RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID RICE IN VIETNAM

1.Historical of hybrid rice development -1980-1983 ; Rice breeders started to introduced and evaluated A and B line from IRRI At CLRRI and VASI -1992 Vietnam Introduced F1 seeds from Chi

*Nguyen Tri Hoan , Le Quoc Thanh Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences

* Pham Dong Quang Minister Of Agriculture and Rural Development *Ngo Van giao

Vietnam Seed Trade Association *Duong thanh Tai

Southern Joint-stock Seed Company

Role of agriculture in Vietnam’s economy

Vietnam is predominantly an agricultural economy, based on paddy rice production Among the other edible crops, maize, sweet potato, cassava, vegetables are most important Rubber, coffee, tea, coconut, sugarcane are the most important industrial plants

Vietnam is an agriculture-based country with more than 73% of population depending on the agriculture

Rice is the most important crop with cultivated area is 7,6 million ha, maize 1.2 mil ha; Almost rice variety are inbred ones, hybrid varieties accounting for around 700,000 ha.

7.2-Rice variety improvement is on the top of priority for rice research during last two decades

A chivements in rice production in Vietnam during

Year Area

(1000 ha)

Yield (ton/ha)

Production (1000 tons)

Year Rice exported

Quantity(mili ton) Value (mil.USD) Price (USD)/ton

2 Investment, especially in irrigation system

3 Application of advanced technologies

New rice improved varieties:

- 149 varieties from 1986 to 2005

- 45,1% VN rice varieties were applied in the production New advanced technologies widely applied: INM, IPM, ICM, “3 giam 3 tang”, …

Hybrid rice: 600.000 - 700.000 ha/year

II PROGRESS IN HYBRID RICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN

VIETNAM

1.Historical of hybrid rice development

-1980-1983 ; Rice breeders started to introduced and evaluated A and B line from IRRI At CLRRI and VASI

-1992 Vietnam Introduced F1 seeds from China for testing and

demonstration in the farmers fields

+ MARD gave subsidized fund for hybrid rice seed production and

hybrid rice commercial production.

+ FAO supported Vietnam TCP Project provided training rice breeding

in China, Provided International consultant on seed production and hybrid rice breeding, provided some equipments for hybrid rice

research

-1996-2000 :

+:Second TCP Project supported by FAO for seed production and training

at IRRI and China

+ ADB/IRRI Hybrid rice Project supported for Parental lines purification and Hybrid rice breeding

+Hybrid rice breeding and seed parent purification Funded by MARD MARD gave subsidized fund for hybrid rice seed production

-2001-2015 :

+ Hybrid rice Research project funding by MARD (80.000-10.000 USD pêr

year)

+Local hybrids ( 3 lines and 2 line hybrids) have been developed and

released for F1 seed production

+ 2000- 3000 ha of hybrid rice seed production have been done per year with the yield of 2-2.5 tons/ha obtained

2, Status and trend of hybrid rice development 2.1, Progress of hybrid rice research

2.1.1,Exploitation of imported CMS lines and Developed new CMS lines for breeding suitable 3 line hybrids

* IR 58025 A developed by IRRI

2.1.2, Results of developing new tropical

TGMS lines in Vietnam

 The new TGMS lines had stable

pollen sterility under critical

temperature of 23-24oC, uniform

in phenotype combined with good

combining ability were developed

viz AMS30S

(827S),T196S,103S,TGMS1

 Some newly developed TGMS lines

have been used as female of

promising two line hybrids viz

VL20, TH3-3, TH3-4, HC1, TH5-1,

HYT103, HYT102, VL24 HYT108,

LHD5 and LHD6

2.1.3, Developed new TGMS based on adapted maintainer line and restorer lines of 3 line hybrids

Aimed:

 Overcome instability of some exiting CMS

 Limited number of available CMS lines for 3 line hybrid system.

 Exploiting good flower characteristics, good combining of exiting parental lines

Parental lines used :

 4 TGMS lines were CL64S, 7S, CN26S,

TG125S

 Maintainer lines were II-32B, Jin 23B,

IR62829B, BoB, IR58025B, 97B,

 Restorer lines were Gui99, Ce64, Fuhui838.

Table 4: Characteristics of newly developed

TGMS lines derived from exiting CMS lines

TGMS

lines

Duration

to heading (days)

Plant height (cm)

2.1.4, Results of development for parental

lines having WC gene

 The conventional high yielding varieties, adapted to

Vietnamese condition as Xi23, Q5, Chiem77, R242, BM9855 etc… were used as male to cross with donor having WC gene viz Peiai 64S, N22, Palawan, Dular, Calotoc, Lambayeque1, Moroberecan.

 Single crosses were done and selection for parental lines

followed 2 directions:

 (i) Select fertile plant in segregating generation

to male parent having WC gene

 (ii) Selected sterile plants in segregating

generations of single crosses or in back crossing generations.

Table 6 : Characteristics of newly developed TGMS

having WC gene (HRDC, 2005 - 2010)

Characters

spring summer spring summer spring summer spring summer

-Selection of male lines containing WC

Along with observation and study in field, leaves of the male lines were collected to analyse AND by using PCR reaction with molecular marker RM225, RM253, linked with WC gene which was determined in the previous study

Using 2 molecular markers RM225 and RM253 to select lines which bring QTL/WC gene, showed in figure 21, 22 following:

Combination two analyses result with two marker RM225 and RM 253, we obtained 16 perpective male lines which absolutely contain

WC gene: D16-3, D27, D18-3, D22, D27-5, D14, D25-2, D1-5, D17, D16-1, D16-6, D26, D19, D52, D46 và D67

Ch ara.s

Hybrid

Duratio

n (day)

Plant height(

cm )

Pan.no/

m 2

Filled rain no//Pan.

Sterile rate(%) P1000 (gr) yield(To Theory

ns/ha)

Actual yield(Tons/ ha)

Table 9: Yields for promising super

hybridrice(Indica/japonica),on the Spring 2014 at

Daklak,Taynguyen

2.1.5,Diseases and insects resistance study

* Studies on disease resistance

* Determine the existence of molecular markers linked to the bacterial leaf blight resistance genes

Check the existence of molecular markers (MM) linked to the bacterial leaf blight resistance genes Extracting AND and analyzing PCR products to determine the diversity of parental lines:

* Two molecular markers (STS_MP1, MP2) linked to the bacterial leaf blight resistance gene Xa4

* One molecular marker (RG556) linked to the bacterial leaf blight resistance gene xa5

* One molecular marker (P3) linked to the bacterial leaf blight resistance gene Xa7

* Two molecular markers (PTA818, PTA248) linked to the bacterial leaf blight resistance gene Xa21

Molecular marker linked to gene Xa7

(STS – P3)

Figure 2: PCR products of gene Xa7 from parental lines,

F1, F2 of IR24 x IRBB7

IR24 BB21 F1 Quần thể phân ly F2

IR24 BB21 RR RR Rr rr rr rr Rr rr

IR24 xa5 Rr rr rr Rr RR rr rr RR

Figure 6: Hình ảnh lây nhiễm nhân

tạo chủng 4 trên gen Xa21

Figure 5: : PCR products of gene Xa21 from parental

lines, F1, F2 of IR24 x IRBB21

Figure 7: Hình ảnh lây nhiễm nhân tạo chủng 4 trên gen xa5

Figure 8: Using molecular marker RM6997 to select lines containing resistant gene.

Lane 1: line SL10, lane 2: line RS, lanes 3-8: line E1, E3, E5, E6, E7, E8

Figure 9: Investigate resistant

level in fields Green area was

E-3 and E-8 line Brow area was

control line which was infected

by BPH

Table 10 : The hybrids resistance to BPH have been developed

3-line hybrids

Ratio of 3-line hybrids (%)

Domestic hybrids

Introduce

d hybrids

Total N0.

3-line hybrids

Ratio

of line hybrid

Table 12: Marjor released rice hybrids for commercial rice production in

Vietnam

Name of Hybrids Season Source Yield (tons/ha) Year released

Boyou903 (3 line) Summer China 6-8 1996

Boyou253 (3 line) Summer China 6-8 2004

Shanyou63 (3 line) Spring China 7-9 1992

Er you 838 (3 line) Spring China 7-8.5 2000

Er you 63 (3 line) Spring China 7-8.5 2000

Sin 6 (3 line) &summer Spring China 7-9 2007

D you 527 (3line) Spring China 7-9 2001

VL20 (2 line)

HC1 (2 line)

Spring&S ummer

Vietnam Vietnam

6-8 6-8

2002 2005

HYT102 (2 line) Spring& Summer Vietnam 7-9 2007

HYT103 (2 line) Spring& Summer Vietnam 7-9 2007

VL24 (2 line) Summer Vietnam 6-7 2006

TH5-1 (2 line) Spring Vietnam 7-8 2006

HYT 83 (3 line) Spring&

HYT92 (3 line) Spring& Summer Vietnam 6.5-8 2005

HYT100 (3 line) Spring & summer Vietnam 6.5-9 2005

LHD 6(2 line) Spring &summer Vietnam 6.5-8.5 2009

HYT108 (2 line) Summer Vietnam 7-9 2010

Table 13: Results of cooperating hybrid rice breeding with the seed

Hai Phong seed company Cuong Tan seed company National Seed Companyy.

Hai Phong sees company HYT 102 2 line hybrid Registrstion Hai Dương seed company

HYT103 2 line hybrid Registrstion Dai Dương seed com pany

SL 8H 3 line hybrid, qulity Registrstion Dai Thanh seed company

HYT1`08 2linehybrid, 2linehybrid, yield high high Registration Thai Binh seed Co., National Seed Companyy.

Eakkar seed center CT16

Cuong Tan seed company HAU

HAU LHD 6 2 line hybrid Registration Hanam seed company

Table 14: Quality analysis of hybrid rice combinations in 2006

(Plant phisiology and biochemistri agro product quality departement –FCRI)

Unpo lishe d rice (%)

Hus ked rice (%)

Whole grain (%)

Grain Lengt h (mm)

Size class Ifica tion

Length /wide

Type of grain

White of Endo derm poit

Pro tein

Amy loza

Poit of alkali destro y

T 0 of star ched

2.2.2 Status of hybrid rice seed production

Hybrid rice seed production in Vietnam

Local extension deparment

Hybrid Rice Research and

Developing Center

Supporting training from

ADB/IRRI project

Add Your Title

spreading F1 seed production

technology

to farmer

2.2.2.1 Strengthen government commitment, policy and final support to promote hybris rice research and development

2.2.2.1 Strengthen government commitment, policy and final support to promote hybris rice research and development

Development have provided resources to support the following research and development activities.

government for approval that will create a base for investment and development.

leading and coordinating hybrid rice research in Vietnam

2005-2010

network of 4 focal point provinces.

 Subsidize policy for hybrid rice seed production.

 The production of hybrid rice seeds in Vietnam is implemented through three steps:

+ First step: Mainly to import seed and domestically producing seed is supplementary.

+ Second step: Domestic seed production would be gradually promoted to balance with the imported seeds

+ Third step: Mainly to produce domestically and importing

is supplementary.

> for F1 hybrid rice producing:

 Training farmers in F1 seed production during last 10 years (1992-2002)

 In early phase, the Government through provincial extension system provide price subsidize policy for farmers in purchasing commercial seeds (30-50% value of the seeds)

Area of F1 seed production

decreased:

Area of F1 seed production

decreased:

• Subsidized fund from government declined to

250 USD/ha and cost of fertilizers increased.

• Crops damaged due to changing climate.

• The cooperatives involved in F1 seed production lead to difficulties to distribute F1 seeds.

• Lack of good cooperation between research and seed production companies.

Month 1

2

TGMS multiplication in the Northen provinces and the Taynguyen provinces.

Seed production for two line hybrid in the south

-F1 seed production in the Northern provinces

TGMS multiplication at moutainous area (Sapa, tam dao, son la)

DIAGRAM: Crop seasons and locations are determined for

seed production of two line hybrid rice in Vietnam

Year Area

(ha)

Yield (ton/

Ratio of F1 seed producted in country

Table 15: Area of hybrid rice seed yield and F1 seeds

produced in Vietnam during 2001 – 2013 (source MARD, 2014)

HYBRID RICE SEED

Volume (Kg) %

Volume (Kg) %Importation

14,983,91

5

71.61

14,002,75

0

73.80

12,994,60

0

72.90

0

18,974,75

0

100.00

17,824,60

0

100.00

Every year, Vietnam imported 13,000 to 15,000 tons of hybrid rice seeds The total volume of imported seeds is decreasing, in which seeds

imported from China decreased gradually, but from other countries

increased, especially for tropical rice hybrids

Table16: Area, yield of hybrid rice during 2001 - 2013)

Year

Total area//year and aver yield

Hybrid rice area (1000

ha )

Aver.yield

of hybrid rice (100 kg)

National aver yield of rice (100kg)

Area (1000 ha )

Yield (100kg)

Area (1000

ha )

Yield (100kg)

III Contraints and gaps in Hybrid

rice research and develpment

*Lack of hybrid rice combination with good grain quality, tolerant

to pest and diseases, short duration (105 – 110 days) that meet requirements of the various agro-ecological zones of the country.Yield of F1 seed production is still low

*Limited genetic materials needed to developed hybrid rice suited

to south Vietnam and with resistance to pests and diseases during the summer crop in the North Hybrid rice are good resistant to Blast but they showed more susceptible to Brown Plant Hopper and Bacterial Leaf Blight

*Quality of first generation rice hybrids are poor to medium

quality In general, broken grains of hybrid rice is higher than

in inbred rice

Social and economic constraints

- When food security of the country have been controlled Vietnam exported 7-8 million tons of milled rice to the

World market with low price lead to lower benefit of the

rice growers as well as lower demand for hybrid rice

cultivation of rice growers.

The living standard of Vietnamese of people sharply

increased since last 20 years lead to high demand for

higher quality rice in domestic market Therefore large

area of hybrid rice cultivation at the Red River Delta turned back to be planted by quality rice.

-

 Lack of strong local seed production

system involving private sectors

companies

investing in F1 seed production

produce hybrid rice seeds due to greater risk, very high financial requirement, lack of proper warehouse, space and cold storage for unsold seeds and farmer preference for imported seeds

Capability constraints

-The human resources required for hybrid rice research is

higher in term of quantity as well as quality than inbred rice research However, very few rice scientist have been trained and worked full time for hybrid rice breeding and hybrid rice seed production

-The exploitation of biotechnology for hybrid rice research is

still less and cooperation between hybrid rice breeder with biotechnologist, entomologist, pathologist are not good for hybrid rice breeding

-Facility for hybrid rice research in the Public sector and

infrastructure for hybrid rice seed production of the companies involved with F1 seed production in Vietnam are poorly established

Policy constraints

-Lack of insurance for F1 seed production while F1 seed production

faces high risk due to climatic changes in recent years

-Policy of Vietnam Government give free for importing F1 seed from

outside do not promote in country F1 seed production Most of small seed companies was preferred to involving in distribution F1 seed imported from outside

-Subsidized fund from government declined to 250 USD/ha for only

demonstration fields and cost of fertilizers increased lead to F1 seed production area decreased

Subsidized fund only for new hybrids lead to more hybrids in

commercial production,The growers faced problems in production

-The cooperatives involved in F1 seed production lead to difficulties to

distribute F1 seeds