Khóa luận tốt nghiệp sự ảnh hưởng của phân bón đến canh tác cây Ngưu Tất

Báo cáo KLTN sự ảnh hưởng của phân bón đến canh tác cây Ngưu Tất ( bản Tiếng Anh ) Do Phương Xuân Cảnh HVNNVN soạn thảo , được đánh giá cao . Bài luận cho thấy sự ảnh hưởng của N , P, K đối với sự sinh trưởng và phát triển của Ngưu Tất ( loại cây thuốc quý đang được quan tâm )

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this paper is my own work All results and data inthis title are absolutely honest and have not been submitted before to anyinstitution for assessment purposes All sources used in this paper were cited inreferences

Hanoi, 05/02/ 2018

Student

Phuong Xuan Canh

my thesis

I would also like to express sincere thanks to the lectures from the Faculty

of Agronomy in general and lectures in the Department of Botany in particular,who taught and created better conditions for students during the learning processand research

Besides, my special thanks go to M.Sc Nguyen Thi Binh and staffs fromthe Research Center for Medicinal Plants for their technical guidance in thefield

Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family andintimate friends who have always been by my side, give me support and strength

to complete this graduation thesis

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

PART I INTRODUCTION vii

1.1.Background 1

1.2 Objective and requirement 2

1.2.1 Objective 2

1.2.2 Requirement 2

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 Classification and botanical characteristics of Achyranthes bidentata Blume .3

2.1.1 Classification 3

2.1.2 Botanical characteristics 3

2.1.3 Original, ecological condition and distribution of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 4

2.3 Chemical components and benefits of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 4

2.3.1 Chemical components of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 4

2.3.2 Benefits of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 6

2.4 Production and comsumption situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in the world and Vietnam 6

2.4.1.Production and comsumption situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in the world 6

2.4.2.Production and comsumption situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in Vietnam 7

2.5 Research situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in the world and Vietnam 9

2.5.1 Research situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in the world 9

2.5.2 Research situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in Vietnam 10

2.6 Research fertilizer effect of growth, development and productivity of related species 13

PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 14

3.1 Research subject 14

3.1.1 Crop 14

3.1.2 Mineral fertilizers 14

3.1.3 Soil and water 14

3.2 Reseacher location and time 14

3.3 Reseacher contents and methods 14

3.3.1 Reseacher contents 14

3.3.2 Reseacher methods 15

3.3.3 Parameters collection 18

3.3.4 Sample analysis method 19

PART IV RESEACH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20

4.1 Effect of N on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 20

4.1.1 Effect of N on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 20

4.1.2 Effect of N doses on increasing number of primary and secondary branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 21

4.1.3 Effect of N doses on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height.24 4.1.4 Effect of N doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 28

4.1.5 Effect of N doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 30

4.2 Effect of P doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 31

4.2.1 Effect of P doses on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 31

4.2.2 Effect of P doses on increasing number of primary and secondary branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 32

4.2.3 Effect of P doses on incresing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height 34

4.2.4 Effect of P doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 38

4.2.5 Effect of P doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 39

4.3 Effect of K doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 40

4.3.1 Effect of K doses on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 40

4.3.4 Effect of K doses on increasing number of primary and secondary branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 41

4.3.2 Effect of K doses on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height 44

4.3.3 Effect of K doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 47

4.3.5 Effect of K doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 48

PART V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 50

5.1 CONCLUSION 50

5.2 SUGGESTION 55

REFERENCES 51

APPENDIX 56

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Effect of N on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 20

Table 4.2 Effect of N doses on increasing number of primary and secondary branches

of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 22 Table 4.3 Effect of N doses on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height 25 Table 4.4 Effect of N doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume 29

Table 4.5 Effect of N doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume 30

Table 4.6 Effect of P doses on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 31

Table 4.7 Effect of P doses on increasing number of primary and secondary branches

of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 33 Table 4.8 Effect of P doses on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height 35 Table 4.9: Effect of P doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume 38

Table 4.10 Effect of P doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume 39

Table 4.11 Effect of K doses on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 41

Table 4.12 Effect of K doses on increasing number of primary and secondary

branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 43 Table 4.13 Effect of K doses on increaing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height 45 Table 4.14 Effect of K doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume 48

Table 4.15 Effect of K doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume 49

Achyranthes bidentata Blume 49

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background

Fertilizing is one of the most commonly technical measures is applied andoften make high efficiency, but it also gets a relatively high rate of agriculturalproduction costs [4] Reasonable fertilizing is using the appropriate amounts offertilizer for crop to ensure increasing the productivity of crops with the highesteconomic efficiency without negative consequences on agricultural products andecological environment Reasonable fertilizing increases fertilizer usingefficiency , instead of the current fertilizer using coefficient is 40-50%,reasonable fertilizing can increase that coefficient to 60-70% and higher.Balanced fertilizing effect positive on improving soil fertility; increase cropyields; improve the efficiency of fertilizer and other technical cultivationmeasures; increased quality of agricultural products; protect to ecologicalenvironment [2] However, each crop needs a different nutrition, so identifyright nutrition requirements for plants not only improves fertilizer usingefficiency, but it’s also an important basis for promoting efficiency of othertechnical measures (tillage, variety, planting density, irrigation and plantprotection), help us to manage the quality of medicinal plants, improve cropyields

Among the imported medicinal plants, Achyranthes bidentata Blume is a

valuable medicinal plant as well as an important means for take care of

community health A.bidentata tuber is a great remedy and found in most traditional medicine remedies A.bidentata is bitter, calculus and not toxic.

A.bidentata is used to treat back pain, bone fatigue, menstrual bleeding,

menstrual irregularities, hypertension [6] [12] In additional, A bidentata roots

also contains other compounds such as saponin, echysteron, nokoteron,

hundreds of different Traditional Chinese medicine remedies and prepared intowidely marketed forms such as Bidentin for treating hypercholesterolemia,hyperlipidemia, hypertension, Dentonin for treating gingivitis and inflammationaround the teeth [8]

In Vietnam, since the 1960s A.bidentata has studied and successfully imported

from China and launched to production However, new research for developingtechnical measures to increase productivity, not to focus on crop nutrition research.Today, with the development of sciences and technologys, human requirements arerising Products made and circulated in the market must not only achieve highproductivity but also good quality Many concepts of clean medicinal herbs, safemedicinal herbs and high quality medicinal herbs with many strict requirements such

as allowable maximum nitrate, harmful microorganisms, pesticide residues and quality

of medicinal herbs with pharmacopoeial standards

From that real situation, we perform the title:

" Effect of N, P, K doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in

autumn – winter 2017 in Hanoi "

1.2 Objective and requirement

1.2.1 Objective

Determine N, P, K doses that have the greatest effect on the growth

of A.bidentata during the experimental period.

1.2.2 Requirement

ecological conditions and distribution, chemical components, pharmacological

effects as well as planting A.bidentata and pests and diseases management.

growth and develoment of A.bidentata, thereby we can see the effects of macronutrients on the growth and development A.bidentata.

and assessments objectively

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Classification and botanical characteristics of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume

2.1.1 Classification

According to USDA PLANTS Classification Report [36], Achyranthes

bidentata Blume will be classified:

Kingdom: Plantae – Plants

Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass: Caryophyllidae

Order: Caryophyllales

Family: Amaranthaceae – Amaranth family

Genus: Achyranthes L – chaff flower

Species: Achyranthes bidentata Blume

2.1.2 Botanical characteristics

Achyranthes bidentata Blume is perennial herbaceous plant, 60-80

cm high Tuberous roots long, cylindrical with many big lateral roots Stemsangular, swollen at the nodes, green or purple color Branching in the verticaldirection Leaves opposite, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 5-10cm in length, 1-4cm

in width, sharp tip, with margins undulate, petiole 1-1.5cm long

Inflorescence in terminal spike, 2-5cm long, deflected against therachis, bracts 3mm long, 5 sepals, 5 fuse-staments, anthers like bird’s eyesshape, ovate ovary Fruit is oval shape, has 1 seed [3]

In China, there are two species Achyranthes bidentata Blume and

Achyranthes aspera L A.bidentata is mainly grown in Ha Nam province, it has

no trichomes, stem and leaves are purple, spike inflorescence, the root is long

and light yellow Achyranthes aspera L grow mainly in Tu Xuyen province, it

has many gray trichomes, and leaves are white, spike inflorescense, big, gray main root [8]

brown-2.1.3 Original, ecological condition and distribution of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

It’s got this name because the cylindrical Achyranthes have angular stem

and enlarged node that looks like a bull’s knee, plus the healing power of thisherb is just like the power of a bull [13]

Achyranthes bidentata Blume origin in China or Japan It has been

domesticated and has a long history of cultivation and application in thosecountries In China, it’s grown many in Ha Nam, Tu Xuyen, Long An, Ho Bacand Thiem Tay [14]

A.bidentata is imported from China to Vietnam in 1960 At first, it was

grown for domestication in Sa Pa, after that moved to Sin Ho (Lai Chau) and

then to Tam Dao (Vinh Phuc) and Van Dien (Hanoi) 30 years ago, A bidentata

was grown as the medicinal sources in the suburbs of Hanoi and other provinces

in the Northern Delta It’s can be considered as a typical example of a medicinalplant of temperate zone, through the research process it’s can be successfullygrown in the deltas with tropical monsoon climate This indicates that the

A.bidentata is relatively broad ecosystem, although the growing season is

mainly in the low temperature period of the year

A.bidentata is easy to grow and do not require a strict climate Generally,

it can grow at temperate, light-filled areas The appropriate temperature for

not germinate, plants grow slowly Moisture-sensitive, suitable for sandy soil,not suitable for heavy loam soil The pH 5-6 is suitable for growth anddevelopment of plants It can be resistant to drought but can not resistant toflood If soaked 5 - 10 hours, the plant will be died

A.bidentata has short growing time from 120 to 130 days after sowing,

harvest the medicine and 80 - 90 days after planting, collect seed [8]

2.3 Chemical components and benefits of Achyranthes bidentata Blume 2.3.1 Chemical components of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

In Achyranthes bidentata Blume roots, a saponin is extracted that’s

ecdysteron, inokosterone and potassium [13]

The water-soluble compounds can be found and determined in A.

bidentata roots are n-butyl-beta-D-fructopyranoside, oleanoic acid,

3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl], oleanoic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, allantoin, hydroxy ecdysone, glutamic acid, 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl] và oleanoic acid28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester [29] Achyranthoside A, achyranthoside E,momordin Ib, chikusetsusaponin IVa, chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester,chikusetsusaponin V, chikusetsusaponin V methyl ester Achyranthoside A,achyranthoside E, momordin Ib, chikusetsusaponin IVa, chikusetsusaponin IVamethyl ester, chikusetsusaponin V, chikusetsusaponin V methyl ester [25]

20-2 feruloyl tyramine glycosides and 7 triterpenoid saponins are found and

determined in A bidentata roots are

N-trans-feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, N-trans-feruloyl-3-methoxytyra glucopyranoside, PJS-1, chikusetsusaponin IVa, oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucuronopy ranoside-6-O-methyl ester]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucuronopyran-oside-6-O-ethylester]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, oleanolicacid 3-O-[β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-butyl ester]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,ginsenoside R(0) và hederagenin-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester [34]

mine-4-O-β-D-A new phytosterone (20R, 22R)-2β, 3β, 20, 22, cholestan-7,12-dien-6-one is isolated [32]

26-pentahydroxy-A bidentata seed includes 6,1% oil The main fat acids in the seed oil are

arachidic acid (53,1%), palmitic acid (20,8%) and oleic acid (20,5%) Eicosenicacid, linolenic acid, stearic acid and behenic acids occupy a small part [27]

In A bidentata seed, 8 compounds were isolated Base on spectrum data,

eight compounds were identified: N-trans-feruloyltyramine, glycerol 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoate, β-ecdysterone, polypodine B, ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol, oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester và daucosterol [23]

1-O-A bidentata leaves include ethanolic anti-cancer [28]

2.3.2 Benefits of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Medicinal part is a dried Radix Achyranthis bidentatae.

Shape of tuber is long cylinder 20-30cm long, 0.5-1.0cm in diameter.Upper part bearing the trace of the stem, tapering towards the bottom Outersurface greyish-yellow or pale brown, marked with twisted, fine longitudinalwrinkles,and many branch roots [6]

Big root, pink on the outside, dark- yellow inside, long and soft [14]

Preparation

According to traditional Chinese medicine: digging, washing, drying,cutting the tip, dipping in water, slicing or cutting into small pieces, use fresh orsoak in alcohol [1]

According to Vietnamese experiences: using freshly (this way oftenused): washing, draining, slice 1-2mm, drying Or: dipping in wine, salt drying

Storage: avoid wet, easy to musty, store in dry place, tight Using

sulfur to treat moldy, then drying before packing [1]

Benefit

A bidentata is bitter in taste, no toxic [13]

Use for back pain, bone tenderness, menstrual bleeding, menstrualirregularities, high blood pressure [6]

Don’t use A bidentata for pregnant women, metrorrhagia [13]

2.4 Production and comsumption situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

in the world and Vietnam

2.4.1.Production and comsumption situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

in the world

Achyranthes bidentata Blume is grown mainly in some Asian countries

such as China, Japan, Vietnam, India China is the country with the largest area

and A bidentata yield , account for 80% of world production.

In China, A.bidentata is grown in the provinces of Ha Nam, Ha Bac, Son

provinces However, the area and production of large-scale sows are mainlyconcentrated in Ha Nam and Sichuan Provinces, which are also the areas where

the quality of A bidentata medicinal is the best A bidentata is a Chinese herbal

medicine used in large quantities in Chinese traditional medicine and Oriental

medicine China's annual consumption of A bidentata is about 6,000 tons, It’s

the main ingredient of Mailuoning, which is produced by Nanjing Jinling

Pharmaceutical Factory, which annually consumes more than 1,000 tons of A.

bidentata per year (Bishit, 1993)

In China, A bidentata is a medicinal plant easy to grow and easy to

develop material area However, many factors affect the production scale,

quality Due to A.bidentata is difficult to preserve when the moisture is too high,

long preservation time is easy to mould, insects destroy the quality of theproduct so the area of annual growth is more fluctuation than the other medicineplants

Since the production of commodities is mainly from cultivation, as early

as the 1980s, China managed the growing area, in 1985, managed the varieties,guiding plan, production and sell after market regulation Ha Nam province is

the main production area of A.bidentata in China It produces high yield, good

quality, largest area in the whole country, yields about 60% of total production.Medicines are used domestically to serve the production of proprietary drugs Inaddition, they are also oriented to serve the export market and bring great profit.(Li, 2008)

2.4.2.Production and comsumption situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

in Vietnam

In the 1960s, Achyranthes bidentata Blume were planted in Vietnam This

plant was developed massively in the 1970s, meeting domestic demand and

partly for export After that time, the area of A.bidentata has been severely

reduced, only scattered in some provinces specializing in medicinal plants such

as Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Hung Yen, Thanh Hoa and some medicinal gardens ofhospitals, research institutes or wildernesses in the mountainous provinces of

Northern Vietnam such as Lang Son, Cao Bang, Ha Giang Nowaday, the

production of domestic A.bidentata is very small, only meet 60% of demand; the rest must be imported mainly from China A.bidentata are easy to grow, easy to

breed, high intensity of cultivation (3 - 3.5 tons / ha in 4 months of winter),suitable for many types of land, climate in many places with many differenttypes of terrains, which are of great value for domestic use and high exportvalue, of economic value (30-35 million VND / ha), meeting domestic demandincrease

A.bidentata are easy to grow, suitable for the conditions of Vietnam, just

loam sandy soils, spongy, high humus, high alluvial soil, easy to drainage is able

to grow well It is less costly to take care of, the cultivation techniques are nothigh but bring high economic value to growers

According to the Vietnam Agriculture Article (April, 2015), in ThongNhat commune, Thai Binh province, every year, the commune has about 50 ha

of A.bidentata Bring the main source of income for farmers and become the

main crop of winter

According to the master plan for development of medicinal plants up to

2020 and the orientation to 2030 of the Prime Minister in Decision No 1976 /

QĐ - TTg in 30/10/2013, the country plans 8 concentrated cultivation medicineareas with strength species of medicine, suitable with soil, climate andecological conditions to meet market demand The Red River delta consists ofHanoi, Hung Yen, Vinh Phuc, Hai Duong, Nam Dinh and Thai Binh Developed

20 species of medicinal plants, including A.bidentata, yielding over 3 tons / ha.

In Vietnam, A.bidentata are produced in the northern mountainous areas

and possibly in the Red River Delta in the annual winter-autumn period Seedproduction can occur in both the delta and mountainous areas, but the quality ofthe seed produced in the mountainous areas is likely to remain high, butproductivity is lower than the yield in the Red River delta

2.5 Research situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in the world and

2.5.1 Research situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in the world

According to Zhang's (2016) study on the effects of growth regulators on the

growth and accumulation of the main active ingredients in Achyranthes bidentata Blume, results have been identified A concentration of 2.0 mg NAA / l on A.bidentata leaves

stimulates the growth and synthesis of oleanolic acids and ecdysterone in plant roots butinhibits the formation of oleanolic acid on the leaves Spray 4.0 mg / l NAA can stimulate

ecdysterone synthesis on leaves Spraying IBA on A.bidentata leaves can increase plant

height, root length and root dry matter synthesis IBA 1.0 mg / l is the best for oleanolicacid and ecdysterone synthesis in roots, stimulate the antioxidant activity of the enzymeand the protein content in the roots [33]

Long term continuous monoculture of A.bidentata effect of the diversity

of soil bacteria A.bidentata after continuous monoculture for many years, the

soil bacterial diversity gradually decreased and the bacteria involved in carbon,nitrogen, sulfur cycling accumulated [24]

In additional, long term continuous monoculture of A.bidentata effect of

the structure and functional diversity of microbial community in soil In PLFAanalysis, the Gram (-)/Gram (+) bacterial ratio showed no significant differenceamong the control and soils of 2-years and 20-years monocultures The soil

microbial environment remained in a good state under A.bidentata continuous

monoculture system for a long time

Also, the actinomycetes population was higher in 20-years monoculturethan 2-years monoculture soils The abundance of probiotic bacteria was higher

in 20-years monoculture soil than in 2-years monoculture [25]

The study on the absorption, displacement and accumulation of N, P, Kwas performed in 2008 by Zuo et al According to the study, about 8.59kg of N,1.36 kg of P and 7.40 kg of K were needed to produce each 100kg of

A.bidentata The three important nutrients N, P, K of A.bidentata were

maximum absorption rate appeared in the first ten days of September and in themiddle ten days of October [31], [35]

The nutrients in the soil are also interacting, affecting each other ability to

plant absortion For A.bidentata, P was effected to Cu tolerance in the soil Low concentration of Cu improved the growth of A.bidentata The growth was

blocked as Cu concentration reached 200 mg/kg in soil, however the contents of

oleanolic acid and ecdysterone in roots of A.bidentata had not influenced by Cu.

P could improved the copper tolerance in A.bidentata and increased root yield.

The result showed that the biomass reached the maximum value as theconcentration of Cu and P was 100 mg/kg, in order to produce good quality ofmedicinal material, the Cu concentration in soil of the cultivation bases must bebelow 200 mg/kg [30]

Fertilizer is an important factor, directly related to crop yields In order togradually replace in-organic fertilizers, other organic sources are being studiedand replaced Effect of four organic fertilizers: rice straw manure (RSM),fermented rice straw manure (FRSM), mixed oil cake manure (MOCM) and

mighty soil manure (MSM) to A.bidentata’s growth, development and yields

were determined the highest contents of total nitrogen were 6.16% for MOCMand the available phosphate contents were very high in all of organic fertilizers,except MSM RSM and MSM with C/N ratios of 22.5, 17.7, respectively, wereeasily decomposed C/N ratios of FRSM and MOCM were 40.9 and 8.4,respectively, which were considered as irresolvable organic fertilizers Thosefertilizer applications increased emergence rate and improved the growthcharacters of shoot and root parts of plants compared to those of N - P - Kfertilization The highest dry root yield resulted from FRSM 20% and MOCM26% treatment [26]

2.5.2 Research situation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in Vietnam

The research of Nguyen Xuan Truong et al (2010) isolated the specimen

and identified the cause of knotty- tuber on Achyranthes bidentata Blume caused by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita belong to Meloidogynidae

Skarbilovik family This nematodes infect parasites and develop in the tissues,

make the plant grows stunted Nematodes reduce the yields up to 35% Results

of the research also showed that the anti-nematode efficience of Trichoderma

viride fungi when combined with Chitosan 0.4% was significantly higher

(68.8%) on the drug after 45 days treated by medicine In addition, Mocap 10Hcan be used with 87.5% effectiveness on medicinal specimen [21]

Ngo Quoc Luat and Le Khuc Hao studied the effect of effective

microorganism (EM) on the yield of seed and medicinal A bidentata EM is not

a growth stimulant, or a pesticide had chemical origin, it’s a matter that’sadded bacterial with biologically functions but does not leave toxic residues inthe products The results show that EM has a significant effect on the growth of

A bidentata EM stimulated the growth and development of the plant, resulting

in increased yields of seeds and medicinal plants The appropirate EMconcentration is 0.2% for seedlings and 0.1-0.2% for medicinal plants [11]

The study of Nguyen Thi Thu et al (2002) on the effects of three growth

time on A bidentata germination rate show that three of these stimulants increased the germination rate of A bidentata seeds by 15.38%; 54.92% and 44.23% Peroxide increases the growth rate of A bidentata seeds highest 54.92% However, these three stimulants do not increase the survival rate of A.

bidentata seeds [17]

The effect of Australian liquid fertilizers on yield was investigated by LeKhuc Hao at the Research Center for Medicinal Plants in Hanoi from January

2003 to December 2004 Australian liquid fertilizer with a substance of 20 tons

of manure + Australian liquid fertilizer concentration of 1.5% with the rate of1A / 1B, the application of 2000 liters solution / ha, periodically 15 days ,irrigation of root gave the best result: tuber length reached 26.7 ± 1.8cm andtuber diameter 1.0 ± 0.1cm, individual weight was 12.3 ± 0.4 g/ tuber [9]

The research by Nguyen Van Thuan et al has focused on identifying the

area which plant A bidentata with high quality The result of the research show the growth time of A bidentata in Hanoi from 70-75 days, while in Tam Đảo it

was 90 days from planting to seed maturity This is an important factor that

affects the productivity and quality of A bidentata at Tam Dao that is higher

than Hanoi Cluster length and seed weight for Tam Dao seeds are 22cm and3.34g / 1000 seeds, while in Hanoi only 16cm and 2.08g / 1000 seeds Seedsproduced in Tam Đảo have a germination rate of 80.4%, Hanoi only 40% The

Results of the State-level project on building a number of processes forproduction of clean and clean pharmaceutical materials for manufacture of a

number of high-quality preparations, including A.bidentata from 2001-2005 by

Nguyen Van Thuan et al has developed the cultivantion process for cleanmedicinal plants with specific technical such as: the best growing season onOctober 15, the planting distance of 5x5cm (density 4 million plants / ha), the

developed standards of clean medicinal plants with the permitted level of mg /

kg of dry medicine for 05 heavy metals were As ≤ 1; Cd ≤ 1; Pb ≤ 5; Hg ≤ 0,5;

Cu ≤ 10; SO2 residue ≤ 5mg / 100g absolute dry medicine, no residue ofpesticides and no 4 species of harmful microorganisms [15]

The study by Nguyen Thi Thu et al (2002) on the A.bidentata cultivation

process construction for safe medicinal plants also added studies on the effects

of rotation patterns, effect of bed hight and watering methods to the A.bidentata yield and quality The rotational cultivation of Phillanthus urinaria L before planting A.bidentata is the highest productivity and quality of A.bidentata The

tuber diameter reached to 0.9cm, the tuber weight reached to 25.53g, the tuberyield/ plot reached to13.93kg Bed height of 50cm gives the yield increase of10.96% compared to 40cm Tuber length and root diameter reached in bedheight formula 50cm is 31.15 cm and 0.99 cm The individual weight reached to29.27g and the fresh tuber yield/ plot reached to 13.86kg Sprinkler irrigation

method with the largest tuber weight reached to14.86 g, increasing the yield /experimental plots as well as / ha to 488.7 kg / ha [19]

In addition, the research by Nguyen Thi Thu et al (2002) has determinedthe planting distance and the appropriate dosage of NPK fertilizers affect the

yield and quality of the A.bidentata seeds, thereby building the seed production

process with the main parameters: crop season 20/ 2-20/ 3, the amount of seedneeded for a hectare is 850-900 kg / ha fresh germ, distance 10x30cm, manure

15 tons + NPK (5: 10: 3) 1000 kg, yield is reached to 350-400kg / ha [18]

2.6 Research fertilizer effect of growth, development and productivity of related species

The study by Le Thi Thanh Hien et al about the optimal level ofpotassium for yield and quality of Japanese purple sweet potato in acid sulfate

purple Japanese sweet potato by 57.4% in comparison with zero application ofpotassium or 31.2% compared with farmers' fertilization practice.(100 kg

PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Research subject

3.1.3 Soil and water

herbs for many years, actively irrigated, 40-50 cm thick, the safe soil does notcontain heavy metals and pesticides of Reseacher Center for Medicinal Plants

Medicinal Plants Clean water, no pollution, no harmful microorganisms andresidues of heavy metals

3.1.4 Experiment instruments

In addition of farming instruments in the field, there are also woodtags formulas, plastic bags, pencils, electronic scale, rulers, books forexperiments

3.2 Reseacher location and time

Street, Ngu Hiep, Thanh Tri, Hanoi

3.3 Reseacher contents and methods

3.3.1 Reseacher contents

Blume in autumn – winter

 Study on effecting of P2O5 doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume in autumn – winter

Blume in autumn – winter

3.3.2 Reseacher methods

about 3 months until it shows the Nitrogen deficit symptom

the process of Notional Institute of Medicinal Materials

uniformly among the formulas:

1.400.000 plants/ha, plating distance: 10x7 cm

density of plant / ha

time, after the first time one week, we pruned plants the second time to ensurethe right density

Experiment 1: Effect of N doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume in autumn – winter

 Experiment area: was 160m2, experiments are layouted by therandomized complete block design, each plot was 0,8m wide and 2,5m in length,between the experimental replication design the strips to limit nutrientinfiltration

 Treatments:

 Treatment 1: Background Treatment + 0 kg N/ha (N0) – controlTreatment

 Applying for all Treatments:

fomula

50 days after planting

Experiment 2: Effect of K doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in autumn – winter

 Experiment area: was 160m2, experiments are layouted by therandomized complete block design, each plot was 1m wide and 1,5m in length,between the experimental replication design the strips to limit nutrientinfiltration

 Treatments:

Treatment

 Treatment 3: Background Treatment + 40kg P2O5/ha (P40)

 Applying for all Treatments:

fomula

50 days after planting

Experiment 3: Effect of K doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume in autumn – winter

 Experiment area: was 160m2, experiments are layouted by the

randomized complete block design, each plot was 1m wide and 1,5m in length,between the experimental replication design the strips to limit nutrientinfiltration

 Treatment:

Treatment

 Treatment 7: Background Treatment+ 300kg K2O/ha (K300)

 Applying for all Treatments:

fomula

50 days after planting

3.3.3 Parameters collection

 Growth duration:

(days)

 Germination rate = (sowing seed number / germination seed

number) x 100%

 Growth state:

tip of main stem, using a ruler with 1 cm of error, get periodic data every 7 days

counts the number of primary and secondary branches per plant (get the dataevery 7 days from forming the primary – level branch

point, measure 2 perpendiculars width foliage width at the widest diameter, getthe data every 7 days, using a ruler with 1 cm of error)

 Harvest state:

 Fresh weight (g): randomly taken 10 plants and weigh, usingelectronic scale with 0.01 g of error, get the data every 10 days, take whole plant

by electronic scale with 0.01 g of error)

3.3.4 Sample analysis method

average by 4 replications

PART IV RESEACH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Effect of N on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

4.1.1 Effect of N on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

The growth and development of Achyranthes bidentata Blume was

divided into two stages The vegetative growth stage is the time from theplanting to the flowering In this stage, plant grown rapidly on vegetative organssuch as roots, stems and leaves The reproductive growth stage was calculatedfrom the time the plant started to flower until harvest This stage is the stage offormation and development of the reproductive organs such as flowers andfruits

Recording the vegetative growth duration from sowing to flowering of

Achyranthes bidentata Blume at different levels of N we obtained the following

Duration from sowing to appear cotyledons

Duration from sowing to appear

a pair of real leaves

Duration from sowing

The time to appeared cotyledons from 9-10 days also did not make a bigdifference between the treatments

The time from sowing to appear a pair of real leaves also did not fluctuatebetween the treatments, ranged from 13 to 14 days.

increase with the amount of fertilizer Treatments N0, N60, N90 and N120 had atime from planting to flowering of 60 to 63 days The N150, N180 and N210treatments ranged from 67 to 69 days, 7 to 9 days later than the controltreatment

Thus, it can be seen that the different doses of N fertilizers affected the

growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume In less N treatments, the

plant flowering much faster than the rich N treatments

4.1.2 Effect of N doses on increasing number of primary and secondary branches

Effect of N doses on increasing number of primary and secondary

branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume were shown in Table 4.2 below:

Table 4.2 Effect of N doses on increasing number primary and secondary branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Secondary branch

Primary branch

Secondary branch

Primary branch

Secondary branch

Primary branch

Secondary branch

Primary branch

Secondary branch

Table 4.2 showed that the number of primary and secondary branches of

Achyranthes bidentata Blume varied between stages and treatments.

specifically:

The treatments began branching lightly after 41 days of sowing rangedfrom 4.0-4.4 branches the control had 4.0 branches At that time the newgermplasm was rooting plants started to take nutrients to grow the stems leavesand branches The number of branches on the plants of the same treatment wasalso different so the average number of branches is low, irregular

48 days after sowing the number of branches was not much differentbecause at that time, the plant still gathered nutrients to develop the stems,leaves and plant height N150 treatment had the highest number of primarybranches with 4.8 branches and N0 treatment had the lowest with 4.1 stems

However, after 55 and 62 days of sowing the number of branchesincreased rapidly The treatment had the highest number of primary brancheswas N180 with 7.5 and 9.7 branches, more than the control treatment 1.3 and2.4 branches, respectively N0 treatment was also the treatment with the lowestnumber of primary branches 6.2 and 7.3 branches

After 83 days of sowing the number of primary branches continuedincrease but very slowly The highest number of primary branches was N180with 10.6 (up 0.9 branches after 21 days) and the lowest number of primarybranches was N0 with 7.6 branches (up 0.3 branches after 21 days)

We can see that from N150 to N210 Treatment the feast significantdifferent were not statistically significant so we can conclusion that N150 hadbest effect on increasing number of primary branches even though branches ofN150 and N210 are different

Opposite to the number of primary branches the number of secondarybranches taken up to 62 days, but the number and speed of the branches is veryfast Specifically, after 62 days of sowing, the number of secondary branchesranged from 4.5 to 5.1 branches between the treatments The treatments with the

highest secondary branches were N150, N180 and N210 with 5.1 branches N0treatment had the lowest number of secondary branches with 4.5 branches.

83 days after sowing, the number of secondary branches increasedrapidly, all of the Treatments had higher number of branches than the controlTreatment The highest number of secondary branches was 12.8 branches ofN180 treatment and the control Treatment had the lowest number ofbranches( 8.6 branches)

We can see that from N120 to N210 Treatment the feast significantdifferent were not statistically significant so we can conclusion that N120 hadbest effect on increasing number of secondary branches even though branches ofN150 and N210 are different

4.1.3 Effect of N doses on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height

The relationship between mineral elements and plants is closely related.Mineral elements play a very important role in the plant life If plant wasprovided adequately minerals the plants would grow well However, if providedeficient or over-abundant fertilizer, it can affect the growth and development ofthe plant, thus affecting the biological productivity and dry yield of plant In the

N deficient case, plant was often stunted, yellowing leaves, plant tissue wasless developed, but too much N, the plant would over grow, stem fallen.Therefore, it was important to study the effect of fertilizer amounts on the

morphological characteristics of the Achyranthes bidentata Blume as well as to

find an appropirate amount of fertilizer application The results were shown inTable 4.3

Table 4.3 Effect of N doses on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height

Figure 4.1: Effect of N on increasing Achyranthes bidentata Blume’s height

The results showed that the height of plants in the treatments increased ineach monitoring time

After 20 days of sowing, there was no much difference between plantheight of treatments, the highest treatment was N150 with 5.4 cm, higher thanthe control treatment 2 cm at 95% confidence level The lowest Treatment wereN0, N90 and N120 with 5.2 cm, the difference between the lowest and thehighest was 0.2 cm Least significant different were not statistically significantcompared to the control treatment

After 27, 34, 41 days of sowing, the plant height of the treatmentsincreased rapidly with an average increase of 5 to 10 cm after every 7 days Inwhich the N150 and N180 Treatments had the highest plant height, the controltreatment N0 had the lowest height

After 48 days of sowing, the highest plant height reached to 30.7 cm andthe lowest was 26.9 cm of 2 treatments N180 and N0, respectively

After 55 days of sowing the plant height increased very fast with anaverage increase of 10 to 15 cm the highest plant height was 43.4cm (N180),the lowest was 32.2 cm (N0) with the difference of 11.2 cm between the twotreatments at a 95% confidence level Least significant different werestatistically significant compared to the control treatment.

After 62 days of sowing, the plant continued to development However, thedevelopment varied between the treatments In the N0 treatment, the plant grownslowly (increased 6cm after 7 days), while in other treatments, the plant heightincreases rapidly (from 8-15 cm) N180 treatment grown fastest with a speed of 15cm

After 83 days of sowing, plant was flowering and seed formation started,although the plant was still growing but slower than the previous stage

So it can be seen that the different amount of N fertilization had no effect

on the growth of the first stage but it had a clear effect at the later stage N150

and N180 treatment had the best effect on plant height of A bidentata.

Figure 4.2: Achyranthes bidentata Blume

after 30 days of sowing of N treatment

Figure 4.3: Achyranthes bidentata

Blume after 40 days of sowing of N

treatment

Figure 4.4: Achyranthes bidentata Blume after 55 days of sowing of N treatment 4.1.4 Effect of N doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

The experimental results showed that the canopy diameter of thetreatments increased during the monitoring days In the first stage the canopydiameter was not different between treatments (Table 4.4)

From the 34, 41 and 48 days after sowing, the canopy diameter of the plantcontinued to grow with the average increase of about 4 - 5cm The development ofcanopy diameters was significantly different between the treatments (Table 4.4)

After 55 and 62 days of sowing, the canopy diameter of the plant continued

to grow but at a faster rate, especially in the N150 and N180 treatments (increase 8-9

cm after monitoring time) In N0 treatment, plant grown slowly and had the lowestcanopy diameter compared with the others (Table 4.4)

In the 83 days after sowing, the canopy diameter increased compared toplant at 62 days after sowing stage but at a slower rate This may be due to theplant started the reproductive growth stage (Table 4.4)

Thus it can be seen that the different amounts of N fertilizers had thedifferent effects on the development of the canopy diameter In the Treatmentswith more N fertilizer, the canopy diameter of the plant grown better However,too much N fertilizer would reduces the growth of the plant

From that we conclusion N180 treatment had the best effect on

increasing canopy diameter of A Bidentata.

Table 4.4 Effect of N doses on increasing canopy diameter of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

4.1.5 Effect of N doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Effect of N doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes bidentata

Blume were shown in table 4.5

Table 4.5 Effect of N doses on dry matter accumulation of Achyranthes

Table 4.5 and figure 5 shown that the dry matter accumulation capacity of

Achyranthes bidentata Blume increased during the monitoring period except for

the monitoring time after 40 days of sowing due to the continuous rainfall that

matter had the difference between the treatments Over time, the treatment withthe lowest ability of accumulating was N0 and increasing to the N180 treatmentand reduced to the N210 treatment This shown that application of N couldimprove dry matter accumulation than non-fertilizer application However, whenexcessive fertilizer was used, the dry matter accumulation.

N120 treatment had the best effect on dry matter accumulation of A.

Bidentata because from N120 to N210 Treatment the least significant different

were not statistically significant

4.2 Effect of P doses on growth of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

4.2.1 Effect of P doses on growth duration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Follow by vegetative growth stages from sowing to flowering of

Achyranthes bidentata Blume at different doses of P, the results recored was

Duration from sowing to appear cotyledons

Duration from sowing to appear

a pair of real leaves

Duration from sowing to flower

The germination period was caculated from sowing day to at least 50% of

seed germinated All treatments of Achyranthes bidentata Blume had the time

from sowing to germinating 7days with no difference between the different Ptreatments

The time from sowing to cotyledon emergence varied from 10 to 11 daysand there is no difference between the treatments

The time from sowing to appearing a pair of true leaves was not differentbetween the treatments, ranged from 14-15 days.

Flowering time of treatments ranged from 61 to 64 days Flowering time

of the control treatment was 62 days after sowing The P20 treatment flowering

1 days later than the control treatment P40 and P80 treatments had the sameflowering time with the control treatment, while the P60, P100 and P120treatments flowering later than the control treatment for 1-2 days

4.2.2 Effect of P doses on increasing of primary and secondary branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Effect of P doses on increasing number of primary and secondary

branches of Achyranthes bidentata Blume were shown in Table 4.7