Tổng hợp Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh thông dụng

 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ởHtại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.. 2Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn  Be : Ex: I am a student now..  Những động từ ch

LESSON 1 : TENSES ( Các thì )

1 SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ)

Affir : S+V1 /Vs, es Ex : Water boils at 100o c

Neg: S+ do/ does

+ not+ V1 Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry

Inter: Do/ does+ S

+ V1 …? Ex : How often do you go to school?

*(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = do / does + not +have

Diễn tả :  Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức ở hđộng  Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán

 Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên

Với : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then

Notes : Qui tắc thêm es đối với động từ có S số ít :

- Các động từ tận cùng là : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z

- Các động từ tận cùng là y mà đứng trước y

là một phụ âm ta đổi y  i + es

( She studies, Tom tries, He plays ).

S + am/ is/ are +

not + Ving Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes

Am/ Is/ Are + S +

Ving ? Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?

Diễn tả :  Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết  2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi)

 1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V1/ Vs, es)

Với : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST

NOW, !,…

3 PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT)

Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg.

 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra

 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ởHtại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai

Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG,

UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…

4 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD)

S + has/ have + been

+ Ving Ex: We have been studying English for many years

S + has/ have + not +

*(Be) : was / were → wasn’t, weren’t

Diễn tả: - Hđộng đã xảy ra & chấm dứt hoàn toàn

trong Qk ( xác định rõ TG)

Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…)

6 PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD)

S + was/ were +

Ving Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pmyesterday

S + was/ were + not Ex:I was writing while my father

S + has/ have + V3ed

Ex: I’ve just opened the door

Ex: We have studied English for many years

S + has/ have + not + V3ed

Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently

Has/ Have + S + V3ed?

Ex: How long have you studied English?

+ Ving was reading.

Was / were + S +

Ving ? Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang

Diễn tả:  Hđộng xảy ra ở 1 giờ / khoảng giờ Qk xác định ( at 7pm, from 6 to 7, …)

 2 hđộng diễn ra // ở Qk (while: trong khi)

 1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy ra (S + V2ed)

Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT…

Will / Shall + S + V1?

*Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t

Diễn tả:  Hđ sẽ xảy ra trong tlai

 Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V1…? ); Đề nghị ( Shall I / we + V1 …?)

Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…)

9 FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT)

S + will / shall + have

+ V3ed Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow

Diễn tả:  Hđộng sẽ hoàn tất trong tlai

* Notes:

1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V 1

: sẽ, sắp sửa, dự định…

Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow

2)Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn

 Be : Ex: I am a student now

 Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look

(trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize

 Những động từ chỉ về cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate,

want wish, desire, refuse, forgive

 Những động từ chỉ về lí trí: understand, know, think, realize,

suppose, believe, remember, forget, mind, expect, recollect

 Những động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc:

begin, continue, finish…

LESSON 2: PREPOSITIONS ( Giới từ)

A COMMON PREPOSITION:

I Prep Of Place:

1 IN: ở trong ( 1 nơi/ vùng/ khu vực/ quốc gia/ thành phố/ …)

Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ …

in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/…

2 ON: ở trên

Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ …

on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse

back/ …

3 AT : ở tại (địa điểm nhỏ)

Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao

street…

at home/ school/ work…

4 FROM : từ (nơi xuất phát) Ex: Mr Mac Donald is from

Scotland

5 TO: đến (đích) Ex: Elizabeth went to the store.

6 BETWEEN : ở giữa (2 người / vật) Ex: Mai is sitting

between Nam and Nga.

7 AMONG: ở giữa , trong số Ex : The letter is

somewhere among these papers.

II Prep Of Time

2 ON : holiday

weekend Monday

15, OctoberOctober 15th 1977 Monday morningChristmas day time : đúng lúc

fire : đang cháy

3 AT: 7 o’clock

nightmidnightnoon(the) weekendChristmasthe end ofthe moment

4 SINCE (+ mốc TG): kể từ … Ex: He has studied English since 1900

5 FOR (+ 1 khoảng TG) : được… Ex: _ for 17 years

6 FROM: từ

7 TO : đến Ex: I lived in village from

1977 to 1992

III Some Other Prep :

1 By : bằng ,bởi Ex: They can enrich the soil by

using fertilizers

* by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ …

2 On foot: đi bộ

3 For : cho , vì, để (chỉ mục đích) Ex: What would you

like for breakfast?

Ex: Some people read for pleasure.

4 With : với , bằng Ex: He went with her.

Ex: I can write better with my own

B PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:

1 Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful,

important, kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it’s very kind of you.)

2 Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful

3 Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure,

proud

4 Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous,

responsible, sorry (S.O)

5 Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far

6 Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry at

something/ with someone)

7 Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored,

pleased, fed up

8 Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T)

C VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:

1 catch sight of : trông

thấy

2 give place to :

nhường chỗ cho

3 give way to : nhượng bộ

,tránh đường cho

4 keep pace with : theo kịp,

7 lose track of : mất

dấu vết của

8 make allowance for: chiếu

cố đặc biệt

9 make fun of : chế

nhạo

10.make a fuss over/ about

: cuống quýt về việc gì

11 make room for : dọn chỗcho

12 make use of : sử dụng

13 pay attention to : chú

ý đến

14 put a stop to : làm dừng lại

15 put an end to : chấm dứt

16 set fire to : châm lửa, đốt

17 take account of : chú

D GO + PREPOSITION:

1 after: đuổi theo 7 down: giảm giá ≠up: tăng giá

2 ahead: được tiến hành 8 on: tiếp tục

3 along: tiến triển 9 off: nổ

4 away: ra đi, rời khỏi nơi nào 10 out: tắt

5 back: trở về 11 over: xem xét kỹ

6 by: trôi qua( thời gian)

E CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC

tuỳ thuộc vào

5 listen to : lắng nghe

6 suffer from : bị, chịu

7 free from : giải

phóng khỏi

8 write …to : viết … cho…

9 wait for : chờ

10 ask …for : hỏi xin

11 look at : nhìn

12 look after : chăm sóc

13 look up : tra từ điển

14 look out : nhìn ra ngoài

15 look for : tìm kiếm

16 laugh at : cười nhạo

17 good at : giỏi về cái gì

LESSON 3: WORD FORM

3) prep + n : làm O cho prep

4) be (là) + n : làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ)

- this, that, these, those

- some, any, many, … + n

- my, your, Tom’s, …

stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj

Ex: That young girl is very beautiful

III Adverb (adv):

1) S + Vi + adv Ex: They arrived safely

2) S + Vt + O + adv Ex: She did the housework

disappointedly

3) S + Vaux + adv + V main Ex: He can surely do it

4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right

5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly

6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently

( or: adv + S + V + … ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that

store.)

IV Verb (v) : V đứng sau S

Các hình thức ≠ của V còn được dùng ở nhiều vị trí khác

Participle: Present participle ( V ing)

Past participle ( V3 ed)1) Used in Continuous tenses ( Ving)2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V3 ed)3) Used as Adj: Ving  Active meaning

V3 ed  Passive meaningEx: a/ The match excites the fans

The match is exciting

The fans are excited

b/ The children have seen an interesting film

The children are interested in the film

B FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V:

I V + suffix  n : V + -tion, ation : conservation,

preservation, prevention

-ment : development-er : fertilizer

-ing : poisoning, dirtying

- age : drainage-0 : safeguard

II n + suffix  adj :

- ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful,

peaceful

- less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless,

harmless, treeless - ly : manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily

n + - like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike

= adj

- y : dusty, snowy, rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy.

- ish : foolish, selfish, childish

- al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural

III OUT + Vi  V t (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) :

outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh

IV UNDER + n / V  n / V( thấp hơn, bên dưới, kém hơn) :

undergrowth, undercharge

V OVER + n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V ( quá giới hạn, vượt, quá

nhiều)

overcoat, overanxious, overact.

C WORD FORM CHARTS:

1 satisfy (v)

satisfied( past Part)satisfying (pres part)satisfactory (adj) satisfactorily (adv)satisfaction (n)

2 disappoint(v)

disappointed(past Part)disappointing(pres part)disappointedly(adv)

disappointment(n)

3 tolerate(v)

tolerated( past Part)

tolerant(adj)tolerable(adj)

4 important (adj)

importance(n)

5 difficult(adj)

difficulty(n)

13 reason(v)

reasonable(adj)reasonably(adv)reason(n)

14 absorb(v)

absorbed(past Part)absorbent(adj) / (n)absorptive(adj)absorption(n)

15 deafen(v)

deaf(adj) / (n)deafness(n)

16 militarize(v)

militaristic(adj)military(adj) / (n)militarily(adv)militarism(n)

LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian)

I PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

Ex: 1/ a We always take our umbrellas when it rains.

b We are singing as she comes.

2/ a I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the

bus

b I’m writing while they are talking.

3./ He goes home after he has finished his work.

4/ a She has played the piano since she was five.

b I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here.

5/ a She greets me as soon as she sees me.

b He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his

5 S + V1 / s / es AS SOON

AS UNTILL = TILL

S + V1 / s / es

S + HAS / HAVE + V3 ed→Hoàn tất

II PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a I sat near the window whenever I took a bus

b It was raining hard when I got there

2/ a I met him while I was walking down the street

b I was writing while he was reading

3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal.

4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked

5/ a He left as soon as I told him

b He left as soon as he had finished his work

Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề

S + V2

AS UNTILL = TILL

S + V2

S + HAD + V3ED →Hoàntất

II FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a We’ ll go when we want

b I’m goint to wait until you have finished yourhomework

2/ We will have finished the work by the time you getback tomorrow

Note: Không dùng thì Tlai trong Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG→ Dùng các thìHtại thay thế

LESSON 5 : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS

Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng

S + V1 / s / es

S + HAS / HAVE +V3ed→Hoàn tất

2 S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE

+ V3 ed

→H

oàn tất

BY THE TIME BEFORE

S+ V1 / s / es

( Dựng & Trả Lời Câu Hỏi)

Yes

-No Inter form?

Yes, Spron + Vpreceding Q.

No, Spron + Vpreceding Q.

form? Affir form

Ex: 1 Uncle Ho / die / 1969?

- Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?  Yes, he did

2 Faraday / writer or scientist?

- Was Faraday a writer or a scientist?  He / Faraday was ascientist

3 When / Tom / go / school?

- When does Tom often go to school?

 He/Tom often goes to school in the morning

Notes:

1 When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject

→ Affir form is used in the Q

Ex: a/ Who can swim?

 Nam can swim

b/ How many students are absent today?

 Two students are absent today

 They / Some E scientists are Newton, Faraday, …

LESSON 6: ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE

( Chủ Động và Thụ Động Cách)

A: S + V +O

P: S + BE + V3 ed

+ by O

(chia thì theo động từ

cuûa caâu Active)

(A : Active P : Passive)

Ex: 1/ A: Tom eats apples every day

P: Apples are eaten by Tom every day

2/ A: They saw him in the shop

P: He was seen in the shop ( by them )

V1 / Vs/es

V2 ed

Am/ is /areWas / were

being

Was / were Has / have

+ V3 ed

Had

Has / have +

been

Had Will (would)

be

Be going to

Be able toHave toOught toUsed to

OR:( S + BE + V3ED + for/ to + OI +

by + O)

OR:(Some books were given to Mary by Lan.)

CONSIDER…

Ex : A : They say that they has been ill

P : He is said to have been ill (or : It is said that he has beenill.)

*CLEFT SENTENCES:

1

S1 + VA (PRESENT)+ that + S2 + VB (PRESENT)

 IT + IS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PRESENT)

 S2 + IS/ ARE + V3 (A) + TO + inf ( of V B)

Ex:

- People say that prevention is better than cure

 It’s said that prevention is better than cure

Prevention is said to be better than cure

- People say that he is a good student

 It’s said that he is a good student

 He is said to be a good student

2

S1 + VA ( PRESENT)+ that + S2 + VB ( PAST)

 IT + IS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PAST)

 S2 + IS/ ARE + V3 (A) + to have +V3 (B)

Ex:

- They say that three men were arrested after the murder

 It’s said that three men were arrested after the murder

 Three men are said to have been arrested after the murder

3

S1 + VA ( PAST)+ that + S2 + VB ( PAST)

 IT + WAS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PAST)

 S2 + WAS/ WERE + V3 (A) + to have +V3 (B)

Ex:

-Everybody believed that he had died of AIDS

 It’s was believed that he had died of AIDS

 He was believed to have died of AIDS

LESSON 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

( Caâu Ñieàu Kieän)

*BE:

were

wouldS+ should +

V1

could might

could might

Ex: 1 If it is fine, we will go

2 I’d fly everywhere if I were a bird

3 If you had met the president yesterday, what would you havedone?

 Sentence Transformation:

A/ UNLESS = IF … NOT

If + Neg form = Unless + Affir form

am /is/ are not

Ex: If you didn’t study hard, you’d get bad marks

= Unless you studied hard, you’d get bad marks.

Note: Nếu câu với Mđề IF Kđịnh, Mđề chính ở thể Pûđịnh , ta

có thể chuyển sang

UNLESS = cách đổi Mđề chính thành thể Kđịnh

Ex: If you are lazy, you can’t be successful

= Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.

B/ CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TỪ TÌNH HUỐNG

T HUỐNG CHO: 1.Có từ “OR” : viết đk loại 1

5.Có từ “BECAUSE”: viết ngược

S + V because

S +V

 IF + S+ V , S + V

6 Phủ định viết khẳng định &ngược lại

Examples: 1 I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor.

If I were clever, I would be a doctor

2 John was sick because he ate much cake.

If John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have beensick

Trường hợp khác :

 S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1

Ex: Work hard or you’ll fail the exam.

 You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard.

LESSON 8 : UNREAL WISHES

( Ước Muốn Không Thể Xảy Ra)

could + V1 : Tình huống

Htại / Tlai , trái với khả năng

S + wish + (that) would / should + V1 : Tình huống

Ex: a) I wish I (can fly) could fly

b) We wish it (be) would be sunny soon

c) If only we (see) saw a UFO now

d) He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday

- Kđịnh  Pđịnh ( và ngược lại)

- Htại  Qkhứ;

- Qkhứ  Qkhứ hoàn thành

S+ be sorry What a pity +( that) S + V

It is a pity

S + regret +Ving / S + V

S + do / does not like + Ving/ to v1

 S + wish +( that ) + S + V

Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.

 I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.

Ex: Mr Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.

 Mr Taylor wishes he didn’t live in a small house.

b.

like to have met her.

 I wish I had met her.

LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE

( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu)

A. GERUND (V ing ) : đóng vai trò V & N cùng một lúc.

Vai trò:

1 S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.)

2 O - Sau prep (Ex: We are interested in studying

English.)

- Sau một số V (Ex: I enjoy swimming.)

3 C (Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding and the

nguyên mẫu (TO +V 1)

Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr Duran.

b) Mary asked John to help her.

c) My brother wants to become a pharmacist.

d) Every body is expecting her to come.

II Các động từ & cụm từ được theo sau bằng Ving :