Day 2 3 parts of speech

Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns a Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas.. Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but

CHAPTER 2: PARTS OF SPEECH TABLE

Verb action or state (to) be, have, do, like,

work, sing, can, must

I’m a student

I like music

She works at an office

Noun thing or person pen, dog, work, music,

town, London, teacher, John

This is my dog He lives in myhouse We live in London

Adjective describes a noun a/an, the, 2, some,

good, big, red, well, interesting

I have two dogs My dogs are big I like big dogs

adjective or adverb

quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really

My dog eats quickly When he isvery hungry, he eats reallyquickly

Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian She is beautiful

Article identifies a noun a, an, the Tara is a beautiful girl

Preposition links a noun to

another word

to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday

Conjunction joins clauses or

sentences or words

and, but, when I like dogs and I like cats I like

cats and dogs I like dogs but I don't like

cats

Interjection short exclamation,

sometimes inserted into a sentence

oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well,

I don't know

Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized under Adjectives

PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS

What is a noun? A noun is a word that names a person, an animal, a place, or a thing There are more nouns in the English language than any other word

VERBS

What is a verb? A verb is a word that shows action or being Whatever you’re doing can be expressed by a verb Without a verb, a group of words cannot be a sentence A sentence can be as short as one word, as long as that one word is a verb

ADJECTIVES

What is an adjective? An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun or a pronoun An adjective describes

or limits the use of a noun

An adjective answers three questions

1) What kind of? I saw a big dog

2) How many? I’d like six ice cream cones, please

3) Which one? I’ll take that pair of jeans

ADVERBS

What is an adverb? An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb An adverb tells us:

1) How The pig danced terribly

2) Where The pig danced here 3) When The pig danced yesterday PRONOUNS What is a pronoun? A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun Almost anything a noun can do, a pronoun can do, too Pronouns are handy little words because when you use them, you don’t have to keep repeating nouns all the time PREPOSITIONS What is a preposition? A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of one word in a sentence to another word A preposition tells four things: 1) Location- The pig is outside its cage 2) Direction- The pig ran to its cage 3) Time- I’ll wait until noon, and then I’ll leave 4) Relationship- I went to the party with my friend ARTICLES (a, an, the) These are special words called articles They are noun signals They can often tip you off that there’s a noun is coming up in a sentence CONUNCTIONS What is a conjunction? A conjunction is a word that joins other words or parts of sentences together It is a “bridge” word David and Jennifer are brother and sister It will rain or snow today I ran as fast as I could However I still missed the train I’ll call the Health Department if you don’t clean up your yard INTERJECTIONS What is an interjection? Interjections are special words that show strong feelings or emotions like excitement, happiness, horror, sadness, disgust, pain, anger Interjections usually come at the beginning of a sentence You use them to add energy to your sentence Don’t use them too much, or they’ll loose their power Sometimes interjections are just shouts or sounds Exercise 1: Parts of Speech- Decide which parts of speech are the underlined words 1 You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something

2 We left for the mountain just before six in the morning

3 We first went to the store to buy a few things

4 We had a breakfast at a café near the rail station

5 My friend wasn't strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack

6 I helped him carry it

7 The weather was very cold

8 My friend said, "Oh! What a cold weather!"

9 We didn't spend the night there

10 We got back home late at night but we didn't go to sleep immediately We were very hungry

1 NOUNS

 A noun is a word used to name something: a person, an animal, a place, a thing, or an idea

For example, all of the following are nouns

Leah, Ignacio, Lan, Marek

Japan, Venezuela, Atlanta, Kroger, the Gap

pencil, store, music, air

biology, theory of Relativity, Pythagorean theory

 Nouns are classified in several ways…

1 Nouns can be singular or plural

Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing or idea

One apple, a pencil, the book

Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas Most singular nouns (Not ALL) are made plural

by adding –s For example, (pencil is a singular noun The word pencils is a plural noun.)

Exception #1: If a noun ends with the –s, sh, ch, or x like the words, kiss, church, ash or box, then they are made

plural by adding –es (kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes)

Exception #2:There are also irregular nouns that do not follow any rules For example, the plural form of the word

child is children

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the plural forms of the verbs in brackets:

1 (baby) are cute, aren´t they?

2 In Autumn (leaf) fall from (tree)

3 She loves (puppy)

4 I have got a pair of (jeans)

5 Superman and Spiderman are my (hero)

6 Let´s put these toys inside these (box)

Exercise 3: Read the sentences Rewrite them from singular to plural

1 That watch is in his pocket.

2 This radio is on the desk. _

3 You are my sister _

4 That isn´t a table, it is a chair _

5 The child is five _

6 The bus isn´t late _

7 That peach is delicious

2 Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns

a) Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas A person's name (Leah Graham) is a proper

noun, for example Other examples are names of places (Atlanta, Georgia) and names of things (the Navy) They are always capitalized!

People’s names and titles- King Henry, Mrs Smith Names for deity, religions, religious followers, and sacred books- God, Allah, Buddha, Islam, Catholicism, Christians

Races, nationalities, tribes, and languages- African American, Polish-American, Black,

Chinese, Russian

Specific Places like countries, cities, bodies of water, streets, buildings, and parks Specific organizations- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), …

Days of the week, months, and holidays, Brand names of products

Historical periods, well-known events, and documents- Middle ages, Boston Tea Party,

Magna Carta

Titles of publications and written documents

b) Common nouns are all other nouns For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc They are not capitalized unless they

are the first word in the sentence

3 Nouns can also be collective

Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place,

thing, or idea in its meaning Words like team, group, jury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team,

couple, band, herd, quartet, and society

Generally, collective nouns are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit The committee is

going to make a decision

4 Nouns can also be either count or non-count

Countable and uncountable nouns

You use nouns to name things

Countable nouns

Uncountable nouns

You can count these

There are singular and plural forms

one cat , two cats

one student, ten students

You can’t count these

There is only one form

rice, milk, water, sugar, furniture, weather, information

You use single and plural verbs

The lesson starts at 9.30

The lessons start at 9.30

You always use a singular verb

There is no furniture in there

You can use a or an in front of them

an envelope, a letter

You cannot use a or an in front of them

There is too much furniture in here Let’s move the table into the next room

We need potatoes, oil, apples, tea and

sugar

You can use not many and a few in front of them

There are a few people waiting for the bus

There aren’t many people here today

You can use not much and a little in front of them

There is a little sugar left

There is not much flour left

Exercise 4:

A) Say whether the following are countable (C) or uncountable (U) or both (B)

1 Euros

2 water

3 bottle of water _

4 pollution

5 food

6 tea _

7 coffee _

8 ice-cream

9 time _

10 box

B) Fill in the gaps with “some” or “any”

1 Have you got brothers or sisters?

2 We don’t need milk

3 There are pens on the table

4 I want eggs

5 Is there water in the fridge?

6 Are there problems

C) Fill in the gaps with “some” or “many”

1 How money do you have?

2 I don’t have close friends

3 There isn’t petrol left in the car

4 How information have you got?

5 There are glasses of water on the table

6 Don’t give him money - just a few euros

D) Fill in the gaps with “a lot of / a few / a little / much”

1 I don’t have experience

2 There are people waiting to buy tickets About three or four

3 Hurry up! I don´t have time

4 There is money left over, but not much

5 I need students to help me Two or three will be enough

6 We should go now because there is only traffic at this time of the morning

7 I only need time to finish this Wait a second

8 I invited friends for dinner but we can still all fit at the table

Exercise 5: Say if the nouns are countable (C), uncountable (U) o both (B)

a beef

b coffee

c peach

d onion

e sugar

f strawberry

g tea

h pork

i pear

j jam

k a cup of tea

l a glass of milk

m melon

n bread

o milk

p butter

5 Nouns can be abstract or concrete

A noun can be abstract or concrete

Concrete nouns are nouns that you can touch They are people, places, and some things Words like person,

court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns

Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically held For example, things like air, justice, safety,

Democracy, faith, religion, etc

6 Nouns can be Gerunds

A gerund is the –ing form of the verb and is used as a noun (functioning as a subject, complement of verb be, and

an object of a preposition)

For example:

Running is good for you

Her favorite sport is swimming

Thank you for helping me with my homework

Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using GERUNDS

Ex It is easy to learn English  Learning English is easy

1 It was great to see my uncle again _

2 It will be fun to go to the picnic next week _

3 It takes me 45 min to get to work every day

4 It is difficult for me to understand her

5 It was horrible to see that happened to him

6 It has been great to learn English

PARTS OF SPEECH- NOUNS- HOMEWORK:

Exercise 7 Write the words in the correct form:

1 There are three _ (apple) on the plate

2 I’d like to taste these _ (cookie)

3 Would you like these _ (orange)?

4 This (cheese) is too salty

5 How much _ (water) is theHe fougMy father

DoHe’s sitting coI’d like to knowIt rained heavy / heavily

and there were some accidents because of the heavy/

heavily rain

This (meat) isn’t fresh

10 There are many _ (tomato) in this salad

11 I don’t eat _ (butter) at all

12 This _ (coffee) is awful

13 How many _ (banana) would you like?

14 All her _ (dress) are beautiful

15 Put some _ (salt) into your soup

16 This _ (sugar) isn’t sweet

17 There is some _ (bread) on the table

Exercise 8 Correct the mistakes:

1 These carrot are sweet

2 I don’t like teas at all

3 I’d like to cut some pear for this salad

4 There is much waters in this jar

5 How many sandwich have you bought?

6 You can take four potato from the basket

7 Do you eat meats?

8 There is much rices in this dish

9 Where is breads?

10 These berry are very sweet

11 There are four chair round the table

12 These vegetable are green

13 Where are the onion?

14 I bought some cherry in the afternoon

15 I adore pear

16 Don’t put more salts in this dish

17 Cut these cucumber, please

2 VERBS

Verbs generally express action or a state of being There are several classifications for verbs- action verbs,/linking verbs, main verbs/auxiliary verbs, transitive/intransitive and phrasal verbs

A Action verbs and Linking verbs

1 Action verbs show action

He runs He plays They study

2 Linking Verbs link the subject to an adjective

Ricky Martin is beautiful

The linking verb is links the adjective beautiful with the subject Ricky Martin

Exercise 9: Circle the verb in each sentence Write A if it is an action verb Write L if it is a linking verb

1 The girl feels nervous _

2 Today is her wedding day _

3 She sits in a fancy chair _

4 Footmen carry the chair on their shoulders

5 Her parents arranged the marriage

6 She is only sixteen years old

7 She sees her husband for the first time

8 He looks handsome and kind

9 She appears happy and content _

10 The family hopes for a happy marriage _

B Main verbs and Auxiliary verbs

1 Main verbs can stand alone

For example: I go to school every day

2 Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, serve as support to the main verb

The most common auxiliary verbs are:

Have, has, had

Do, does, did

Be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been

For example: I have been to Paris once

3 Modal verbs: are considered auxiliary verbs

 should, could, will, would, might, can, may, must, shall, ought (to)

For example: She can swim fast

MODAL

FORMATION ( AFFIRMATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, NEGATIVE) CAN

possibility, ability and permission in the present or future

neg - logical impossibility

I can speak many languages

Can I go to the party?

She can’t be at home, I saw her 10 minutes ago

COULD

ability, possibility and permission in the past or in polite requests

He could swim when he was only four

Could you help me, please?

I couldn’t understand him

BE ABLE TO

ability and opportunity in the past, present or future (specific occasion)

I am able to get all the work done

Were you able to stop the car in time?

They won’t be able to stop it

MAY

possible and probable actions in the future; permissions and possible conditions

You may telephone from here

May I take a photo?

He may not go to the party He’s sick

MIGHT

possible actions in the future or improbable events or situations

I might be working late tomorrow

He might not be at home

What might happen?

MUST

obligation, necessity, deduction; in the negative form - prohibition

You must take your medication regularly

My glasses must be here somewhere

He mustn’t tell anyone what I said

HAVE TO

obligation I have to work on Sundays

Do you have to get your passport?

She doesn’t have to go to the dentist

WILL

facts in the future, predictions, invitations, characteristic behaviour

I’ll wait for you if you like

Will you have a cup of tea?

She’s on diet She won’t eat at all

WOULD past prediction, prediction about a

possible situation; politeness; past of

“will”

How about a cup of tea? That would be nice Would you go without me?

I wouldn’t go without you

SHALL

offers, suggestions Shall I close the window?

Shall we dance?

SHOULD

advice; past form of “shall”; logical consequence

You should accept the job

Should we tell him the news?

She shouldn’t be so shy

OUGHT TO

saying what is the right thing to do She ought to be working

You oughtn’t to forget your obligations

Exercise 10: Complete the sentences with appropriate modal verbs

1 you to get up early?

2 They’re having a baby They have to buy a bigger house

3 I’m sorry I help you with your homework

4 we go out tonight?

5 Why don’t you apply for that job? You get it

6 I think we do something to stop pollution

7 I borrow this book?

8 My wife is waiting for me I not be late

Exercise 11: Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first Use the words in brackets

1 Perhaps Mary is doing overtime (may)

2 I managed to go to university (able)

3 They should think very well before acting (ought)

4 It’s forbidden to smoke here (mustn’t)

5 It’s impossible for you to see it at this distance (can’t)

6 It is possible that Anne did not see the message (might)

7 I advise you to study more in order to pass the exam ( should)

8 She was able to play the piano when she was only four (could)

C Transitive or Intransitive verbs

1 Transitive Verbs require a direct object in order to make sense

For Example: Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches

Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence Yolanda takes has no meaning without its direct object aspirin

2 Intransitive Verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful

For Example: Julio swims

The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object

Caution: A verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on its context

For Example: The cars race

Here, race is intransitive It does not need an object

My father races horses

Here, races is transitive It requires the object horses in order to make sense

Exercise 12:

ENCIRCLE THE VERB USED IN EACH OF THESE SENTENCES AND THEN WRITE ‘transitive’ or

‘intransitive’ IN THE SPACE PROVIDED FOR MATCH THE SENTENCES TO THE PICTURES

1 The magician performed new magic tricks [ ]

2 The farmer works happily in his farm [ ]

3 Chona is carrying a lot of books [ ]

4 Henry waited patiently in the park [ ]

5 The fireman observes proper discipline [ ]

6 Isabel missed her flight to California [ _ ]

7 The radio announcer talks clearly [ _ ]

8 The pianist played romantic songs last night [ _ ]

9 Lily decorated her scrapbook last Friday [ _ ]

10 Chona saw the result of the test in the bulletin board.[ _]

11 Vernie plays happily near the beach [ ]

12 Her mom likes black forest cake [ ]

D Phrasal verbs

1 Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than

it would have by itself For example, the verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look up (in

the dictionary)

Some more examples:

call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up

Exercise 13: Rewrite each sentence replacing the underlined words by a Phrasal Verb:

get on get over head for join in live up to run out of put forward put up

put up with stand for

1 There isn´t any juice left. _

2 What´s the meaning of UE?

3 The window in my bedroom needs to be fixed. _

4 My brother was seriously ill, but he has recovered now.

5 The show wasn´t as good as we expected. _

6 What exactly are they suggesting? _

7 When the party began everyone took part

8 The plane is going in the direction of Lisbon _

9 We can´t tolerate such heat. _ _

Exercise 14: Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the Phrasal Verbs in the box

1 The sun isn´t always shinning, but life must

2 I a blue skirt and a green shirt yesterday

3 Guests must by 6.00 p.m

4 I´m seeing Mary and John again, aren´t you?

5 All passengers tried to at the same time

6 My mother isn´t here Can you later?

7 I´m going to travel before and starting a new job

8 The plant growth by the lack of rain

9 Before I began writing my book, I my ideas

10 Where have you been? I`ve been _ you everywhere

check out go on call back have on look for settle down slow down look forward to

write down check in