Assessment of environmental situation in nelson county pigs cooperative, lakota, north dakota, united state

Abstract: Each year livestock industry emits about 75-85 million tons of waste has an impact on the environment and human health in many ways such as causing pollution of surface water,

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

DOAN DUC PHUC

RESEARCH TITLE: Assessment of environmental situation in Nelson county pigs cooperative, Lakota, North Dakota, United State

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Major: Environmental Science and Management

Faculty: International Training and Development Center Batch: 2011-2015

Thai Nguyen, 07/27/2016

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of environmental Science and Management

Thesis Title Assessment of environmental situation in Nelson county

pigs cooperative, Lakota, North Dakota, United State

Supervisors .Dr Dr Nguyen Hung Quang, Thai Nguyen University of

Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam

Abstract:

Each year livestock industry emits about 75-85 million tons of waste has an impact

on the environment and human health in many ways such as causing pollution of surface water, groundwater, atmosphere, environmental soil and agricultural products Environment polluted by the decay of organic matter in pig manure and wastewater After the waste discharged, If we don’t give the right treatment I will bring plenty of consequences By this research You could have the overall looking

to the real environmental situation of pig farm now a day in USA The environmental policy laws of water quality, air quality, soil quality etc Beside, I’m going to describe deeply of automatic technology in the modern farm Then analyze the benefits and disadvantages of those things At the end, I wrote the results of measurement of Air sample, water sample, and soil sample By this way to understanding more clearly about environmental situation of Nelson county pigs cooperative

Keywords Waste treatment, solid waste, liquid waste, pig production,

management

Number of papers 86 pages

Date of submission September 30th, 2016

Supervisor’s sign

my professions and future

Secondly, I am grateful to Manager, Jim herda about their help dedicated

during my internship and research They was hearted guidance, given the comments and the orientation in my experiment steps as well as the process of writing my report Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to the family, relatives and friends who have helped me during the internship Due to the short time, limited professional qualification and less experience the report may have inevitable mistakes I very much look forward to the valuable inputs and recommendation of teachers and friends to my thesis to become more perfect

Sincerely,

Doan Duc Phuc

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF FIGURES vii

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research rationale 1

1.2 Objectives of the study 2

1.3 The significance of the thesis 2

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1, Overview of the United States Hog Industry impact 3

2.1.1 United States Hog Industry 3

2.1.2 Effects of pollution in livestock to humans and the environment 7

2.1.3 Policy aspects: 8

2.2 COMPONENTS, CHARACTERISTICS PIG LIVESTOCK WASTE 11

2.2.1 Feces of swine 11

2.2.3 Livestock waste water 13

2.2.4 Death pigs 14

2.2.5 Excess Food, bedding and other wastes 14

2.2.6 Livestock materials, veterinary specimens 14

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE 15

2.3.1 Impacts to water environment 15

2.3.2 Impacts to soil environment 16

2.3.3 Impacts to air environment 18

2.4 OVERALL OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT 24

2.4.1 Collection 24

2.4.2 Properly stored and preserved 25

2.4.3 Transportation 25

2.4.4 Livestock waste treatment 25

PART III SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS 34

3.1 Object and scope of the study 34

3.1.1 Object of study 34

3.1.2 Scope of research 34

3.2 Research content 34

3.3 Research Methods 35

3.3.1 Methods of collecting and analyzing secondary data 35

3.3.2 Methods of collecting primary data 35

3.3.3 Sampling method 35

3.3.5 Statistical methods, data processing and analysis, and synthesis of data 44

PART IV RESULTS 45

4.1 Natural conditions, socioeconomic in the region 45

4.1.1 Natural condition 45

4.1.2 Social and economic conditions 46

4.2 Evaluation of the pig production in Nelson county pigs cooperative, North Dakota 48

4.2.1 The number of pigs in Nelson county pigs cooperative 48

4.2.2 The system type and scale of livestock 49

4.3 Assessment of environmental quality in Nelson County Pigs Cooperative 56

4.3.1 Calculate the total of waste mass in farm 56

4.3.2 The test results of air sample 57

4.3.3 The test results of water sample 61

4.3.4 The test results of soil sample 64

PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 67

5.1 CONCLUSIONS 67

5.2 Recommendations 69

REFERENCES 70

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:Chemical components of swine manure with weight from 70-100 kg 12

Table 2:Chemical components of urine of pigs from 70-100 kg 13

Table 3: Composition of pollution and characteristics pig waste water (After cleaning cages) 16

Table 4: Effects of NH3 to people and pigs health 21

Table 5: Effects of H2S to people and pigs healthy 22

Table 6:Location of sampling 36

Table 7: Nelson county Farm Structure and sampling 37

Table 8 :Air Sample Methodology 40

Figure 6: Calculation of emissions and determines biogas tank capacity 56

Table 9: Measurement results in microclimate of Nelson county Pigs Cooperative 58

Table 10: Measuring results, analyze the air in barns of Nelson county Pigs Cooperative 59

Table 11: Results of measuring and analyzing air surrounding area of Nelson county Pigs Cooperative 60

Table 12: Results of measuring, analyzing wastewater production of Nelson county Pigs Cooperative 61

Table 13: Results of measuring, analyzing groundwater of Nelson county Pigs Cooperative 62

Table 14: Results of measurement and analysis of surface water of Nelson county Pigs Cooperative 63 Table 15: Results of measuring and analyzing soil samples of Nelson county Pigs

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Average pigs per litter and per breeding animal- USA 1994-2014 3

Figure 2: Annual litter rate by size of operation United Stated: 1994-2014 4

Figure 3 Septic tank structure 31

Figure 4: UASB tank model 32

Figure 5: Model of waste treatment in Nelson County Pigs cooperative 54

Figure 6: Calculation of emissions and determines biogas tank capacity 56

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

Exponential increases in demand for pork products worldwide has resulted in the construction of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and waste lagoons as means of industrializing production A closer look at hog production of this kind in eastern North Dakota, USA, reveals that while profits are spiraling upward, the burdens of extreme environmental damage and health hazards are shouldered disproportionately by minority communities and the rural poor Leaders of the Environmental Justice movement struggle to defend their communities and capture the attention of the general public

People love pigs, and pigs create waste An increase in global demand for pork products has driven a trend of concentration and industrialization in hog production worldwide, creating pockets of densely packed pig farms Meanwhile, one hog can produce as much as four to eight times the feces as a human being The combination of these factors leads to an environmental and human health crisis that now plagues many rural communities

This is the story of the eastern coastal plain region of the state of North Dakota

in the USA, which has become a hog-production haven At 9-10 million strong, the population of the pig herd here outnumbers residents; the flat, sandy landscape is speckled with ‘lagoons’, which are literally pools of hog waste the size of football fields These lagoons have become emblems of the painful decades-long fight for local residents, primarily African Americans and rural poor, to defend their communities from crippling air and water pollution

These all above reasons tell us why pig industrial is very important now a day They develop very fast and heavy effect to environment too The question here is how

to good combine between environment and benefit It is not different things, it barely two side of one problem To get higher economy benefit, the farm not only should care about the diet, reproduction or health management but also should care about environment In opposite way, if good environment will ensure for Sustainable Development in long term, prevent the diseases, get high quality of pork

To find out the relationship between environment and pig growth I conducted research

projects:“Assessment of how environmental factor can effect to the pig growth in

Nelson county pigs cooperative, Lakota, North Dakota, United State”

1.2 Objectives of the study

- Surveying the status of waste in pig farming is applied at the ranches

- Assess the level of pollution by livestock activities at the camp through environmental indicators

- Dedicate the diseases of the sows, piglets Then find out the relationships with around environment

1.3 The significance of the thesis

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1, Overview of the United States Hog Industry impact

2.1.1 United States Hog Industry

The efficiency of the United States breeding herd increased significantly from

1994 through 2012 However, due to the effects of the Porcine Diarrhea Virus (PEDv), the average number of pigs per breeding animal declined in 2013 and 2014 The average number of annual pigs per breeding herd animal (including sows, gilts and boars) was 19.5 in 2014, down from 19.8 in 2013, but up from 18.7 in 2008 The steady increase in the average number of pigs per breeding animal prior to 2013 was due to the increase in the number of litters per sow per year and the increase in litter rates

Figure 1 Average pigs per litter and per breeding animal- USA 1994-2014

Producers were able to increase pig crop while decreasing breeding herd and farrowings as a percent of the total inventory until the introduction of PEDv to the domestic herd in 2013 The average utilization of breeding females was 49 percent in

2014, up from 42 percent in 1994, but down from 50 percent in 2012 The size of the annual domestic pig crop increased 13 percent between 1994 and 2014 while the number of farrowings decreased 7 percent during the same period The influence of

large operations, those with inventories of 5,000 or more hogs and pigs, on the United States annual litter rate has increased greatly since 1994 During that year, the average number of pigs weaned on operations with less than 5,000 head was 8.00 The average number weaned on all operations was 8.19 pigs per litter and the average on operations with 5,000 or more head was 8.73 By 2008, operations with 5,000 or more head weaned 9.48 pigs per litter while the average for all operations was 9.41 and the average for operations with less than 5,000 head was 8.93 pigs per litter For the 2014 production year, operations with 5,000 or more head weaned 9.97 pigs per litter while the national average was 9.93 pigs per litter and operations with less than 5,000 head weaned 9.41 pigs per litter Historically, the majority of the annual pig crop was produced on operations with fewer than 5,000 hogs and pigs By 1996, due to industry consolidation and the loss of many small operations, the percentages of the annual pig crop raised by operations with fewer than 5,000 head and by operations with at least 5,000 head were near equilibrium

Figure 2: Annual litter rate by size of operation United Stated: 1994-2014

For the 2014 production year, 93 percent of the annual pig crop was produced

on operations with at least 5,000 head, up from 27 percent in 1994 and up from 88 percent in 2008 From information collected for the 2012 Census of Agriculture, only

5 percent of hog and pig operations had 5,000 or more head, but accounted for 68 percent of the nation’s inventory Conversely, 95 percent of operations had fewer than 5,000 head, but accounted for only 32 percent of the inventory Producers have increased production of total hogs and pigs over the last 20 years while decreasing the size of the breeding herd The breeding herd accounted for 12 percent of the total United States hogs and pigs inventory in 1994, but only accounted for 9 percent in

2014 From 1994 to 2014 the total United States hogs and pigs inventory increased 7 percent while the breeding herd decreased 19 percent Iowa continues to be the largest pork producing state in the country As of December 1, 2014, Iowa accounted for 31.4% of the total United States hog and pig inventory North Carolina (13.0%), Minnesota (12.0%), Illinois (6.9%) 2 Overview of the United States Hog Industry (October 2015) USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service and Indiana (5.5%) round out the top five pork producing states The hog Market Year Average price was

at or below $50 every year between 1998 and 2009 before increasing to $76.50 in

2014 The corn market year average price increased from $2.00 per bushel in 2005 to

$6.89 per bushel in 2012 This resulted in a marketing year hog to corn ratio of 9.3 for

2012 The market year average price per bushel of corn in 2014 was $3.65 leading to a marketing year hog to corn ratio of 21.0 for 2014 compared to a ratio of 11.6 in 2008 Federally Inspected slaughter weights and dressing percentages have increased steadily for the last twenty years In 1994, Federally Inspected live weights averaged

256 pounds per head Dressed weights averaged 185 pounds resulting in an annual dressing percentage of 72 percent For 2014, the average live weight had increased to

285 pounds while the average dressed weight increased to 214 pounds This resulted in

an average annual dressing percentage of 75 percent A product of increased slaughter weights and increased Market Year Average prices for hogs and pigs is an increased value per head Although there has been fluctuation in the value per head, it has trended higher since 2008 The average value per head of all hogs and pigs in 2008 was $88.74 This resulted in a total value of 5.95 billion dollars for all hogs and pigs raised in the United States during that production year The average value per head increased to $143.93 in 2014, resulting in a total value of 9.52 billion dollars for all hogs and pigs raised in the United States during that production year Gross income for United States hog and pig producers increased from 16.1 billion dollars in 2008 to 26.5 billion dollars in 2014 Additionally, gross income for meat animals (hogs and cattle) increased from 64.9 billion dollars in 2008 to 108.3 billion dollars in 2014 Live imports into the United States continue to be important to the domestic hog industry, but have declined significantly since 2008 Imports of all hogs and pigs into the United States during 2014 totaled 4.9 million head, down 51 percent from the peak in 2007 (Source: USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service) Feeder pig imports from Canada during 2014 accounted for 3.9 million head, or 79.5 percent of the total 2014 imports into the United States (Source: USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service) The feeder pig imports accounted for approximately 15 percent of Canada’s annual pig crop (Source: Statistics Canada, Agricultural Division) These feeder pigs, if produced domestically, would require about 3 percent more breeding herd annually in the United

States The majority of the annual hogs and pigs disposition is made up of marketings, which include custom slaughter for use on farms where produced and State out shipments, but exclude interfarm sales within the State Marketing for the 2014 production year were 148.3 million head, up 47 percent from 101.1 million head in

1994 but down slightly from 148.8 million head in 2008

2.1.2 Effects of pollution in livestock to humans and the environment

Each year livestock industry emits about 75-85 million tons of waste, which has

an impact on the environment and human health in many ways: causing pollution of surface water, groundwater, atmosphere, environmental soil and agricultural products This is the cause of many diseases of the respiratory, digestive, because the waste contains disease-causing microorganisms and eggs

World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that if no measures for the collection and disposal of animal waste in a satisfactory manner will greatly affect human health, animals, and pollute the environment seriously Especially the variant virus from diseases like foot and mouth disease, blue ear disease, swine flu can spread quickly and can kill many people According to the final report of the Institute of Animal Husbandry, H2S and NH3 gas concentrations in livestock waste higher than allowed about 30-40 times

Environment is polluted by the decay of organic matter present in pig manure and wastewater After the waste discharge out of the body of pigs, the gases immediately soar, livestock emissions included many gases mixture, including over 40 kinds of odors, H2S and NH3 are mainly In anaerobic conditions combined with the presence of bacteria in manure and wastewater occurs the reduction of sulphate ions

(SO42-) of sulfur (S2) In normal conditions, the H2S is one of the causes of the color and odor problems

The control of livestock waste is an urgent management levels, manufacturers and community’s compulsory interest to: limit pollution, protect human health, residential landscaping, as well as not to stifle the development of the industry

2.1.3 Policy aspects:

The policy makers should be concerned about the low level of caloric consumption; they could hardly have access to livestock products The greatest risks to human health arising from livestock products in developing countries ,which stems from the animal-borne diseases, such as Avian Influenza, Salmonella, bacterial infections from the use un safety of foods, the pesticide and antibiotic residues of the food chain in the production process The impact of Revolution Livestock on the environment is the anxiety Livestock have a special contribution to the sustainability

of the environment, combined with the cultivation system makes the appropriate balance between intensive farming and livestock In these systems, livestock provides manure and animal waste water to sustain intensive crop production Livestock large scale in the suburbs is necessary to meet the needs of meat and milk to the city, but will lead to discoloration of the grass fields and issues of environmental pollution The policy is also encourages livestock concentration and reduce deforestation for cultivation in order to protect producers and consumers from having to pay the price for environmental degradation In intensive systems of agriculture, a large amount of greenhouse gases and the waste gas during breeding can endanger the environment

Pollution problems are rarely reflected in the financial costs of the producers and consumers

Livestock Revolution will inevitably occur But the shift in future nutrition of the developing countries is driven by the pressure of income, population growth, and urban development, which will leave a narrow space to develop policies to change demand for products of animal However, policies that help shape the livestock revolution to bring as much benefit as possible for a large proportion of the poor in society To do so, the policy makers must focus on four main issues the following:

- Small-scale Livestock must be closely associated with the slaughter and processing of marketer for perishable food A group of the poor have access to loans for production such as credit and refrigeration equipment, knowledge and information

on how to prevent infection The cooperation between small producers and large-scale processors would combine the environmental benefits and poverty reduction of manufacturing small-scale livestock By this way, that wills suitable between economic interests and the interests of human health The process of large-scale processing of livestock contributes to protecting human health

- The policy of creating favorable conditions for the merger of small farmers is

to produce commodities by amending the gaps in policies arising from the economic model of virtualization, such as the allowance for credit and large-scale grazing land Establish partnerships between the public sector and private breeding to develop the technology and production experience accumulated in order to minimize the risk of disease transmission from animal to human Risks may occur when a large number of livestock producers are small-scale slaughtering and processing on the same

establishments Special attention should be paid to raising productivity and health problems, including post-harvest processing and marketing

- Need to develop mechanisms to address adjustment problems and environmental health arising during breeding Must have mandatory regulations for livestock facilities apply the technology to protect the environment and public health Above all, these small-scale farmers must seize this opportunity Lack of enforcement

of the policy will not be able to stop the revolution in farming, but that policy would

be less beneficial for growth, for poverty reduction and sustainable development in the developing countries

Source of livestock waste

- Sediment from the canals, waste pits

=> All animal waste is managed without control will affect animal health and human

2.2 COMPONENTS, CHARACTERISTICS PIG LIVESTOCK WASTE

Livestock waste is typical wastes containing organic matter, microbiological organisms in feces, urine and other waste items from livestock operations Volume, composition and properties of waste depend on the type, growth stage, nutrition mode and method of cleaning cages They exist in the form of liquid and solid, if no effective treatment measures, they can pollute the surrounding environment

2.2.1 Feces of swine

Fecal waste products after the digestion of livestock are excreted Because of the rich organic matter, they are biodegradable the toxins, when released into the environment can affect health livestock, human and other organisms Components of the feces include:

+ Organic matter: the proteins, carbohydrates, fats and their products exchanged

+ Inorganic substances: polyminerals compounds containing Ca, P, and the microelements or heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Pb, Co, Mn, Mg,

+ Water: Water accounts for 65-80% of the fresh weight feces Due to content

of highly water and rich in nutrients, so feces is environment for microorganisms growth and decomposition of organic matter that make up the product that causing environmental pollution

+ Residues of the feed supplement for livestock as growth drugs, hormones, antibiotic,…

+ The digestive enzymes of the animal itself;

+ The biological pathogens: bacteria, parasites;

Components of feces may vary depending on factors such as nutrition regime and stages of animal development

Table 1:Chemical components of swine manure with weight from 70-100 kg.

Source: Truong Thanh Canh and collaborators, 1997-1998

Every day, the volume of feces from pigs accounts for 5 to 6% of body weight Weight pigs from 10-45 kg can be discharged from 1- 3 kg feces Pork has 45 -100 kg weight discharged from 3-5 kg feces (Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly, 1994)

1.2.2 Urine

Urine is excreted by the animals; the main ingredient is mainly water (accounting for over 99% of the total volume of urine) Among them, the amount of nitrogen with high content (mainly under the form of urea) and other substances such as volume of minerals, hormones, pigments and many byproducts of the metabolism of the animal Urea in urine is easy to decompose in the presence of oxygen, so when excreted from the body will evaporates in the air causes the unpleasant odor

Table 2:Chemical components of urine of pigs from 70-100 kg.

Source: Truong Thanh Canh and collaborators, 1997-1998

Urine components are varies depending on the type of animal, age, nutrition regime and climatic conditions Swine with quantities from 10-45 kg release to environment from 0.7 to 2 kg urine each day Pigs from 45-100 kg weight environmental discharged from 2-4 kg of urine (Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly, 1994)

If urine is used as fertilizer for crops, they are nutrient-rich source of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements readily absorbed by the plants

2.2.3 Livestock waste water

Waste water is from urine, water washing cages, livestock bathing water, in part

or in whole volume of pet waste Livestock waste water containing suspended solids, inorganic and organic substances, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements, and a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, parasites, fungi

The concentration of pollutants in waste water of the livestock depends on the composition of the feces, food spillage volume, extent and Method collection of feces, water volume used for animal bathing and cleaning cages

2.2.4 Death pigs

The death is due to disease So, they are dangerous waste, easily spread diseases If not being handled properly, they can decompose forming toxins; pathogens survive in the soil or spread in the air causes affecting the health of human, animals and environment When Pig dies, need to take a quick handling, proper technique Barns, where animals have died need hygiene and disinfection with lime or specialized chemicals

2.2.5 Excess Food, bedding and other wastes

Some livestock barns usually use as straw, sawdust, or other fillers to the bedding After a period of use, these wastes can followed by the feces; urine and other pathogenic microorganisms follow them and be disposed outside environment Although not large quantities, but if we do not control, waste and pathogens can spread out environments

Leftover food also contributes to environmental pollution Most of the ingredients are nutritional substances found in bran, cereals, fish meal, shrimp, shells, minerals, they are easy to decompose in the natural environment generate unpleasant odors, affect the growth of livestock, human and surrounding environment

2.2.6 Livestock materials, veterinary specimens

Items such as livestock or veterinary packaging, needle, storage containers of food, veterinary drugs, after use, they are removed They are also the source which easy to pollute environment Special veterinary specimens, disinfectant, drug packages are containing hazardous components, the need to take measures such as treatment hazardous waste

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE

The livestock sector is the sector likely to cause environmental pollution Animal waste with higher levels amount of pollutants such as organic substances easily biodegradable, substances such as nitrogen nutrient, phosphorus, minerals, microbes, pathogens, if they have not been control, or treatment, which will impact

on the environment They can impact directly through food contamination, spread of pathogens, altering soil ecology, water

2.3.1 Impacts to water environment

Most livestock wastewater generated by the process of cleaning cages, bathing cattle Livestock waste water can impact on the water environment through two major roads:

- Waste water be discharged untreated directly into canals, ponds, pollute surface water

- Waste water flowing on the ground, dispersed pollutants into underground water Animal waste entering the water source will change the pH of the water, increasing absorption capacity and physical chemistry of water, increase content of heavy metals, reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen and increases the risk factor sick

In addition, animal excreta increase nutritional quality, such as nitrogen, phosphorus in the water, causing eutrophication phenomenon affecting aquatic life in the water environment The degree of contamination depends on the volume of waste water, the ability to self-cleaning of the receiving water or diluted total flow

Table 3: Composition of pollution and characteristics pig waste water

(After cleaning cages)

Source: Truong Thanh Canh.2006

To assess the level of water pollution, we use the indicators COD, BOD 5, TSS, NTotal, PTotal, pH, coliform,

2.3.2 Impacts to soil environment

Livestock waste contains a large amount of organic matter nitrogen, phosphorus This is a rich fertilizer for plants, if applied to soil to increase fertility If fertilizer is not reasonable, they will accumulate saturated or supersaturated soil causing ecological imbalance in the soil, soil degradation This is also a source of pollution which is causing environmental degradation soil and reducing crop yields

• The typical pollutant compounds:

Nitrogen-containing compounds: NO3 -, NO2, NH4 +, N2, N2O2 These compounds contain large proportion of fertilizer derived from animal waste to soil

When the source of surplus nitrogen in the soil, increases the NH3 to the atmosphere and increase the penetration of nitrogen into the underground water Excess amount of nitrogen are converted to nitrate, nitrate concentrations make higher soil toxic to soil micro-organisms as well as crops And create favorable conditions for microbial favorable with nitrogen, phosphorus development, and limited category of other microorganisms, causing loss of soil ecosystems On the other hand, eutrophication phenomena in soil chemistry led to eutrophication of underground water

The compounds containing phosphorus: phosphorus compounds include inorganic and organic

Phosphorus in the soil is capable of combining with the elements Ca, Cu, Al, into the complexity substance, difficult to resolve, making the soil barren, affect the student leader and development of plants

Also, the addition of growth stimulants (a heavy metal) in pet food ingredients

is dangerous When these substances are discharged with feces and urine, which can lead to accumulation of a large amount of these metals in the soil If prolonged, these metals will accumulate alter physicochemical properties, destroying soil structure, poor soil, restricting plant development On the other hand, if these metals are absorbed by crops, they can accumulate in the fruit, stems, leaves, and finally directly affect human

Animal wastes are discharged directly into the soil Under the rain, water infiltration through the soil into underground water circuit, contamination of underground water

2.3.3 Impacts to air environment

Based on the toxicity of gas, divided into the following groups:

- Group 1: The irritating gas

These include: H2S, NH3, indole, phenol, skatol at highly concentration Group gases are causing injury respiratory and lungs, especially causing injury of respiratory mucosa Also, NH3 phenomenon also causes visual stimulation, reduced vision

- Group 2: The asphyxiation gas

The choking gases are merely CO2 and CH4 These gases physiologically inert However, if inhaled in high concentrations will reduce the ability of the process

to receive oxygen and causing respiratory asphyxia phenomenon

The gas like CO is chemical asphyxia they associated with hemoglobin which causes blood to prevent the procurement process or the use of oxygen to tissues

- Group 3: The anesthetic gases

Representative groups are hydrocarbons, have little or no influence impacting the lungs but are absorbed into the bloodstream, it works as the anesthetic pharmaceutical practices

- Group 4: inorganic or organic volatile

These substances include toxic elements and compounds volatile They create the gas, so there are many different effects after being absorbed into the body, such as the concentration of H2S in acute

2.3.3.2 Impact gas, dust in the air in the livestock area

• The impact of smell

Livestock odor is mainly due to the combination of many types of emissions released into the air Many cases of variety gas combined with dust which rising odor level and maintain time

The smell from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter derived from protein, lipid, carbohydrate in feces, urine, food waste, byproducts of food processing for livestock Also, the smell also arise from dead animals not yet processed, the smell from spraying disinfectant or barns where manure store

The level of odor impacts on the surrounding environment depends on the basin and waste management storage, temperature, humidity, wind, animal density and diet

of the animals

To assess the level of air pollution caused by animal waste, we are usually concerned NH3 and H2S These are two major gaseous smells which generated by the anaerobic decomposition by microorganisms

• The impact due to emissions

The emissions are generated by the decomposition of waste They exist and move in the barn When poor ventilation of barns is humidity, high temperatures in a cage increased concentrations of toxic gases And the toxic gas if not handled well, they can emit into the surrounding environment by wind

Characterization of some harmful gases in the barn

• Ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen containing gases

Ammonia is produced by the decomposition of nitrogen compounds in the feces and urine of animals In the composition of the piss contains urea after off environment They mixed with feces and fast are the distribution of microorganisms in degraded to ammonia

Table 4: Effects of NH3 to people and pigs health

Human

6ppm-20ppm Eye irritation, respiratory discomfort

1720ppm-(<30 min) Coughing, convulsions, may die 700ppm(<60 min) Immediately itching in the eyes, nose and

throat 5000-1000ppm Trouble breathing and rapidly suffocating,

by reflex spasm throat, pulmonary hemorrhage, fainting due to asphyxia,

may die

pigs

breathed long easy to cause pneumonia and other diseases of the respiratory

300ppm Immediately itchy nose, mouth, hard of

breath

Source: Truong Thanh Canh, 2010

NH3 is a colorless gas with an odor smell and freely soluble in water and create stimulating

In the air, in high concentrations, NH3 can irritate the lining of the eyes, nose, and increased secretion If the concentration is too high that will easily cause pneumonia Blood, NH3 will make stuck, inhibit oxygen transport in the blood Making hypoxic cells

- H2S gas

Is a colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs They are created from the reduction of sulfur-containing compounds in the feces and piss According to research showed olfactory organs of human beings can perceive from 0.01 to 0.7 ppm and the concentration of odor-causing heavy concentrations of 3-5 ppm

Table 5: Effects of H2S to people and pigs healthy

pigs

20ppm-long time Afraid of the light, loss of appetite,

signs of not normal neurological

Source: Truong Thanh Canh, 2010

H2S is a toxic gas When exposed to a small amount can cause difficulty breathing, purple skin, convulsions and can kill people The mechanism is mainly due

to H2S irritates the mucous membranes, respiratory edema; pulled the cell metabolism and ultimately act on the central nervous system Also, when H2S enters the blood will mix with iron in hemoglobin as inability to transport oxygen in the blood

- Carbon dioxide (CO2)

CO2 are generated during animal’s respiration and the decomposition of waste CO2 gas is colorless, odorless, non-flammable In normal air, if CO2 concentrations ranging from 0.3-0.4% When exposed to CO2 concentrations of 3-5% will cause headaches, vomiting At a concentration of 10% can cause loss of consciousness and may cause people to die

- Methane Gas

Methane gas is colorless, odorless, and flammable It is a product of the oxidation gas from anaerobic microbial organic matter in livestock waste Methane is a greenhouse gas with a strong ability to destroy the ozone layer At a concentration of 40,000 mg / m3 Methane will cause seizures, headaches and vomiting At concentrations of 60,000 will cause heart disorders and can be fatal

However, if we collected methane can be used in energy purposes

may fall into the psychological state of tension, health With great concentration exceeds 85 dB can cause hearing disable

• Impacts by dust

In air cages have always existed particles are composed of solid or liquid dispersion of livestock activities They can arise from animals bodies, from the food, waste, from cleaning cages

Our main ingredients include of dust, gases and microorganisms followed According to Truong Thanh Canh (2010), The commonest microorganism is Stapilococi and Streoptococi (up 80%), mold, fungi and yeast (1%) and bacteria (0.5%) When human exposure to dust through the respiratory, they invade the lungs causing shortness of breath, cough, headache, pneumonia

2.4 OVERALL OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT

2.4.1 Collection

Feces and urine after excreted by swine will be collected from the barn as soon

as possible, to avoid the microbial decomposition of feces and urine odors generated, avoiding dispersal into the environment and cause dirty pets At the same time, create conditions for insects, flies and mosquitoes transmit diseases to people and animal

Depending on the type of livestock, livestock scales or waste treatment methods will have different collection methods The best method is to separate solid fractions flushed before bathing your pet or stables Thus, the concentration of pollutants in waste water is much lower than the crates washing poultry farms not yet separate collection

The bedding material must be collected and processed solid such as the separation Dead carcasses, veterinary diseases or persistent solid waste should be collected separately and handled according to regulations on veterinary hygiene

2.4.2 Properly stored and preserved

The waste storage basin for the purpose of preventing the spread of environmental feces, reduce odors and stable component in the feces of organic matter Depending on the type of feces, scale farming, breeding conditions and the intended use of the facility where waste facilities while keeping file of and keeping file of different feces Often where feces is keeping file of pits, settling tanks, dump feces, pond, keeping feces separately from livestock farms, housing and supplies water which not affect the animal health and human Must be sealed to avoid emission of odors, pathogens and incurred flies, mosquitoes,

2.4.3 Transportation

Waste after it is collected, stored at the livestock facility, which will be transported to where they are used as fertilizer for plants, fish feed or transport to processing establishments as no construction waste treatment system

When transportation must use the dedicated car, have lids to avoid waste and odor emissions to the outside

2.4.4 Livestock waste treatment

2.4.4.1 Physical methods

Physical methods are used to separate the solid from the liquid by collection of feces and waste water or the solid part can be separated from the mixture of animal waste water by using parallel methods such as trash, sedimentation, centrifugation,

filtration, drying, After separating from the mixture of solid components feces, waste water components included in waste water treatment systems The resulting solid is used as fertilizer, fuel, algae,

2.4.4.2 Chemical methods

Because of livestock waste water also contains organic substances, inorganic substances which have granular form, hard settling, difficult to split by the normal mechanical methods for time-consuming and ineffective So to remove these from waste water, can be used as flocculation agents alum (alumium sulphate), alkaline iron (ferric sulfate, ferric chloride), lime, flocculation auxiliaries increases the deposition

of solid particles and colloidal particles in the liquid mixture

Flocculation method also can be removed P (existed form- PO43)- by precipitate AlPO4 and FePO4

This method eliminates most of the contaminants are present in livestock waste water However, high processing costs, apply this method to treat livestock waste water is not economically efficient

2.4.4.3 Biological methods

Livestock waste contains more nutrition; their components easily decompose in the environment So animal feces are often treated with biological methods Biological methods are often widely used in practice because the cost of treatment is low, does not require high technology, pathogens are destroyed and we can use of the products after processing

Wastewater Treatment

Waste water is a mixture including multiple component mixtures of solid and liquid, they can include feces, feathers, litter, urine, animal bathing water, food spillage So waste water contain contaminants with high volume levels

There are many methods to eliminate or transform the contaminant in the water

so that the water after treatment to meet environmental standards before discharge into the receiving water

Depending on the financial conditions, production scale, waste water components that livestock owners can choose one or combine several methods appropriately

1 Handling of wastewater in natural conditions

The basis of this method is based on the self-cleaning ability of the soil and water Using the natural systems in fields such as further maintenance, leach field, biological pond, fishpond However the limitations of this method is the poultry farms have to nearby fields, ponds, lakes or must be large enough to arrange for the construction

- Biological pond

In biological pond always existed creatures such as algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoa When waste will be diverted into the pond, a large proportion of substances will settle to the bottom, the organic section for a small proportion of water will float

In the upper surface of the water The presence of dissolved oxygen in the water, aerobic microorganisms will decompose the pollutants strongly The organic matter decomposes quickly into CO2, nitrites, nitrates, salts, phosphorus and which are used

by algae for biological processes and their development At the bottom of the pond where the lower activity of anaerobic microorganisms and in the middle of the pond is the activity of the microorganisms can resolve styled substrate anaerobic or aerobic

- Benefits of the biological pond:

- Ponds can combine for aquaculture

- Algae as feed for livestock

- Source of further maintenance water storage basin for plants

- Does not require much capital investment

- Maintenance operation is simple, not requiring people to manage regularly

- Make use of ponds, natural pools

2 Wastewater treatment in artificial conditions

Wastewater Treatment in aerobic conditions

The principle of the method is the use of aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in the waste water of dissolved oxygen Microbial activity in the process includes nutrition activities: use of organic matter, the source of N, P, along with other minerals to the extent of the amount to build new cells, development of biomass Decomposition activity: microbial oxidized organic matter into water, CO2 and other gases

The advantages of this method is highly effective and radically treatment Disadvantages are: occupying a large area; construction costs, high investment and operating equipment; needs more energy; no energy recovery

- Aerotank method

Aerotank is artificial to treat waste water using aerobic activated sludge In Aerotank, pump air continuously be provided through the system of gas in the tank Aerobic microorganisms in activated sludge utilizing nutritional substances in the waste water to use for survival and biomass production Also decomposition organic matter is suspended in the wastewater to form H2O, CO2 Factors affecting the cleaning ability of Aerotank wastewater is:

- The volume of dissolved oxygen in the water: oxygen for microbial growth and decomposition of organic matter

- Nutritional composition of organisms: Noting source of nitrogen, phosphorus According to Tran Hieu Nhue (2001) nutritional substances necessary for microbial BOD: N: P = 100: 5: 1

- Toxic substances in wastewater: cause inhibition of microbial life

- PH of wastewater: suitable pH is from 6.5 to 8.5

- Temperature: the temperature of the waste water treatment Item 6 - 37 ° C, preferably 15 - 35oC

- The concentration of suspended solids in suspension: no more than 150mg / l

• biological filter tank

Biological filter tank is wastewater treatment equipment using microbial adhesion

In the biological filter material layer is designed like filter membranes which are covered with microorganisms Microbial membranes in the filter material are higher activity of microorganisms in the mud

The adhesion of microorganisms on the filter material consists of aerobic bacteria, anaerobic and arbitrary, fungi, algae and protozoa Microorganisms oxidize organic matter in waste water Aerobic microorganisms consume the outer layer of oxygen diffusion amount of oxygen permeability before inside So close to the surface

of the substrate, anaerobic environment is formed When the membrane thickness, organic matter decomposes completely in the outer layer, microbial life near the surface of the substrate shortage may cost, quality nutrition leads to the intracellular decomposition and loss of adhesion lead to separation is out of the price Microbial membrane separated from the substrate more or less depending on the organic load and hydraulic load Hydraulic load velocity affect membrane washed, organic loading rate affect metabolism in the mucosa Of treated water are collected through collection system placed inside the lower water This water collection system is structured to facilitate empty of circulatory air in the tank Once out of the tank, waste water into 2nd clarifier to eliminate microbial membrane separated from the substrate

- RBC (Rotating Biological Contactors)

RBC consists of a circular disc, flat consecutively ranked by polystyrene or PVC are placed close together and mounted on a steel shaft Discs are immersed partly

in wastewater and turns at slow speeds (1-3 cycles / min) During operation, the membrane microorganisms are forming on the surface of the disc When the disk rotates, the disk blocks membrane exposed to organic matter in waste water and oxygen from the air Also, when creating shear forces to remove microbial membranes which no longer stick and keep them in the form of suspended particles

Treatment of wastewater in anaerobic conditions

The principle of this method is the use of anaerobic microorganisms and facultative microorganisms to decompose organic matter in the waste water at the absence of oxygen, with a suitable temperature and pH The final product is a mixture

of CH4 (65%), CO2, N2, H2, General diagram of the anaerobic process: (CHO) n CO2 + H2O + NS → NH4 + CH4 + H2 + H2S + Microbiology cell

Septic Tanks

Septic tanks are kind of an anaerobic treatment simplest treatment In the tank, anaerobic microorganisms grow and develop inside the tank, the decomposition of organic matter in waste water used for energy purposes and new cell proliferation However, in some septic tanks, the microbial decomposition occurs naturally, without the ability to mix up the distribution of microorganisms in the waste water is irregular

So low processing efficiency In addition, waste water flows in the tank only once time, which cannot reuse microbial biomass in the outcome, so reducing waste and effluent water quality Septic tanks can apply for farmers with small quantity, no condition to build biogas

Figure 3 Septic tank structure