ASSESSMENT THE POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREAS VIETNAM

INTRODUCTION After reforming and opening up, Vietnams economy has changed positively. The economy developed at a rapid rate, about 7% in recent years, that led to the demand for energy in the economy increased to 12% 13%, almost twice the GDP growth. According to the General Electric Company in Vietnam (EVN), if the economy remains at this level of growth, Vietnam electricity can not supply enough and have to import with expensive price. The demand for power was and still is a hot issue. If Vietnam wants to develop sustainable economics, the electricity must be one step ahead. What are solutions to the energy problem? In our country, the Party and the Government, on the one hand improve the efficient exploitation of natural resources to serve traditional power production, on the other hand also gradually exploit new energy sources such as solar, hydro tidal, geothermal, and wind resources. It really is a smart solution and suitable for energy thorny problem, a solution that humanity is applied and has achieved many successes. Among the direction starting from renewable energy sources, the wind energy is particularly interested. According to the research evaluation of World Bank, Vietnam has the largest potential exploitation of wind energy in Southeast Asia. The exploitation of wind resources also bring longterm benefits of economic, environmental and social. Our country with a long coastline is to exploit the wind strength. Under the perspective of an environmental student, expected to consider Vietnam wind potential in coastal areas objectively, the authors selected the topic Assessment the potential of wind energy development in coastal areas Vietnam”.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

ASSESSMENT THE POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREAS VIETNAM

Undergraduate thesisEnvironmental sciencesAdvanced progarm

During the period of studying at VNU Univeristy of Science, receivingenthusastic help from all the teachers in Faculty of Environmental Science, Inot only accqiured knowledge but also have grown up and am more mature inlife

I sincerely thank Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Chu Hoi for his amazinginspiration, thoughtful and dedicated guide during my thesis

I honestly thank to all professors in Faculty of Environmental Sciences,especially to professors from Environmental Management Department fordevoting teaching equip us the important knowledge during the study andpratice at the university

It is my grateful thank the support and love from my family and friendswho always understand me and cheer me up to complete the thesis

Though having put a lot of effort on scientific reasearch, the thesiscertainly has flaws due to personal limited knowledge, the author wishes toreceive comment and feedback from teachers and friends

Hanoi, 30th Novemeber 2014 Student

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Electric consumption by sectors during 2006-2010 in VietnamTable 2 The average wind speed in some locations in Vietnam (m/s)Table 3 The wind average speed in some locations at 65m

Table 4 Wind energy potential distributed by area

Table 5 The potential of wind energy at 65m height in Vietnam

Table 6 The potential of wind energy at 80m height in Vietnam

Figure 5 Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 65m

Figure 6 Distribution of Vietnam wind resources at altitude 80m

Figure 7 Binh Thuan province map

Figure 8 Ninh Thuan province map

INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1 – OVERVIEW 2

1.1 Needs of electricity in Vietnam 2

1.2 Status of electricity productionsources in Vietnam 3

1.3 Characteristics of wind regime in Vietnam coastal areas 4

Chapter 2 – METHODOLOGY 5

2.1 Study object 5

2.2 Scope of the study 5

2.2.1 Geographical Scope 5

2.2.2 Issue Scope 5

2.3 Methods of study 5

2.3.1 Data collection 5

2.3.2 Theorical research 5

2.3.3 Systhesis and process information 6

Chapter 3 – STUDY RESULTS AND DISUCSSION 7

3.1 Benefits of wind energy use 7

3.2 General assessment the potential of wind energy in Vietnam coastal areas 8

3.2.1 Based on seasons 8

3.2.2 Based on altitude 9

3.2.2.1 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 10m 10

3.2.2.3 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 65m 14

3.2.2.4 Distribution of wind resources at altitude 80m 18

3.3 Hotspot areas 19

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22

REFERENCES 24

APPENDIX 26

After reforming and opening up, Vietnam's economy has changedpositively The economy developed at a rapid rate, about 7% in recent years,that led to the demand for energy in the economy increased to 12% -13%,almost twice the GDP growth According to the General Electric Company inVietnam (EVN), if the economy remains at this level of growth, Vietnamelectricity can not supply enough and have to import with expensive price

The demand for power was and still is a hot issue If Vietnam wants todevelop sustainable economics, the electricity must be one step ahead Whatare solutions to the energy problem? In our country, the Party and theGovernment, on the one hand improve the efficient exploitation of naturalresources to serve traditional power production, on the other hand alsogradually exploit new energy sources such as solar, hydro tidal, geothermal,and wind resources It really is a smart solution and suitable for energy thornyproblem, a solution that humanity is applied and has achieved manysuccesses

Among the direction starting from renewable energy sources, the windenergy is particularly interested According to the research evaluation ofWorld Bank, Vietnam has the largest potential exploitation of wind energy inSoutheast Asia The exploitation of wind resources also bring long-termbenefits of economic, environmental and social Our country with a longcoastline is to exploit the wind strength Under the perspective of anenvironmental student, expected to consider Vietnam wind potential in

coastal areas objectively, the authors selected the topic "Assessment the potential of wind energy development in coastal areas Vietnam”

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW

1.1 Needs of electric in Vietnam

The average growth rate of electricity production in Vietnam for 20years now reached a very high level, 12-13% / year – is almost twice the GDPgrowth rate of the economy And according to forecasts of the GeneralElectric Company in Vietnam (EVN), if the growth rate of the average GDPcontinues to be maintained at 7.1% / year, the demand for electricity produced

in Vietnam in 2020 will be about 200,000 GWh, in 2030 was 327,000 GWh[7]

Concerning the consumption structure, industry continued to take thebiggest share of from 47.4 % to 52 % in total consumption in 2006 and 2010,respectively (Table 1) Household consumption occupied the second largestshare but slightly reduced due to fast industrialization in Vietnam, from42.9% in 2006 to 38.2% in 2010 Altogether service, agriculture and othersectors occupied approximately 10% of electricity consumption

Table 1 Electric consumption by sectors during 2006-2010 in Vietnam [12]

(%)

2007 (%)

2008 (%)

2009 (%)

2010 (%)

In the future, according to the National Power Development MasterPlan VII, the electricity demand of the country will be continued to grow by

14 - 16% per year in the period 2011-2015 and then slow down to 11.15% peryear in the period 2016-2020 and 7.4 – 8.4% per year in 2021-2030 [14]

1.2 Status of electricity productionsources in Vietnam

It can be seen, the main source of eletricity production in Vietnam ishydroeletricity Vietnam currently has 75 large hydropower plants and morethan 470 works of small and medium hydropower capacity from 1000-3000MW

Figure 1 Percentages of electricity production sources in Vietnam 2012 [17]According to the development planning of national electricity in 2011-

2020, vision to 2030, Vietnam will continue to prioritize the development ofhydropower resources, bringing the total capacity of 14,000 MW from hydrosources at present to 21,300 MW in 2020 However, this energy to sustainabledevelopment, Vietnam must do a good job of planning, construction processand full disclosure to the people However, besides the benefits of renewableenergy sources is not limited in time, but operators are limited in scale mining

[7] Hydropower plans affect large residential areas, loss of local ethniccultrure,…

Gas and thermal electric (oil, gas, coal) are the next highest proportion

in electricity production sources But the raw materials used in electricityproduction is fossil fuel They can not provide permanent power sectorbecause stocks are limited In addition, these materials cause environmentalpollution, CO2 emissions caused greenhouse effect, is a huge disadvantage.Therefore, these electrcity production sources should not be used widely

Vietnam has to import electricity because production is not enoughwhile Vietnam has a lot of potentials in renewable resources The other part(nuclear, wind, solar,…) takes only 0.2% in total

1.3 Characteristics of wind regime in Vietnam coastal areas

Vietnam climate is humid tropical rain with northeast and southwest monsoon The coastline is long therefore amount of wind annual is relative large with wind speed 8-10 m/s

In Vietnam, the region where can develop wind energy is not spreadevenly over the entire territory With the influence of the monsoon, windregime is different If in northern Hai Van Pass, the main wind seasoncoincides with the northeast monsoon season, in which the most potentialareas of Quang Ninh (Quang Binh) and Quang Tri In the southern part of theHai Van Pass, season coincides with the monsoon winds southwest, and themost promising areas of Highland plateau, the coastal provinces of theMekong Delta, and especially the coastal areas of the both Binh Thuan andNinh Thuan [2]

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Object

The thesis’s object is the wind energy

2.2 Scope of the study

2.2.1 Geographical Scope

Vietnam coastal areas

2.2.2 Issue Scope

Potential of wind energy

2.3 Methods of the study

2.3.1 Data collection (Secondary sources)

This is the traditional method used in scientific research Research onwind energy is not really new topics, knowledge of the problem has existedfor a long time, to be constantly added and updated There are many differentaspects to consider and evaluate the above mentioned data and information.Therefore, methods of collecting information materials is of great importance,the thesis would not be complete without this method

The data and information have been collected from secondary sourcessuch as publications, papers in journals, preserved reports and reviews, etc.inside and outside Vietnam

2.3.2 Theorical research

After collecting references, the author reads and analyzes to understandfully the contents are concerned, then selects and gathers content for eachspecific research needs

Codification is to arrange documents, information obtained relating tothe content being studied in a scientific structures with coherent The sourcematerial is selected according to the specific content of each system, andpresents an overview problem logically and reasonably Especially, the

process of the existing data and information helped me in identification of theinforamation and data gaps which should be fulfilled in during the study.

2.3.3 Synthesis and evaluation

This is a important research method to approach the issues from thediscrete documents, information of various sources (of research, textbooks,internet,…) We can sort them according to the system which is suitable withthe content of the studied subject Then, analyze and synthesize to findcommon characteristics for evaluating the potential of wind energy in coastalareas of Vietnam The process results are the information tables, schemes, andother figures to compare and illustrate the author’s concerns

CHAPTER 3 STUDIED RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Benefits of wind energy use

Wind energy in itself is a source of renewable energy which means itcan be produced again and again since it is available in plenty It is cleanestform of renewable energy and is currently used many leading developed anddeveloping nations to fulfill their demand for electricity

Dependence on the fossil fuels could be reduced to much extent if it isadopted on the much wider scale by all the countries across the globe It could

be answer to the ever increasing demand for petroleum and gas products.Apart from this, it can also help to curb harmful gas emissions which are themajor source of global warming

Wind energy doesn’t pollute at all It is that form of energy that willexist till the time sun exists It does not destroy the environment or releasetoxic gases Wind turbines are mostly found in coastal areas, open plain andgaps in mountains where the wind is reliable, strong and steady An ideallocation would have a near constant flow of non-turbulent wind throughoutthe year, with a minimum likelihood of sudden powerful bursts of wind

The cost of producing wind energy has come down steadily over thelast few years The main cost is the installation of wind turbines Moreoverthe land used to install wind turbines can also be used for agriculture purpose.Also, when combine with solar power, it provides cheap, reliable, steady andgreat source of energy for the for developing countries like Vietnam [8,9]

Wind energy on the other hand has created many jobs for the localpeople From installation of wind turbines to maintenance of the area whereturbines are located, it has created wide range of opportunities for the people.Since most of the wind turbines are based in coastal and hilly areas, peopleliving there are often seen in maintenance of wind turbines[12]

3.2 General assessment of the potential of wind energy in Vietnam coastal areas

3.2.1 Based on seasons

Wind resources are affected by the monsoon in the months amongseasons and the trade wind in the intermediate relay months Winter is theperiod of the prevailing northeast monsoon starts from October to April nextyear Summer is a popular period of the summer monsoon, the main direction

is southwest on almost all the territory, while the summer winds lasted fromMay to October Wind speed in the winter is up to 8 - 10 m/s in the marineand in coastal areas approximately 5-7 m/s [3]

In general, deeply influenced by the monsoon, wind resources ofVietnam have differentiation in terms of the time of year Accordingly, eachregion is influenced by two different northeast monsoon and southwest Themagnitude of the wind speed and magnitude of wind energy in every place inevery monsoon depends on the topography and geographical location of thearea

These coastal areas have higher potential wind energy in cold weatherthan hot weather clearly are the coast and coastal plains from Ha Tinh to CaMau, especially from Tuy Hoa to Phan Thiet

These coastal areas have higher potential wind energy in hot weatherthan cold weather are :

- West coast and the next part of the Southern plains

- Coast from Haiphong to Dien Chau - Nghe An and plain next to.Distribution of wind resources based on seasons can be seen as troubles

in process of exploitation There are some locations get priority in particularmonsoon season but the total wind energy is inadequate

Figure 2 Vietnam wind resources based on seasons [14]

Note: 1 XII-II; 2 IX-XI; 3 VI-VIII; 4 III-V

3.2.2 Based on altitude

Topography and altitude control wind resources deeply, so that windresources from the ground, there is no uniformity when altitude changed The

20m, 30m, 65m, and 80m is the index at which the wind resources hasdeepened.

3.2.2.1 Distribution of wind resources at the ground (altitude 10m)

It can be seen, the wind speed in Vietnam is generally small Most ofthe territory of the annual average of wind speed does not exceed 3m/s Onthe coast of the northern plains and the terrain adjacent to the southern coast

of Quang Ninh, Thai Binh, Hai Phong, average speed of the wind is over3m/s.On the narrow coastal strip of beach front Central, average speed of thewind is over 2m/s Coastal areas from Tuy Hoa to Phan Thiet have good windspeeds, especially on the headland spreading to the sea such as caps Ca Na,Mui Ne, in this area wind in the cool season is dominant than the hot season.Southerncoast has a rich wind potential Especially the west coast from HaTien to Ca Mau, which directly influenced by the southwest monsoon, duringthe hot season has very high wind energy potential [3]

The figure 3 and table 2 present the distribution of wind resources atthe ground (altitude 10m) in Vietnam coasts and the average speed of thewind (m/s) in some locations in Vietnam, respectivley

Therefore, we can assess wind resources in terms of ground level: Inmost territories have small wind energy potential, the exploitation of energyless efficiently Only from exploitation in the northern coastal areas of CamPha to Nam Dinh, the northern plain adjacent to the coast; coastal area of HaTinh and Vinh Linh, South Central Coast from Khanh Hoa back on andsouthern coastal areas However, the potential of this place is only suitable forsmall capacity engines