSmart and Cowslade, booksellers, reading

Steele, homas, esq M P

Secker, george, esq

Swain, rev John hadleyScowen, James, esq

Staunton, g T esq

Sumner, John, esq

Society, the Philosophical, DerbyStockdale, Mr Jeremiah

Selkirk, lordSumner, george, esq M P

Stanley, John homas, esq

Stalker, Mr bookseller, 12 copiesSouthern, Mr bookseller, 3 copies

T.

Townsend, hon John homas, M P

homson, rev Dotor, KensingtonTemple, grenville, esq

Tullock, Mr

Turnor, John, esq gray’s-innTattersall, Mr jun

Townley, Charles, esq

Todd, Mr bookseller, york, 6 copiesTutte, rev Mr

Townson, lieutenanthorkelin, Dr g J

Tessyman, Mr bookseller, yorkTrewman, Mr bookseller, exeterTrotman, fiennes, esq M P

a l i S T o f T h e S U B S C r i B e r S.

xxx

horold, Sir John, Bart M P

Temple, Sir John, Bart

hornton, Mr bookseller, 6 copies

V.

Vansittart, george, esq M P

Vansittart, nicholas, esq

Vernor, Mr bookseller, 18 copies

W.

Weymouth, lord

Warren, Sir John Borlase, Bart

Wolfe, arthur, esq attorney-general,

Woodford, Col John

Wray, Sir Cecil, Bart

Willis, rev homas

Wolfe, lewis, esq

Watts, lieutenant John, r n

Watts, Mr D P

Wilton, george, esq

Wale, g esq

Watts, Mr homas

Warren, Sir george, M P

Walter, Mr bookseller, 12 copies

Webber, Mr John

Walker, James, esq

Watson, SerjeantWelch, Mr JosephWhite and Son, booksellers, 12 copiesWare and Son, booksellers, White-havenWoodmason, Mr

Williamson, CaptainWright, Mr homasWalcot, John, esq

Wood, Mr bookseller, ShrewsburyWilson, Mr

Wetton, Mr bookseller, ChertseyWenman, Mr bookseller, 3 copiesWigglesworth, John, esq

Wedgewood, Josiah, esq

Wheeler, Mr g WanteadWilkie, Mr bookseller, 6 copiesWhieldon, Mr bookseller, 12 copiesWilliams, Mr bookseller, 6 copiesWalker, Mr bookseller, 3 copiesWynne, Mr bookseller, 6 copies

Y.

yorke, hon Philip, M P

yorke, Charles, esq

young, Sir Wm Bart M P

yorke, the hon Mrs Sydney-farmyoung, William, esq

yonge, right hon Sir george, Bart M P.younge, Major William,

little Darnford Place

alden, Captain, Kennington

allen, lancelot Baugh, esq

armitage and Moore, Booksellers

armtrong, Mr Trinity College,

Bishop Storford, Union Bank Society

Boult, Mr Charles, Bookseller, egham Browne, John, esq

Buckton, Mr Birmingham Burrel, Charles, esq

Burrel, Walter, esq

C.

Chamette, De la, h a

Clachar, Mr Bookseller, Chelmsford,

2 copiesClarke, Mater richard Cliton, Mr William, jun

Cox, Mr edward, hammersmith

D.

Dawson, Mr

Dawson, Mr lincoln’s inn Dawson, Mr William, islington Dixon, Mr Blackheath

evans, Mr Bookseller, 5 copies

eyre, rev Dr Prebendary of glouceter

F.

field, Mr

fitchel, Mr homas

flint, John, esq Shrewsbury

forter, Mr Bookseller, 6 copies

frewin, Mr Cutom house

halsey, richard, esq Chicheter

heywood, Mr Water lane

higham, Mr Samuel

hill, Mr Cutom househoare, Peter richard, esq

hocknell, Mr Samuelhodges, Mr W Bookseller, Sherburne holford, homas, esq

hooke, Mr Benjamin, Wet ham howard, Mr lewis, Cutom househuddleton, Mr homas

hughes, Mr John

J.

Jacmar, Mr

Jarvis, Mr William Johnson, Mr William Johnson, Mr Bookseller, 3 copies Jones, Mr

longman, Mr Bookseller, 3 copies lowe, rev William, a M

lowther, Mr reading

a l i S T o f T h e S U B S C r i B e r S xxxiii

M.

Mapletot, Mr richard, Chertsey

Mascall, Mr Cutom house

Munay, William, esq

Murray, Mr Bookseller, Princes Street

N.

nash, Mr Bookseller, 2 copies

nash, Mr angel ally

newberry, Mrs Bookseller, 3 copies

nicholls, Mr Birmingham

O.

oliver, Mr Tower hill

P.

Parsons, Mr John, Birmingham

Parsons, rev Mr elmore, glouceter

Parys, Mr WilliamPaulsworth, Mr Bookseller, lambeth Peacock, Mr Stationer

Phillimore, Joseph, esq

Playne, Mr r Cain Cross, gloucetershire

Pratchett, rev J hodnet, Shropshire Pratt, William, esq

Pratt, John, esq Warrington

R

rainsford, generalramond, Mr

rich, Mr Jamesrichardson, W esq Bermondsey richardson, T esq ditto

richardson, Mr Bookseller, 6 copies richmond, Mr Stationer

ricketts, Charles, esq

rickers, Mr

ridley, Matthew, esq

rivington and Sons, Booksellers, 5 copies robinsons, Messrs g g J and J

Booksellers, 7 copiesryall, Mr Butleigh house ryan, Mr Bookseller, 2 copies

Stalker, Mr Bookseller, 3 copies

Stevenson, James, esq Surgeon to the

Prince of Wales’s household, Bagshot

Stevenson, Mr engraver

Stow, Charles, esq

Street, Mr Charles, Bath

Streud, Mr reading

Stulpner, Mr i h newington Butts

Symonds, Mr Bookseller, 400 copies

Watson, Mr jun fenwick Weltead, Mr Charles Weltead, george, esq Mile endWetwood, Mr William

Wetton, Mr r Bookseller, Chertsey,

6 copies Whatley, Mr r

Whittenoom, Mr

Wild, Mr John, jun

Wilkie, Mr Bookseller, 4 copies Wilton, Mr h jun glouceter Winkworth, Mrs Paddington Wood, C B esq

Wrottesley, henry, esq

{ 1

7

11 14

15

C O N T E N T S.

c h a p t e r i.

PU BLIC utility of voyages—Peculiar circumtances of hs—New Holand properly a

continent—Resons for ixing our sttlement here—Tranporation to America, its

origin, advanages, and cesstion—Experiments made—he present plan adopted—

Dsadvanages of oher expedients, - - - -

C h a p t e r I I.

Prepartion of he let ordered to Boany Bay.—Particulars of its arrangement.—

Departure and pssage to he Canary Isles, - - - -

C h a p t e r I I I.

Resons for touching t he Canary Isles—Precautions for preserving Healh—heir

admirable Success—Some Account of he Canaries—Fables repeting hem—

Attempt of a Convit to escape—Departure, - - - -

Report of he Marines and Convits under medical tretment, June 4, 1787, - - -

C h a p t e r I V.

Attempt to put in t Port Praya—Relinqushed—Wether—Sail for Rio de Janeiro—

Resons for touching t a Souh American port—he Flet psses he Line—Arrives

t Rio de Janeiro—Account of ht Place—Transations here—Departure, - -

xxxvi C o n T e n T S.

page

{ 20

24

29

34 39

41

C h a p t e r V.

Properos pssage rom Rio to he Cape—Account of he Harbours here—he Cape of

Good Hope not he mot Souhern point—Height of Table Mounain and ohers—

Supineness of he European ntions in negleting to occupy he Cape—Live tock laid

in—Departure—Separtion of he let—Arrival of he Supply t Boany Bay, -

C h a p t e r V I.

Firt interview wih he ntives—he bay examined—arrival of he whole let—Port

Jackson examined—second interview wih he ntives—and hird—Governor

Philip rturns to Boany Bay—and gives orders for he evacution of it,- - - -

C h a p t e r V I I.

Removal rom Boany Bay—Arrival of two French ships—Account of hem—

Prepartions for encampment—Diiculties—Scurvy breaks out—Account of he red

and yelow gum trees, - - - -

C h a p t e r V I I I.

Description of Port Jackson and he adjacent country—he Governor’s commssion

read—hs Speech—hs humane resolutions repeting he Ntives—diiculties in

ereting huts and oher buildings—departure of Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island,

Intrutions for P G King, Esq; Superintendant and Commandant of he Sttlement

of norfolk island, - - - -

C h a p t e r I X.

A Criminal Court held—Broken Bay explored by Governor Philip—Interviews wih

he Ntives—Peculiarities remarked—Friendly behaviour and extraordinary courage

of an old man, - - - -

C o n T e n T S

page

{ 47 52

53 56 59

60 64

66

71 76

C h a p t e r X.

Departure of he French ships—Deth of M Le Receveur—Rturn of he Supply rom

Norfolk Island—Description of ht Place—Lord Howe Island dscovered - - -

Particulars of he life of P G King, Esq; - - - -

C h a p t e r X I.

hree of he tranports cleared—Two excursions made into he country, on he iteenh of

April, and on he twenty-second—Huts of he ntives—Sculpture, and oher

particulars, - - - -

Description of he Kangaroo, - - - -

Account of he live tock in he sttlement t Port Jackson, May 1, 1788, - - - -

C h a p t e r X I I.

he Supply rturns rom Lord Howe Island—Some convits ssaulted by he ntives—

excursion of Governor Philip to Boany Bay by land—interview wih many

ntives—he fourh of June celebrted—some account of he climte, - - - -

Rturn of Sick, &c June 30, 1788,- - - -

C h a p t e r X I I I.

Particular description of Sydney Cove—Of he buildings atualy ereted—and of he

intended town—A sttlement made t he head of he harbour, - - - -

C h a p t e r X I V.

Fsh violently seized by he ntives—Anoher expedition of he Governor—Furher

account of he manners and manufatures of he ntive inhabiants of New Souh

Wales—Diiculty of obaining any intercourse, - - - -

Remarks and Diretions for sailing into Port Jackson, by Capt J hunter, of he

Sirius—Height of neap and pring tides, t ful and change of he moon, - - -

xxxviii C o n T e n T S.

C h a p t e r X V.

Some Specimens of Animals rom New Souh Wales, conaining, Descriptions of he Dog

rom New Souh Wales; Spotted Martin; Account of he Kanguroo; description of he

potted Opossum; Vulpine Opossum; Black Flying Opossum; Kanguroo Rt; Norfolk

Island Flying-Squirrel; Blue Belied Parrot; Tabuan Parrot; Paciic Parraket;

Pennantian Parrot; Bankian Cocktoo; Red-shouldered Parraket; Psitaceos

Hornbil; Sacred King’s-fsher; Gret Brown Kingsfsher; Wttled Bee-Eter; Superb

Warbler, male; Superb Warbler, female; Creted Got Sucker; Bronze-winged

Pigeon; New Holand Cssowary; White-ronted Heron; White Galinule; Cspian

Tern; Norfolk Island Ptrel; Laced Lizard; Port Jackson Shark; Wtts’s Shark; Bag

hroted Balstes; Unknown Fsh rom New Souh Wales - - - -

C h a p t e r X V I.

Papers reltive to he sttlement t Port Jackson.—General rturn of marines.—

Rturn of oicers.—Artiicers belonging to he Marine Dtachment.—Lst of oicers

and privtes desiros of remaining in he country.—Rturn of provsions.—Rturn

of Sick - - - -

C h a p t e r X V I I.

Nautical diretions, and oher dtached remarks, by Lieutenant Bal, concerning Rio

de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Bal’s Pyramid, and Lord Howe Island, - - - - -

C h a p t e r X V I I I.

Concse account of Lieutenant Shortland—Hs varios services—Appointed agent to

he tranports sent to New Souh Wales—Ordered by Governor Philip to England,

by Btavia—Journal of he Voyage of he alexander and he friendship, rom

C o n T e n T S

C h a p t e r X I X.

Appearance of he scurvy—he bots land t one of he Pelew Islands—Account of

he Ntives who were seen, and conjetures concerning hem—Dstresses—he

friendship cleared and sunk—Mserable condition of he alexander when she

reached Btavia.—Conclsion, - - - -

C h a p t e r X X ‡

he Scarborough leaves Port Jackson—Touches t Lord Howe Island—Joins

he Charlotte—Fals in wih a large Shoal—Dscover a number of Islands—

Short account of he Inhabiants—Canoes described—Ornaments—Dscover Lord

Mulgrave’s Islands—Arrival t Tinian—Sick people sent on shore—Departure rom

Tinian—Arrival in Macao Roads, - - - -

C h a p t e r X X i.

Lieutenant Wtts’s Narrtive of he Rturn of he lady Penrhyn Tranport;

conaining an Account of he Deth of Omai, and oher intereting Particulars t

Oaheite; - - - -

Mscelaneos Remarks, - - - -

‡ [in the irt edition the order of this and the following chapter was reversed and an additional Chapter XXii

containing further descriptions of animals from new South Wales continuing those described in Chapter XV followed

his edition follows the more logical arrangement of the second edition and the animal descriptions are all included in

Chapter XV.]

page

{ 139

149

158 173

xl C o n T e n T S.

C o N t e N t S

o f t h e

a P P e N D I X

Table i Route of he alexander, Lieutenant Shortland, rom he Cape of Good

Hope to Boany Bay,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

to Boany Bay, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii Route of he Supply, Lieut Bal, rom Port Jackson to Norfolk Island,

iV Route of he Supply rom Norfolk Island to Port Jackson, - - - - - - - -

V Route of he Supply rom Port Jackson to Lord Howe Island, and rom

hence to Port Jackson,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Vi Route of he alexander, Lieut Shortland, rom Port Jackson to

Btavia, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Vii Route of he lady Penrhyn, Capt Sever, rom Port Jackson to

Oaheite,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Viii Route of he lady Penrhyn, Capt Sever, rom Oaheite to China, -

iX Route of he Scarborough, Capt Marshal, rom Port Jackson to

China, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lst of he Convits sent to New Souh Wales, in 1787, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

page

{

i

iV Vi Vii

Viii

iX

XiV XVi

XViii XXiii

Public utility of voyages—Peculiar circumtances of hs—New Holand properly a

continent—Resons for ixing our sttlement here—Tranporation to America, its

origin, advanages, and cesstion—Experiments made—he present plan adopted—

Dsadvanages of oher expedients

FroM VoYAgES undertaken expressly for the purpose of discovery, the

public naturally looks for information of various kinds: and it is a fat which

we can not but contemplate with pleasure, that by the excellent publications

sub-sequent to such enterprises, very considerable additions have been made, during the

present reign, to our general knowledge of the globe, of the various tribes by which

it is peopled, and of the animals and vegetables to which it gives support

an expedition occasioned by motives of legislative policy, carried on by public

authority, and concluded by a ixed etablishment in a country very remote, not only

excites an unusual interet concerning the fate of those sent out, but promises to lead

us to some points of knowledge which, by the former mode, however judiciously

employed, could not have been attained a transient visit to the coat of a great

chap i.

{

i.

{

A V O Y A G E T O 2

continent cannot, in the nature of things, produce a complete information ing its inhabitants, produtions, soil, or climate: all which when contemplated by resident observers, in every possible circumtance of variation, though they should

repet-be viewed with less philosophical acuteness, mut yet gradually repet-become more fully known: errors, sometimes inseparable from haty observation, will then be correted by in fallible experience; and many objets will present themselves to view, which before had escaped notice, or had happened to be so situated that they could not be observed

he full discovery of the extent of new holland, by our illutrious navigator, Capt Cook, has formed a singular epocha in geography; a doubt having arisen from

it, whether to a land of such magnitude the name of island or that of continent may more properly be applied To this quetion it may be answered, that though the etymology of the word island,‡ and of others synonymous to it, points out only a land surrounded by the sea, or by any water, (in which sense the term is applicable even to the larget portions of the habitable globe) yet it is certain that, in the usual acceptation, an island is conceived to signify a land of only moderate extent, surrounded by the sea.§ To deine at what point of magnitude precisely, a country

so situated shall begin to be a continent, could not answer any purpose of utility; but the bet and clearet rule for removing the doubt appears to be the following: as long

as the peculiar advantages of an insular situation can be enjoyed by the inhabitants of such a country, let it have the title of an island; when it exceeds those limits let it be considered as a continent now the irt and principal advantage of an island, is that

of being capable of a convenient union under one government, and of deriving thence

a security from all external attacks, except by sea in lands of very great magnitude such an union is diicult, if not impraticable, and a ditintion founded on this circumtance, is therefore suicient for convenience at leat, if¶ not for peculative

‡ Insula, from which island is derived, is formed from in salo, in he sea; and νήσος, the correponding word in greek, is usually deduced from νέω to swim, as appearing, and probably having been originally supposed to swim in the sea.

§ hus when Dionysius Periegetes considers the whole ancient world as surrounded by the sea, he calls it νήσος ἀπέιριτος, an immense sland; on which eutathius remarks, that the addition of the epithet immense was necessary, otherwise the expression would have been low and inadequate.

¶ We do not here consider whether a country be atually united under one government, but whether from its size

it might be so conveniently if we might derive νήσος from νάω, or ναίω to inhabit, the etymological ditintion would

be complete on these principles an island being one ditint habiation of men; and a continent land continued from one tate to another he former derivation might be rendered pecious by remarking how singularly homer and others use νήσος with ναίω, as if they had a natural connetion See il B 626 and, Sophoc ajax 601.

chap i.

{

accuracy if we suppose this extent to be something about one thousand miles each

way, without, however, afeting much rigour in the limitation, the claim of new

holland to be called a continent, will be indiputable: he greatet extent of that

vat country being, from eat to Wet, about two thousand four hundred english

miles, and, from north to South, not less than two thousand three hundred.‡

To new South Wales england has the claim which a tacit consent has generally

made decisive among the european States, that of prior discovery he whole of

that eatern coat, except the very Southern point, having been untouched by any

navigator, till it was explored by Captain Cook his consideration, added to the

more favourable accounts given of this side of the continent than of the other, was

suicient to decide the choice of the British government, in appointing a place for

the banishment of a certain class of criminals

he cause of the determination to send out in this manner the convits under

sentence of tranportation, was, as is well known, the necessary cessation of their

removal to america; and the inconveniences experienced in the other modes of

detination adopted ater that period

Virginia, greatly in want, at its irt settlement, of labourers to clear away the

impenetrable forets which impeded all cultivation, was willing, from very early times,

to receive as servants, those english criminals whom our Courts of law deemed not

suiciently guilty for capital punishment.§ he planters hired their services during

a limited term; and they were latterly sent out under the care of contrators, who

were obliged to prove, by certiicates, that they had diposed of them, according to

the intention of the law

he beneits of this regulation were various he colonies received by it, at an

easy rate, an assitance very necessary; and the mother country was relieved from

‡ in or near the latitude of 30º South, new holland extends full 40 degrees of longitude, which, under that

parallel, may be etimated at 60 english miles to a degree he extent from york Cape to South Cape is full 33 degrees

of latitude, which are calculated of course at 69½ english miles each.

§ Banishment was irt ordered as a punishment for rogues and vagrants, by tatute 39 eliz ch 4 See Blackt

Com iV chap 31 But no place was there peciied he pratice of tranporting criminals to america is said to have

commenced in the reign of James i; the year 1619 being the memorable epoch of its origin: but that detination is irt

expressly mentioned in 18 Car ii ch 2.—he tranport traic was irt regulated by tatute 4 george i ch ii and the

causes expressed in the preamble to be, the failure of those who undertook to tranport themselves, and the great want

of servants in his Majety’s plantations Subsequent ats enforced further regulations.

i.

{

A V O Y A G E T O 4

the burthen of subjets, who at home were not only useless but pernicious: besides which, the mercantile returns, on this account alone, are reported to have arisen, in latter times, to a very considerable amount.‡ he individuals themselves, doubtless,

in some intances, proved incorrigible; but it happened also, not very unfrequently, that, during the period of their legal servitude, they became reconciled to a life of honet indutry, were altogether reformed in their manners, and rising gradually by laudable eforts, to situations of advantage, independence, and etimation, con trib-uted honourably to the population and properity of their new country.§

By the contet in america, and the subsequent separation of the thirteen Colonies, this traic was of course detroyed other expedients, well known to the public, have since been tried; some of which proved highly objetionable;¶ and all have been found to want some of the principal advantages experienced from the usual mode of tranportation.—he deliberations upon this subjet, which more than once employed the attention of Parliament, produced at length the plan of which this volume diplays the irt result on December 6, 1786, the proper orders were issued by his Majety in Council, and an at etablishing a Court of Judicature in the place of settlement, and making such other regulations as the occasion required, received the santion of the whole legislature early in the year 1787

To expatiate upon the principles of penal law is foreign to the purpose of this work, but thus much is evident to the plainet apprehension, that the objets mot

to be desired in it are the retrition of the number of capital inlitions, as far as is consitent with the security of society; and the employment of every method that can be devised for rendering the guilty persons serviceable to the public, and jut

to themselves; for correting their moral depravity, inducing habits of indutry, and arming them in future againt the temptations by which they have been once ensnared

for efetuating these beneicial purposes, well regulated penitentiary houses seem,

in peculation, to aford the fairet opportunity; and a plan of this kind, formed by the united eforts of Judge Blacktone, Mr eden, and Mr howard, was adopted

‡ it is said, forty thousand pounds per annum, about two thousand convits being sold for twenty pounds each.

§ he abbé raynal has given his full tetimony to the policy of this pecies of banishment, in the fourteenth Book of his hitory, near the beginning.

¶ Particularly, the tranporting of criminals to the coat of africa, where what was meant as an alleviation of punishment too frequently ended in death.

chap i.

{

by Parliament in the year 1779 Diiculties however occurred which prevented the

execution of this design: a circumtance which will be something the less regretted

when it shall be considered, that it is perhaps the fate of this theory, in common with

many others of a very pleasing nature, to be more attrative in contemplation than

eicacious in real pratice a perfet design, carried on by imperfet agents, is liable

to lose the chief part of its excellence; and the bet digeted plan of coninement

mut in execution be committed, chiely, to men not much enlightened, very little

armed againt corruption, and contantly exposed to the danger of it he vigilance

which in the infancy of such intitutions efetually watches over the condut of

these public servants, will always in a little time be relaxed; and it will readily be

conceived that a large penitentiary house, very corruptly governed, would be, of all

associations, one of the mot pernicious to those conined, and mot dangerous to

the peace of society

in some countries, malefators not capitally convited, are sentenced to the gallies

or the mines; punishments oten more cruel than death, and here, on many accounts,

impraticable in other places they are employed in public works, under the care of

overseers his method has been partially tried in england on the hames, but has

been found by no means to produce the beneits expeted from it here is, therefore,

little temptation to pursue it to a further extent he employment of criminals in

works carried on under the public eye, is perhaps too repugnant to the feelings of

englishmen ever to be tolerated reason, indeed, acquiesces in the melancholy

nec-essity of punishing, but chains and badges of servitude are unpleasing objets, and

compassion will always revolt at the sight of atual inlition Convits so employed

would either by an ill placed charity be rewarded, or the people, undergoing a change

of charater far from desirable, would in time grow callous to those impressions

which naturally impel them to give relief

it remains therefore, that we adhere as much as possible to the pratice approved

by long experience, of employing the services of such criminals in remote and

rising settlements for this purpose the etablishment on the eatern coat of new

holland has been projeted, and carried on with every precaution to render it as

beneicial as possible hat some diiculties will arise in the commencement of

such an undertaking mut be expeted; but it is required by no moral obligation

that convits should be conveyed to a place of perfet convenience and security;

and though the voluntary emigrants and honourable servants of the tate, mut in

i.

{

A V O Y A G E T O 6

some measure, be involved for a time in the same disadvantages, yet to have resited diiculties is oten inally an advantage rather than an evil; and there are probably few persons so circumtanced who will repine at moderate hardships, when they relet that by undergoing them they are rendering an essential and an honourable service to their country