Study the solid wastes management model in rural area a study in ninh hiep commune, gia lam, ha noi

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHAM HONG THANH STUDY THE SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT MODEL IN RURAL AREA: A STUDY IN NINH HIEP COMMUNE, GIA LAM, HA NOI BAC

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

PHAM HONG THANH

STUDY THE SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT MODEL IN RURAL AREA: A STUDY IN NINH HIEP COMMUNE, GIA LAM, HA NOI

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Faculty: International Training and Development Center

Thai Nguyen, 15/09/2016

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name Pham Hong Thanh

Student ID DTN1253180029

Thesis Title Study the solid wastes management model in rural area: a study

in Ninh Hiep commune, Gia Lam, Ha Noi

Supervisor Nguyen Huu Tho, PhD, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture

and Forestry

Abstract:

One major challenge faced by Ninh Hiep is dealing with the enormous amount of

solid waste generation, especialy solid waste from craft village A suitable collection

models are considered on important factors in order to reduce the burden on the

environment as well as collecting and handling solid waste arisesing efficiency This

study was conducted to study on a model for collecting solid wastes in Ninh Hiep

commune , which was suitable to its practical conditions The main results were

concerned with the volumes and components of solid waste generation in Ninh Hiep

as a rural commune in the process of innovation and development, current

situations in collecting and manager solid waste generated

Keywords Solid waste, Model, Waste collection, Managerment

Number of Pages 50

Date of Submission 15/09/2016

Supervisor’s

signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis has been greatly conducted from the support as well as assistance of many people whom I wishes to extend her grateful appreciation to the following people for their valuable contribution in order to make this research possible

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor: Msc Nguyen Huu Tho for his enthusiasm, patience, knowledge and immense He provided me his invaluable useful comments, remarks, encouragement and engagement through the learning process of this graduated thesis

I would like to express sincere thanks to the school board Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of International Training and Development; Advanced Education Program, thank the teachers that have imparted to me the knowledge and valuable experience during the process of learning and researching here

My thanks send to employees, officers in Gia Lam urban environment enterprise for their support and assistance

My special thanks to Ms Huynh Thi Thu Hien - vice president of Gia Lam urban environment enterprise for her suggestions, guidance and interested me during my internship

My sincere thanks also go to the sanitation wokers of Binh Minh company for their

I also want to thank to my university friends for helping me and their friendship

I would like to express my deep gratitude and motivation to my parents, my family and for their encouragement throughout my studies

Ultimately, in the process of implementing the project, due my time and research levels are limited so this project is inevitable shortcomings So, I would like to receive the attention and feedback from teachers and friends to this thesis is more complete

I sincerely thank you!

Pham Hong Thanh

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research rationale 1

1.2 Research question and Hypothesis 4

1.3 Objectives of the study 5

1.4 Limitations 5

1.5 The significance of research 6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Overview of Waste 7

2.1.1 Definitions 7

2.2 Environmental pollution caused by solid waste 13

2.3 The status of solid waste management in some countries around the world and in Vietnam 17

3.1 Material 21

3.2 Method 21

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24

4.1 The status of solid waste generation 24

4.1.1 Original source of solid waste generation 24

4.1.2 The current status of solid waste in Ninh Hiep commune 25

4.1.3 The status of separation, recycling and reuse solid waste 33

4.2 The status of managemental organization 1

4.2.6 Waste handle 40

DISCUSSIONS 42

PART V CONCLUSIONS 46

REFERENCES 47

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The change in solid waste volume between 2011 and 2016 27

Figure 2: Woker pick and separate some things that can be sold 34

Figure 3: Solid waste managerment model in Ninh Hiep 35

Figure 4: Sanitation worker pull the trash barrel go to transfer station 37

Figure 5: Solid waste collection in Ninh Hiep 38

Figure 6: Sanitation workers were loading garbage 40

Figure 7: The composition of composting fertilizer from house hold solid waste

in 2015 41

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill 14

Table 2: Solid waste samples 23

Table 3: Solid wastes generated from establishment sources 24

Table 4: The volume of solid waste collection in diferent communes in 2012 25

Table 5: The monthly average volume of solid waste in the first 6 month from 2011 to 2016 in Ninh Hiep 26

Table 6: The amount of solid waste collected in Ninh Hiep commune in 5 months of 2016 28

Table 7: The composition percentage of solid waste from household 29

Table 8: The composition percentage of solid waste from market 30

Table 9 Ninh Hiep's solid waste composition in 2015 31

Table 10: Collection and transport systems in Ninh Hiep 39

Commune people’s committee Law of environmental protection Ministry of agriculture and rural development Ministry of natural resources and environment Ministry of planning and investment

Total organic carbon Urban environment company World Bank

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research rationale

Human life is improving in high standard, following high demand of items for daily life that increase in the types of items and going to larger It still tends to rise in number and the variety Therefore, service sector and production service have much more increase dramatically to support the needs of human beings Base on the use and disposal after using production in wrong way, the problem on types of waste were generated by production, business and daily activities which have emerged and must be considered and found the correct and efficient treatment

According to confirm of the materials Cyclope Institute (Chalmin, 2012) and Veolia Propreté, the second largest waste management company in the world: The amount of trash collected worldwide is between 2.5 and 4 billion tons a year, the world now have the amount of trash similar with amount of cereal production (2 tons) and steel (a billion tons) The World Bank (WB, 2012) had warned of a waste crisis was becoming more serious, and created huge burden on finance as well as the environment for governments (Daniel & Perinaz, 2012) The study was conducted by Blacksmith Institute and Green Cross Switzerland in more than 3,000 locations in 49 countries shown that more than 200 million people worldwide were at risk of exposure to hazardous wastes (2013) Meaning that they have to fight with these public health threats caused to serious social disease, especially for children (WHO, 2007) If there are no preventive measures to minimize the number of trashs, amount of trash will get bigger and bigger threat to security problems,

social issue, and human health Specifictly, human will release to the environment more than 11 million tons of solid waste per day in 2100, its number get high as 5 times as the amount of grain produced in a whole year (World Bank, 2015)

Today, environmental problems including treatment and management solid waste have been concerned by government, departments and civilian But it has not been properly inspected so that pollution levels in somewhere are alarming as well as the sense

of responsibility of the people in some places on environmental protection is not good, especially in rural areas

Rural areas in VietNam have significant changes along with economic transition towards industrialization and modernization of the country Along with the process of urbanization and industrialization, rural areas are playing important role in the economy New technologies have been applied to agricultural production such as livestock and crop production Besidethat, the handicraft sector is also interested in and developed

However, when the economic is not rich, the life of farmers have to face to a lot of difficult things People concern about environmental protection as a marginalized and it is trivial, which issue difficult to take a good resolve for the environmental management in rural areas The main sources of waste in rural areas are the packaging of plant protection, the abuse and the use of chemicals unreasonable in agricultural production, the handling

of waste from the craft village, the treatment of waste from the craft village is inefficiency and unsatisfactory, beside that the sense of responsibility of the people in protecting the

According to statistics in 2014, there were about 90.7 million people in the total Vietnam population, inwhich 67% of the people living in rural areas Meanwhile, the total national area was 330951 km2, 262805 km2 of agricultural land include cultivation land was 101511 km2, 153731 km2 of forest land, aquaculture land was 7120 km2 and rural residential land was 5496 km2 (accounting for 79.5% of the total land area of the country) The process of the economic and labor restructuring are relatively slow, but the structure of the production sector in rural areas is increasing diversely and promoted directly Farm household sector structure is shifting to increase gradually in the number and proportion of households participate in non-agricultural production such as industrial, handicraft and service (MONRE, 2011) Along with the positive changes in rural, Vietnam also expressed limitations and shortcomings: developing infrastructure in lack of planning, and spontaneous, around 23% of commune have planing but not high quality (MONRE, 2014) Technical infrastructure and social infrastructure is backward Each year, in rural areas, it is about 6.35 million tons of household waste released, equivalent to each person released average around 0.3 kg / person / day (Chi, 2011) Environmental pollution has caused of serious consequences that bringing negative impact on agricultural ecosystems, affecting human health Meanwhile rural sanitation is poor and many shortcomings so protected rural environment is a matter of urgency because the pollution state in the rural environment is at an alarming rate in many places

Ninh Hiep is a commune in Gia Lam District, Hanoi It is an agricultural commune through in parallel with the development of industrial clusters – handicrafts In addition, there are 2 handcrafted sector which are Chinese herbs processing and garment

production ( Gia Lam people's Committees, 2013) Entire commune land area is 488.8ha with total population is about 16750 and having 8800 households living in 9 villages (2012) The average volume of solid waste arising was about 12 tons / day, and the amount of waste arising in average of year was 4047.70 tons (GiaLam URENCO, 2011)

Go to the first 6 months in 2016, the volume of average domestic solid waste generated was 16 tons / day (Binh Minh Company, 2016)

The economic structure in Ninh Hiep commune continued get positive shift: a mere 3.2% of agricultural, industrial activities - handicrafts and trade - service are accounted for more than 96.8% The growth rate of industrial activities - handicrafts is average of 14% per year, the trade and services sector is 16% Thus industrial activities and handicrafts are accounted for the two biggest structure in the communal economy in recent years

1.2 Research question and Hypothesis

The following are the research questions:

1 What kinds of solid wastes have discharged into the environment? How much?

2 How have solid wastes collected and processed? Performance of collection and processing are how much?

3 How to improve processing performance of rural solid waste at present?

Hypothesis

As a concern, where the Industrial cluster and handicrafts place, the environmental concerns and wastes always need more attention and focus The problem of environmental pollution caused by solid waste in Ninh hiep commune in the current is warning beside the domestic waste and agricultural waste, the handicrafts' trash is the biggest problem need to have priority and strict management

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The purpose of the study was to assess the overall pollution state, the type of solid wastes generated in Ninh Hiep commune To evaluate the quantity and composition of rural solid waste in the commune, which waste sources were accounting for a large proportion

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The main objective of the study is:

- To evaluate the current solid waste sittuation

- To study the waste management model

- Providing solutions to improve solid waste management efficiency

research should only be able to assess the situation correctly during the study period Besides that, the study took perform on rural and agriculture solid waste, excluding industrial waste in the locality Study implementation period was within 4 months so the scope of observation and time spent on research are relatively limited

1.5 The significance of research

- Research indicates clearly solid waste problems in Ninh Hiep commune

- Providing the direction to manage the solid waste clearly in rural areas

- Rating the positive side and pointed out the drawbacks in the work of solid waste management from which to draw lessons from experience to apply to other rural areas

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of Waste

2.1.1 Definitions

Environment refers to a system of natural and artificial physical factors affecting the

existence and development of human beings and creatures

Environment components refer to physical constituent elements forming an integral

part of the environment such as land, water, air, sound, light, organism and things in other physical forms

Environmental protection refers to the environmental conservation, and the prevention and control of harmful impacts on environment; the response to environmental emergencies; the mitigation of environmental pollution, degradation, improvement and remediation; proper extraction and consumption of natural resources for the purpose of maintaining a pure environment

Solid waste means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste (MONRE, 2011)

Rural solid waste as in solid form discharged from trading activities, manufacturing, services, people living in rural areas Rural solid waste arise mainly from agricultural production, animal husbandry, the abuse of using plant protection products and fertilizers

in agriculture, solid waste from craft villages activities and daily domestic waste Rural solid waste can be classified into three main types:

• Domestic solid waste: the waste is discharged from the human daily life activities

• Solid waste from craft villages: The waste is generated from manufacturing activities of the village

• Agricultural and rural Solid waste: the waste is generated from agricultural production and animal husbandry such as animal waste, poultry, packaging of plant protection

Rural areas are part of the territory outer zone of cities, towns and township which are managed by the CPC (Decree No 41/2010 / ND-CP on credit policies for agricultural and rural development) Along with the process of national innovation, rural development is

an inevitable process for economic and society development and also improving the quality of the rural population life This development brings huge benefits but also brings many environmental consequences Rural environment are under pressure by pollution increase from the human activity, the use of fertilizers, pesticides indiscriminately Besides that, the vacant on the waste processing from the livestock sector, craft villages bring a big pressure on the rural environment (MONRE, 2014)

Environmental pollution means the status that environmental components have been changed to the extent beyond environmental technical regulations and environmental standards and adversely affect human beings and living organisms

Economic growth in the past five years has had adverse impacts on the environment, not only in cities but also in rural areas which are home to 70 percent of the population Environmental pollution has become a serious problem in many rural areas, caused by a number of reasons including weak management, lack of specialised environmental observation and supervision equipment and dedicated employees Moreover, most rural localities are meeting with difficulties in fulfilling the criterion on the environment under the programme on building new-style rural areas (Tuyen, 2014)

Under Clause 10, Article 3 of the Environmental Protection Law 2005: "Waste is waste material in the form of solid, liquid and gas from manufacturing, trading, services and daily life, or other activities." Thus garbage is all material things from food, utensils, waste manufacturing, service, medical that people do not use anymore and left

Pursuant to Article 3 of the Decree on the management of waste and scrap, Decree

No 38, ND-CP on: Waste management including hazardous waste, domestic waste, ordinary industrial solid waste, the liquid waste, wastewater, industrial emissions and other special wastes; environmental protection in scrap imports:

• Solid waste management means activities of planning, managing, investing in building solid waste management facilities, separating, collecting, storing, transporting, reusing, recycling and disposing of solid waste in order to prevent and minimize adverse impacts on the environment and human health

• Solid waste means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste

• Solid waste generation in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste Solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or order acivities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste

• Hazardous solid waste means solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics

• Scrap means products and materials discarded from production or consumption

and recovered for reprocessing or reuse as input materials for the production of the products

• Domestic solid waste (also known as household waste) is the solid waste generated from the human daily life

Pursuant to Decree No 59/2007/ND-CP on management operations of solid waste:

• Solid waste management activities include management planning activities investment in the construction management facilities of solid waste, classification activities, gathering, storage, transportation, reuse, recycle and solid waste disposal to prevent and mitigate the harmful impacts on the environment and human health Planning

emissions sources and types of solid waste; determining the location, the size of collection sites, transfer stations, transport lines and facilities of solid waste; identifying methods to gather and treat solid waste; building the plan and human resources to thoroughly treat solid waste (Article 7 the planning content of solid waste management)

• Waste classification is the activities of waste separation (already delimited), in facility, the aim of dividing into categories or groups in order to manage more effective with different processes

• Collection of solid waste means activities of gathering, separation, packing and temporarily storing solid waste from different collection depots to a place or facility recorgnized by a competent state agency

• Storage of solid waste means the keeping of solid waste for a given period of time

at a place recognized by a competent agency before solid waste is transported to a processing facility

• Transportation of solid waste means the process of carrying solid waste from a place of generation, collection, storage or transfer to a place of processing, recycle or reuse or to a final landfill

• Waste treatment means the process of using technological and technical solutions (different from pre-processing) in order to reduce, eliminate, isolate, burn, destroy or bury waste and hazardous elements in such waste

• Solid waste sanitary bury in landfill operation is suitable with the requirements of technical standards for solid waste landfills

• Solid waste classification help to identify different type of Solid waste generation When performing Solid waste classification help us to increase recycling and reuse of waste materials, as well as offering appropriate technological methods for the processing, thereby bringing economic benefits and environmental protection

Classification can be divided into the following ways:

+ Classification according to hazardous levels

Rural hazardous solid wastes are toxic wastes such as packaging of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, the rotting biological waste, contaminated wastes as determined poultry, cattle infection Non-hazardous solid waste is the waste does not contain substances or compounds containing one of the direct hazardous properties or interactive components

The nature of the solid waste related to the application of the gathering method, arranging collection frequency, deciding how to collect and the treatment technology Physical and chemical properties of solid waste such as specific weight, moisture, gasification, thermochemical have major impact on the selection and operation of equipment, analysis and design of treatment systems Physical and chemistry factors of solid waste such as specific weight, moisture, gasification, thermochemical have a major impact on the selection and operation of equipment, analysis and design of treatment systems thereby reached the highest effect after the end of the treatment process and ensure that environment is protected Biological factor of solid waste are analyzed in various types of solid waste contaning organic components Most of this section have capable of biological conversion creating into gas, inert organic solids and inorganic solids Besides that, it can estimate and provide some biological treatment methods by using microorganisms to achieve environmental efficiency as well as economic savings (Tram & Yen, 2012)

2.2 Environmental pollution caused by solid waste

2.2.1 Water pollution

Special waste is organic matter in water environment will decompose quickly At the landfill, water from waste conjunct with rainwater, groundwater form to water waste Water waste will move in landfills and promote the ability of biological degradation as well as transport of pollutants into the environment around them Overall, the level of pollution in wastewater is very high, COD indicator is from 3000 - 6000mg / l, N-NH 3 is from 10 to 800 mg / l, BOD5 is from 2000 to 20000 mg / l, TOC (total organic carbon) is

from 1500 to 20000 mg / l, phosphorus is from 5 to 100 mg / l, and the large variety of microorganisms and other contaminants (Tram & Yen, 2012)

2.2.2 Air Pollution

Ordinary solid waste can easily evaporates, and carry the bad smell causes of air pollution (Craig , 2012) The organic waste such as fruit, vegetables and some other ordinary waste are easily decomposed in normal condition by microorganism metabolic activities which release the stench and pollution gases to disperse potentially in the air cause of air pollution that impacts on the environment and human health (Feachem, Michael, & Duncan, 1977)

In addition, landfills also create a clear and obvious threat to human health as well as a threat to the environment from the hazardous contaminated air emissions emitted from the landfill biodegradation (Meyer, 2012)

Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill

H2 0 – 0.2

Volatile organic substances 0.01 – 0,06

Soure: Hanbook of solid waste management, 1994

2.2.3 Soil pollution

Organic waste in the soil will be decomposed by microorganisms in aerobic or anaerobic conditions create simple humus mineral such as H20, C02, CH4 (Craig , 2012) Besides that, waste water from landfills move into soil cause soil contamination If the amount of wastewater too much beyond the capacity of the soil purify so that soil environment will be overwhelmed and serious pollution (Meyer, 2012) The contamination substances with heavy metals, toxic substances, microbes in the water flow will go down through the groundwater and make pollution (Olawoyin, Oyewole, & Grayson, 2012)

Some wastes difficult to degrade such as plastic, rubber, plastic bags if have no suitable methods on collect and treat that the cause of degradation and reduction of soil fertility (Vamsi Krishna, et al., 2010)

2.2.4 Human health

Solid wastes arising from human activities, if not collected and processed correctly that will cause environmental pollution causing serious consequences to public health Moreover, solid waste components are complex which contains pathogens from humans, livestock, organic waste created good conditions for flies, and mosquitoes breed and spread disease to humans (Takele, 2004) Such as some bacteria, viruses, parasites exist in the rubbish can cause human diseases such as malaria, skin diseases, plague, diarrhea, parasites, typhoid (Njoroge & Kimani , 2016) Besidethat, Collecting and processing wastes improperly can endanger to sanitation worker At the open landfills, wastewater and stench can spread out into water, soil, air, which create good conditions for the intermediate hosts cause for human disease as well as chemicals substances can effect negatively on human health (International Finance Corporation, 2007)

Pollution from rural craft villages cause increased incidence of some diseases, especially in children Children living in weaving families had some disease by cotton dust as sore throat (22.9%), stuffy nose (19.1%), wheezing (15.5%), incessant coughing (9.9%), itchy eyes (7.6%), rashes, allergic urticaria (2.3 to 7.6%) (Tram & Yen, 2012) According the eighth national scientific conference and the fourth internatonal scientific conference for labour medicine and environmental sanitation in 2012: In handicraft villages, there are 65.9% of children had a pulse rate higher than standard according to age and 17.6% of children have maximum blood pressure a higher than standard by age Children also had the manifestations of the impact of noise, such as tinnitus (22.9%), ear pain (12.2%), hearing loss (9.2%) (Phong Le, 2015)

2.3 The status of solid waste management in some countries around the world and

in Vietnam

2.3.1 Waste management in some countries around the world

Waste management in Nuremberg - Germany

Nuremberg government has launched a local law in 1990, it requires to divide household waste and bussiness waste into many different types Putting paper, glass, and organic waste in the same barrel are illegal (Tram & Yen, 2012)

Purchase and sale policies: local authorities encourage consumers to buy products that generate less rubbish,items can be recycled that are made from recyclable materials Paper

is recycled from postal paper which is using in offices widely The cleaned products are sold and has benefitted from tax incentives (Global Time, 2014)

Consultancy services: local authorities have established an advisory team related to waste problem These counselors guide people buying items having less rubbish, composting household rubbish, and using reusable products (Tram & Yen, 2012)

Waste Management in Singapore

With a small geographical area and a dense population density, the development of collecting and treating waste system is very important To achieve this goal, Singapore has developed a modern waste management system that using minimum land use In Singapore, 92% of the waste volume has been burned, and the rest were buried in waste treatment facilities located offshore (International Enterprise Singapore, 2012) Four waste incineration plants in Singapore have operated under a waste management method

to save the land These facilities provide 3% for electricity demand of the entire Singapore (Chan, Gooi, & So, 2012)

In general, the waste management system of Singapore focuses on three fields: Gathering, regeneration and waste disposal (Hwa, et al., 2007)

The core strategy of sustainable development of the waste management system in Singapore include:

• Minimize the volume of waste by reducing, reusing and recycling (over 50% of waste is recycled in Singapore)

• Aiming to eliminate forms of landfill

• Develop waste management industry and transform Singapore into a technology center of waste management in the region

Waste Management in Japan

In Japan, the collection and classification domestic solid waste at source is concerned particularly Household waste is divided into six major categories: burnable garbage, non burnable garbage, resourcesful rubbish, harmful rubbish, bulky garbage and waste can not

be collected (Christine , 2015) Burnable garbage (food shred, rice, diapers, fruit shell) are given quite strictly such as kitchen garbage must be squeezed out of water, then use the paper to pack; wood chips, branches must be cut into small piece, then using the rope to tie before throwing it away Resourcesful garbage (paper, empty cans, bottles) must also

be arranged neatly or washed cleanly Hazardous material (batteries, bulbs) or dangerous items (glass) must be wrapped in newspaper and notes clearly outside (Hwa, et al., 2007)

- The collection point

Generally, each waste collection point just for 10-20 households The different types

of waste will be collected on different days People can not dump the different wastes in the same bin at the specified date The city government has announced to everyone and ask people to follow that rule (Ministry of the Environment, 2012)

- Do not collect the waste being not correct regulation

Many cities will not collect garbage that civilian do not comply with the regulations

In this case, the waste will not be collected and will be removed with a warning confirmation sheet on contener (Ministry of the Environment, 2014)

- Guiding people to classify correctly

When someone make a mistake with this regulation, the employees of the city government will come to their home to warn about such action By this method, the Japanese 3R project was implemented successfully to bring efficiency benefit on economic, finance, social and environment (Ministry of the Environment, 2014)

2.3.2 The situation of environmental management in Vietnam and shortcomings

need to learn

In recent years, the Environmental Protection Law is the highest normative documents law in the field of environment LEP in 2014 have own provisions (Articles

69, 70) on environmental protection in rural and some other provisions relating directly or indirectly (Articles 71, 78, 80, 82, 83)

However, so far, there is no specific documents which provided a systematic rural environmental management and protection Regulations were scattered in many sectors with the lack of coherence, and more contents are not served adequately In the bylaws, there were also still lack of the content to guide the implementation of rural environmental protection

Some legal regulations related to environmental protection in rural areas can not be applied in practice or apply inefficiently Typically, the content of solid waste management, Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP on solid waste management applies to both urban and rural areas with the objective of waste classification at the source However, the classification of solid waste at the source only done as trial in some large urban areas The management of solid waste in rural areas also overlap and have not received the proper attention and investment According to the division of responsibilities, the Ministry of Construction take the responsibility in solid waste monitoring, however, solid waste from agricultural activities to be assigned to the MARD to take management, hazardous wastes (including hazardous waste from agricultural production and handicraft villages) are monitoring by the MONRE It is interwoven in the division of responsibility for solid waste management that makes the lack of consensus, and can not specify which agencies take the responsibility belongs to Futhermore, the management of solid waste in